{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:25:10Z","timestamp":1783567510140,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This review aims to synthesize existing literature on the genetics of sarcoidosis, including the genetic architectures associated with various clinical phenotypes, as well as current treatment options. It will also examine studies on phenotyping and endophenotyping sarcoidosis, along with offering new perspectives into pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. The latter remains largely unexplored, which could potentially lead to new opportunities and further the goals of precision medicine.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Genetics and genomics have provided new insights into the study of sarcoidosis. According to current literature, there are variations in the genetic structure of sarcoidosis when categorized by phenotypic definitions. A common element among these findings is the <jats:italic>HLA-DRB1<\/jats:italic> gene, which is associated with many autoimmune diseases. Genetic analysis is a valuable tool for identifying patient groups based on their genetic profiles, offering an opportunity to classify patients for targeted treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Genetics can provide valuable insights that, when combined with other omics disciplines, can aid in diagnosing and managing sarcoidosis and help discover new disease biomarkers. Genetics improve the detection of sarcoidosis endophenotypes, and the combination of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics will support the use of appropriate treatments and help eliminate unnecessary therapies in patients with specific genetic susceptibility.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-025-01222-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T06:59:17Z","timestamp":1759215557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sarcoidosis in the Genomic Era: From Genetic Drivers to Tailored Therapies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1298-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia V.","family":"Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Isra\u00ebl-Biet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1372OC","volume":"193","author":"NV Rivera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rivera NV, Ronninger M, Shchetynsky K, Franke A, Nothen MM, Muller-Quernheim J, et al. High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility variants in sarcoidosis phenotypes and shows genomic-driven phenotypic differences. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(9):1008\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201507-1372OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1222_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1585005","author":"J Cao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao J, Li H, Yin X, Yang J, Pu L, Yang J. Global burden of pulmonary sarcoidosis from 1990 to 2021: a comprehensive analysis based on the GBD 2021 study. Front Med Lausanne. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1585005.","journal-title":"Front Med Lausanne"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(23)00267-9","volume":"12","author":"SR Desai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Desai SR, Sivarasan N, Johannson KA, George PM, Culver DA, Devaraj A, et al. High-resolution CT phenotypes in pulmonary sarcoidosis: a multinational delphi consensus study. Lancet Respir Med. 2024;12(5):409\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-2600(23)00267-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"1222_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103288","volume":"149","author":"LJ Harper","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harper LJ, Farver CF, Yadav R, Culver DA. A framework for exclusion of alternative diagnoses in sarcoidosis. J Autoimmun. 2024;149:103288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103288.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.06.006","volume":"45","author":"G K\u0131rk\u0131l","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u0131rk\u0131l G. Predictors of mortality in sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med. 2024;45(1):175\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.06.006.","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"1222_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayer-Fuentes A, Feijoo-Masso C, Flores-Ch\u00e1vez A, Policarpo-Torres G, G\u00f3mez de la Torre R, Vallejo-Grijalba J, et al. POS1127\u2005Predictors of mortality in sarcoidosis: A nationwide cohort study from the SARCOGEAS registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2025;84:1207\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.477.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.477"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/mcp.0000000000000080","volume":"20","author":"AK Gerke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gerke AK. Morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2014;20(5):472\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mcp.0000000000000080.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2063375","volume":"54","author":"C Tana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tana C, Drent M, Nunes H, Kouranos V, Cinetto F, Jessurun NT, et al. Comorbidities of sarcoidosis. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):1014\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07853890.2022.2063375.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12991","volume":"288","author":"F Cohen Aubart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohen Aubart F, Lhote R, Amoura A, Valeyre D, Haroche J, Amoura Z, et al. Drug-induced sarcoidosis: an overview of the WHO pharmacovigilance database. J Intern Med. 2020;288(3):356\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.12991.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00199-X","volume":"3","author":"RP Baughman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baughman RP, Grutters JC. New treatment strategies for pulmonary sarcoidosis: antimetabolites, biological drugs, and other treatment approaches. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(10):813\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00199-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8817-7","volume":"65","author":"M-T Arango","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arango M-T, Perricone C, Kivity S, Cipriano E, Ceccarelli F, Valesini G, et al. HLA-DRB1 the notorious gene in the mosaic of autoimmunity. Immunol Res. 2017;65(1):82\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-016-8817-7.","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05890-2","volume":"9","author":"A Ferreiro-Iglesias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferreiro-Iglesias A, Lesseur C, McKay J, Hung RJ, Han Y, Zong X, et al. Fine mapping of MHC region in lung cancer highlights independent susceptibility loci by ethnicity. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-05890-2.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1207-1","volume":"18","author":"V Matzaraki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matzaraki V, Kumar V, Wijmenga C, Zhernakova A. The MHC locus and genetic susceptibility to autoimmune and infectious diseases. Genome Biol. 2017;18(1):76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-017-1207-1.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13199-w","volume":"12","author":"K Sikorov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sikorov\u00e1 K, Moon S-J, Yoon H-Y, Strnad A, Song JW, Petrek M. HLA class II variants defined by next generation sequencing are associated with sarcoidosis in Korean patients. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):9302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-13199-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"20","key":"1222_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq325","volume":"19","author":"H Sato","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sato H, Woodhead FA, Ahmad T, Grutters JC, Spagnolo P, van den Bosch JM, et al. Sarcoidosis HLA class II genotyping distinguishes differences of clinical phenotype across ethnic groups. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(20):4100\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddq325.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet."},{"key":"1222_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2024.148706","volume":"927","author":"A Strnad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Strnad A, Sikorova K, Rapti A, Adam K, Charikiopoulou M, Kocourkova L, et al. Association of HLA variants and related SNPs with sarcoidosis and its phenotypes in the Greek patients. Gene. 2024;927:148706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2024.148706.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200209-1097OC","volume":"167","author":"MC Iannuzzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Iannuzzi MC, Maliarik MJ, Poisson LM, Rybicki BA. Sarcoidosis susceptibility and resistance HLA-DQB1 alleles in African Americans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(9):1225\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200209-1097OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1222_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.80.7.7608264","volume":"80","author":"K Badenhoop","year":"1995","unstructured":"Badenhoop K, Walfish PG, Rau H, Fischer S, Nicolay A, Bogner U, et al. Susceptibility and resistance alleles of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQA1 and HLA DQB1 are shared in endocrine autoimmune disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(7):2112\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.80.7.7608264.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1222_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103247","volume":"149","author":"J Miedema","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miedema J, Cinetto F, Smed-S\u00f6rensen A, Spagnolo P. The immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis. J Autoimmun. 2024;149:103247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103247.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.198","volume":"40","author":"S Hofmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hofmann S, Franke A, Fischer A, Jacobs G, Nothnagel M, Gaede KI, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies ANXA11 as a new susceptibility locus for sarcoidosis. Nat Genet. 2008;40(9):1103\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.198.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220505","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091557","volume":"11","author":"B Karakaya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karakaya B, van der Vis JJ, Veltkamp M, Biesma DH, Grutters JC, van Moorsel CHM. ANXA11 rs1049550 Associates with L\u00f6fgren\u2019s syndrome and chronic sarcoidosis patients. Cells. 2022;11(9):20220505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11091557.","journal-title":"Cells."},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2012.48","volume":"14","author":"AM Levin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levin AM, Iannuzzi MC, Montgomery CG, Trudeau S, Datta I, McKeigue P, et al. Association of ANXA11 genetic variation with sarcoidosis in African Americans and European Americans. Genes Immun. 2013;14(1):13\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/gene.2012.48.","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"1222_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004466","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004466","volume":"4","author":"F Xianjun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xianjun F, Shuzhi Z, Yanrong Y, Shasha Z, Yunxia L, Xinyuan G, et al. Annexin A11 (ANXA11) gene polymorphisms are associated with sarcoidosis in a Han Chinese population: a case\u2013control study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e004466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004466.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1222_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kullberg S, Darlington P, Ellinghaus D, Prasse A, Iseda T, Chuquimia O, et al. Unraveling genetic mysteries: phenotype-shaping profiles in chronic sarcoidosis. medRxiv. 2024:2024.12.29.24319750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.12.29.24319750.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.29.24319750"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1086\/516736","volume":"80","author":"H Kallberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kallberg H, Padyukov L, Plenge RM, Ronnelid J, Gregersen PK, van der Helm-van Mil AH, et al. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions involving HLA-DRB1, PTPN22, and smoking in two subsets of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;80(5):867\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/516736.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet."},{"issue":"29","key":"1222_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/s1462399405010264","volume":"7","author":"B Wilkinson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilkinson B, Downey JS, Rudd CE. T-cell signalling and immune system disorders. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2005;7(29):1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1462399405010264.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1504\/ijbra.2022.128245","volume":"18","author":"D Chatterjee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chatterjee D, Parkash J, Sharma A. A bioinformatics approach to solving the puzzle of autoimmune diseases. Int J Bioinform Res Appl. 2022;18(5):415\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/ijbra.2022.128245.","journal-title":"Int J Bioinform Res Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05754-7","volume":"7","author":"NV Rivera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rivera NV, Hagemann-Jensen M, Ferreira MAR, Kullberg S, Eklund A, Martin NG, et al. Common variants of T-cells contribute differently to phenotypic variation in sarcoidosis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):5623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-05754-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00049410","volume":"37","author":"A Fischer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fischer A, Nothnagel M, Franke A, Jacobs G, Saadati HR, Gaede KI, et al. Association of inflammatory bowel disease risk loci with sarcoidosis, and its acute and chronic subphenotypes. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(3):610\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00049410.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"1222_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01185-9","author":"A Meguro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meguro A, Ishihara M, Petrek M, Yamamoto K, Takeuchi M, Mrazek F, et al. Genetic control of CCL24, POR, and IL23R contributes to the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Commun Biol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-020-01185-9.","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"Supplement_2","key":"1222_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii3","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac034","volume":"16","author":"GW Sewell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sewell GW, Kaser A. Interleukin-23 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and implications for therapeutic intervention. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16(Supplement_2):ii3\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac034.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"538","key":"1222_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.46.538.530","volume":"46","author":"JG Scadding","year":"1970","unstructured":"Scadding JG. The late stages of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Postgrad Med J. 1970;46(538):530\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.46.538.530.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"1222_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, Rossman MD, Yeager H Jr., Bresnitz EA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(10 Pt 1):1885\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2104046.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2104046"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200607-138MS","volume":"4","author":"MD Rossman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rossman MD, Kreider ME. Lesson learned from ACCESS (a case controlled etiologic study of sarcoidosis). Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2007;4(5):453\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/pats.200607-138MS.","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR35","first-page":"75","volume":"16","author":"MA Judson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Judson MA, Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Terrin ML, Yeager H Jr. Defining organ involvement in sarcoidosis: the ACCESS proposed instrument. ACCESS research group. A case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 1999;16(1):75\u201386.","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR36","first-page":"19","volume":"31","author":"MA Judson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Judson MA, Costabel U, Drent M, Wells A, Maier L, Koth L, et al. The WASOG Sarcoidosis Organ Assessment Instrument: An update of a previous clinical tool. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2014;31(1):19\u201327.","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"key":"1222_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schupp JC, Freitag-Wolf S, Bargagli E, Mihailovic-Vucinic V, Rottoli P, Grubanovic A, et al. Phenotypes of organ involvement in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00991-2017.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00991-2017"},{"key":"1222_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2024.107605","volume":"226","author":"LJ Harper","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harper LJ, Tauquir A, Huang S, Wang X, Schupp JC, Baughman R, et al. Comparison of organ involvement clusters in Black and White American sarcoidosis patients from a prospectively collected patient registry. Respir Med. 2024;226:107605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2024.107605.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01160-2020","volume":"57","author":"R Lhote","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lhote R, Annesi-Maesano I, Nunes H, Launay D, Borie R, Sacre K, et al. Clinical phenotypes of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis: an analysis of a French, multi-ethnic, multicentre cohort. Eur Respir J. 2021;57(4):20210401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01160-2020.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"1222_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.024","volume":"77","author":"M Rubio-Rivas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rubio-Rivas M, Corbella X. Clinical phenotypes and prediction of chronicity in sarcoidosis using cluster analysis in a prospective cohort of 694 patients. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;77:59\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.024.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.074","volume":"158","author":"V Kouranos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kouranos V, Ward S, Kokosi MA, Castillo D, Chua F, Judge EP, et al. Mixed ventilatory defects in pulmonary sarcoidosis: Prevalence and clinical features. Chest. 2020;158(5):2007\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.074.","journal-title":"Chest."},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202204-328OC","volume":"20","author":"M Sharp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharp M, Psoter KJ, Balasubramanian A, Pulapaka AV, Chen ES, Brown SW, et al. Heterogeneity of lung function phenotypes in sarcoidosis: Role of race and sex differences. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023;20(1):30\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202204-328OC.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"1222_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf118","author":"H Abbas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abbas H, Kokosi M, Sivarasan N. Phenotyping pulmonary sarcoidosis. Br J Radiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjr\/tqaf118.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2020.1684902","volume":"14","author":"SA Papiris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papiris SA, Georgakopoulos A, Papaioannou AI, Pianou N, Kallergi M, Kelekis NL, et al. Emerging phenotypes of sarcoidosis based on 18F-FDG PET\/CT: a hierarchical cluster analysis. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2020;14(2):229\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17476348.2020.1684902.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20250124","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020287","volume":"13","author":"IC Papanikolaou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Papanikolaou IC, Chytopoulos K, Kaitatzis D, Kostakis N, Bogiatzis A, Steiropoulos P, et al. Phenotypes and endotypes in sarcoidosis: unraveling prognosis and disease course. Biomedicines. 2025;13(2):20250124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13020287.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2011.10.016","volume":"73","author":"A Wennerstrom","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wennerstrom A, Pietinalho A, Vauhkonen H, Lahtela L, Palikhe A, Hedman J, et al. Hla-drb1 allele frequencies and C4 copy number variation in Finnish sarcoidosis patients and associations with disease prognosis. Hum Immunol. 2012;73(1):93\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humimm.2011.10.016.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"1222_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-25","volume":"11","author":"J Grunewald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grunewald J, Brynedal B, Darlington P, Nisell M, Cederlund K, Hillert J, et al. Different HLA-DRB1 allele distributions in distinct clinical subgroups of sarcoidosis patients. Respir Res. 2010;11:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1465-9921-11-25.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.094060","volume":"63","author":"A Sverrild","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sverrild A, Backer V, Kyvik KO, Kaprio J, Milman N, Svendsen CB, et al. Heredity in sarcoidosis: a registry-based twin study. Thorax. 2008;63(10):894\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.2007.094060.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2008.01984.x","volume":"264","author":"P Spagnolo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spagnolo P, Sato H, Grunewald J, Brynedal B, Hillert J, Ma\u00f1\u00e1 J, et al. A common haplotype of the C-C chemokine receptor 2 gene and HLA-DRB1*0301 are independent genetic risk factors for L\u00f6fgren\u2019s syndrome. J Intern Med. 2008;264(5):433\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2008.01984.x.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.8.200110-0320","volume":"165","author":"JC Grutters","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grutters JC, Sato H, Pantelidis P, Lagan AL, McGrath DS, Lammers JW, et al. Increased frequency of the uncommon tumor necrosis factor -857T allele in British and Dutch patients with sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(8):1119\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.165.8.200110-0320.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR51","first-page":"131","volume":"27","author":"R Kieszko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kieszko R, Krawczyk P, Chocholska S, Dmoszynska A, Milanowski J. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta gene polymorphisms in Polish patients with sarcoidosis. Connection with the susceptibility and prognosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2010;27(2):131\u20137.","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240402","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16718","volume":"134","author":"A Goljan-Geremek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goljan-Geremek A, Radzinski P, Puscinska E, Demkow U. Defining serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration-related endotype of sarcoidosis: a real-life, retrospective, observational Polish study. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2024;134(4):20240402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20452\/pamw.16718.","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2020.1784729","volume":"14","author":"K Sikorova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sikorova K, Kishore A, Rapti A, Adam K, Kocourkova L, Zizkova V, et al. Association of TGF-\u03b23 and ANXA11 with pulmonary sarcoidosis in Greek population. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2020;14(10):1065\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17476348.2020.1784729.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02919-7","volume":"25","author":"IR Konigsberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Konigsberg IR, Lin NW, Liao S-Y, Liu C, Macphail K, Mroz MM, et al. Multi-omic signatures of sarcoidosis and progression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Respir Res. 2024Jul 30;25(1):289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-024-02919-7.","journal-title":"Respir Res."},{"key":"1222_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246129","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1246129","volume":"2016","author":"E Novosadova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Novosadova E, Chabronova A, Kolek V, Petrek M, Navratilova Z. The serum expression of selected miRNAs in pulmonary sarcoidosis with\/without L\u00f6fgren\u2019s syndrome. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:1246129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/1246129.","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121378","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/121378","volume":"2015","author":"T Dyskova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dyskova T, Fillerova R, Novosad T, Kudelka M, Zurkova M, Gajdos P, et al. Correlation network analysis reveals relationships between MicroRNAs, transcription factor T-bet, and deregulated cytokine\/chemokine-receptor network in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015(1):121378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/121378.","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002950","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02950-2020","volume":"58","author":"M Vukmirovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vukmirovic M, Yan X, Gibson KF, Gulati M, Schupp JC, DeIuliis G, et al. Transcriptomics of bronchoalveolar lavage cells identifies new molecular endotypes of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(6):2002950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02950-2020.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.01.007","volume":"41","author":"Y Pacheco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pacheco Y, Lim CX, Weichhart T, Valeyre D, Bentaher A, Calender A. Sarcoidosis and the mTOR, Rac1, and autophagy triad. Trends Immunol. 2020;41(4):286\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2020.01.007.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3655","volume":"18","author":"M Linke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Linke M, Pham HT, Katholnig K, Schnoller T, Miller A, Demel F, et al. Chronic signaling via the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTORC1 induces macrophage granuloma formation and marks sarcoidosis progression. Nat Immunol. 2017;18(3):293\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.3655.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210318","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02695-2020","volume":"57","author":"ED Crouser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crouser ED, Locke LW, Julian MW, Bicer S, Sadee W, White P, et al. Phagosome-regulated mTOR signalling during sarcoidosis granuloma biogenesis. Eur Respir J. 2021;57(3):20210318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02695-2020.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04109-6","volume":"7","author":"T Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou T, Casanova N, Pouladi N, Wang T, Lussier Y, Knox KS, et al. Identification of Jak-STAT signaling involvement in sarcoidosis severity via a novel microRNA-regulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene signature. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):4237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-04109-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1222_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0096-x","volume":"5","author":"J Grunewald","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grunewald J, Grutters JC, Arkema EV, Saketkoo LA, Moller DR, Muller-Quernheim J. Sarcoidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5:ARTN45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-019-0096-x.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180301","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01124-2017","volume":"51","author":"CE Broos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Broos CE, Koth LL, van Nimwegen M, In\u2019t Veen J, Paulissen SMJ, van Hamburg JP, et al. Increased T-helper 17.1 cells in sarcoidosis mediastinal lymph nodes. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(3):20180301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01124-2017.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"1222_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.12.012","volume":"87","author":"JR Miedema","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miedema JR, Kaiser Y, Broos CE, Wijsenbeek MS, Grunewald J, Kool M. Th17-lineage cells in pulmonary sarcoidosis and L\u00f6fgren\u2019s syndrome: Friend or foe? J Autoimmun. 2018;87:82\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.12.012.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"1222_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103120","volume":"149","author":"JR Miedema","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miedema JR, de Jong LJ, van Uden D, Bergen IM, Kool M, Broos CE, et al. Circulating T cells in sarcoidosis have an aberrantly activated phenotype that correlates with disease outcome. J Autoimmun. 2024;149:103120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103120.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0070PS","volume":"63","author":"CR Guerrero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guerrero CR, Maier LA, Griffin TJ, Higgins L, Najt CP, Perlman DM, et al. Application of proteomics in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2020;63(6):727\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0070PS.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02919-7","volume":"25","author":"IR Konigsberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Konigsberg IR, Lin NW, Liao SY, Liu C, MacPhail K, Mroz MM, et al. Multi-omic signatures of sarcoidosis and progression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Respir Res. 2024;25(1):289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-024-02919-7.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02950-2020","volume":"58","author":"M Vukmirovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vukmirovic M, Yan X, Gibson KF, Gulati M, Schupp JC, DeIuliis G, et al. Transcriptomics of bronchoalveolar lavage cells identifies new molecular endotypes of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(6):20211202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02950-2020.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00672-2024","volume":"11","author":"R Kraaijvanger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kraaijvanger R, Janssen Bonas M, Paspali I, Grutters JC, Veltkamp M, de Kleijn DPV, et al. Targeted proteomics in extracellular vesicles identifies biomarkers predictive for therapeutic response in sarcoidosis. ERJ Open Res. 2025;11(2):20250303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00672-2024.","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"1222_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04079-2020","author":"RP Baughman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baughman RP, Valeyre D, Korsten P, Mathioudakis AG, Wuyts WA, Wells A, et al. ERS clinical practice guidelines on treatment of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.04079-2020.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240211","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14040395","volume":"14","author":"D Israel-Biet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Israel-Biet D, Bernardinello N, Pastre J, Tana C, Spagnolo P. High-risk sarcoidosis: a focus on pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic and renal advanced diseases, as well as on calcium metabolism abnormalities. Diagnostics. 2024;14(4):20240211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14040395.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"12","key":"1222_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202102-212CME","volume":"18","author":"DM Perlman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perlman DM, Sudheendra MT, Furuya Y, Shenoy C, Kalra R, Roukoz H, et al. Clinical presentation and treatment of high-risk sarcoidosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021;18(12):1935\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202102-212CME.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"1222_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103397","volume":"152","author":"F Jeny","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jeny F, Valeyre D, Lower EE, Baughman RP. Advanced pulmonary sarcoidosis. J Autoimmun. 2025;152:103397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103397.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023009","DOI":"10.36141\/svdld.v40i1.13574","volume":"40","author":"N Kampstra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kampstra N, Van der Wees PJ, Van Beek FT, Biesma DH, Grutters JC, Van der Nat PB. Outcomes in pulmonary sarcoidosis: results of a newly implemented prednisone protocol. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2023;40(1):e2023009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36141\/svdld.v40i1.13574.","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"1222_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00198-2023","author":"S Dhooria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dhooria S, Sehgal IS, Agarwal R, Muthu V, Prasad KT, Dogra P, et al. High-dose (40\u2005mg) versus low-dose (20\u2005mg) prednisolone for treating sarcoidosis: a randomised trial (SARCORT trial). Eur Respir J. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00198-2023.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2501443","volume":"393","author":"V Kahlmann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kahlmann V, Janssen Bonas M, Moor CC, Grutters JC, Mostard RLM, van Rijswijk H, et al. First-line treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis with prednisone or methotrexate. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(3):231\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2501443.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"1222_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bechman K, Biddle K, Miracle A, He K, Gibson M, Russell MD, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of biologic and targeted synthetic therapies in sarcoidosis. Thorax. 2025;20250519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thorax-2025-223014.","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2025-223014"},{"key":"1222_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000001196","author":"H Nunes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nunes H, Hindre R, Jeny F. New therapeutic options in sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCP.0000000000001196.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2377714","volume":"25","author":"MC Mata Salvador","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mata Salvador MC, Francesqui J, Sellares J. The current state-of-the-art in pharmacotherapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2024;25(10):1317\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14656566.2024.2377714.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051250","volume":"13","author":"S Kwon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kwon S, Judson MA. Clinical pharmacology in sarcoidosis: how to use and monitor sarcoidosis medications. J Clin Med. 2024;13(5):20240222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13051250.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1222_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106081","volume":"171","author":"C Goldman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldman C, Judson MA. Corticosteroid refractory sarcoidosis. Respir Med. 2020;171:106081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106081.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1222_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42646","volume":"75","author":"MB Humphrey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Humphrey MB, Russell L, Danila MI, Fink HA, Guyatt G, Cannon M, et al. 2022 American college of rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023;75(12):2088\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.42646.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-9-30","volume":"9","author":"D Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, et al. A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2013;9(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1710-1492-9-30.","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"25","key":"1222_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1082","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000625","volume":"139","author":"SM Grundy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1082\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000625.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04322.x","volume":"49","author":"S Moghadam-Kia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moghadam-Kia S, Werth VP. Prevention and treatment of systemic glucocorticoid side effects. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(3):239\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04322.x.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-7-13","volume":"7","author":"A Ahmet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ahmet A, Kim H, Spier S. Adrenal suppression: a practical guide to the screening and management of this under-recognized complication of inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2011;7(1):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1710-1492-7-13.","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001168","volume":"148","author":"SS Virani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA\/ACC\/ACCP\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2023;148(9):e9\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001168.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6788","key":"1222_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/35015728","volume":"405","author":"AD Roses","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roses AD. Pharmacogenetics and the practice of medicine. Nature. 2000;405(6788):857\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35015728.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1222_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107061","volume":"200","author":"F Abad-Santos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abad-Santos F, Ali\u00f1o SF, Borobia AM, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn E, Gass\u00f3 P, Maro\u00f1as O, et al. Developments in pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, and personalized medicine. Pharmacol Res. 2024;200:107061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107061.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"9363","key":"1222_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12888-7","volume":"361","author":"RP Baughman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baughman RP, Lower EE, du Bois RM. Sarcoidosis. Lancet. 2003;361(9363):1111\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12888-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-020-0159-0","volume":"20","author":"CD Bruno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruno CD, Fremd B, Church RJ, Daly AK, Aithal GP, Bj\u00f6rnsson ES, et al. HLA associations with infliximab-induced liver injury. Pharmacogenomics J. 2020;20(5):681\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41397-020-0159-0.","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"issue":"16","key":"1222_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3435","volume":"313","author":"S Viatte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Viatte S, Plant D, Han B, Fu B, Yarwood A, Thomson W, et al. Association of HLA-DRB1 haplotypes with rheumatoid arthritis severity, mortality, and treatment response. JAMA. 2015;313(16):1645\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.3435.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00060612","volume":"41","author":"RP Baughman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baughman RP, Nunes H, Sweiss NJ, Lower EE. Established and experimental medical therapy of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(6):1424\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00060612.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-01971-5","volume":"23","author":"A Sakkat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sakkat A, Cox G, Khalidi N, Larche M, Beattie K, Renzoni EA, et al. Infliximab therapy in refractory sarcoidosis: a multicenter real-world analysis. Respir Res. 2022;23(1):54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-022-01971-5.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15563","volume":"51","author":"A Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson A, Peel C, Wang Q, Pananos AD, Kim RB. HLADQA1*05 genotype predicts anti-drug antibody formation and loss of response during infliximab therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(3):356\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.15563.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/cji.0000000000000181","volume":"40","author":"SB Reddy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reddy SB, Possick JD, Kluger HM, Galan A, Han D. Sarcoidosis following anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy for metastatic melanoma. J Immunother. 2017;40(8):307\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/cji.0000000000000181.","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.04.031","volume":"13","author":"I Gkiozos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gkiozos I, Kopitopoulou A, Kalkanis A, Vamvakaris IN, Judson MA, Syrigos KN. Sarcoidosis-like reactions induced by checkpoint inhibitors. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13(8):1076\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.04.031.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.07.028","volume":"69","author":"RB Reule","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reule RB, North JP. Cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis-like reaction associated with ipilimumab. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(5):e272\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.07.028.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"suppl 68","key":"1222_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PA2490","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2024.PA2490","volume":"64","author":"K Patasova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patasova K, Chuquimia O, Kullberg S, Padyukov L, Rivera NV. Sarcoidosis shares susceptibility loci with autoimmune disorders and cancers. Eur Respir J. 2024;64(suppl 68):PA2490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.congress-2024.PA2490.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0635LE","volume":"192","author":"CE Broos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Broos CE, van Nimwegen M, In\u2019t Veen JC, Hoogsteden HC, Hendriks RW, van den Blink B, et al. Decreased cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 expression on regulatory T cells and th17 cells in sarcoidosis: double trouble? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(6):763\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201503-0635LE.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Current Allergy and Asthma Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11882-025-01222-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11882-025-01222-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11882-025-01222-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T19:04:03Z","timestamp":1759259043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11882-025-01222-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11882-025-01222-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-7322","1534-6315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-7322","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"NVR has no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"42"}}