{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T08:37:47Z","timestamp":1769503067057,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002996","name":"hartstichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015T068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015T068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002996","name":"hartstichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CVON2017-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVON2017-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Atheroscler Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in plasma in patients with familial chylomicronaemia syndrome (FCS) or severe hypertriglyceridemia is associated with an increased risk of potentially life-threatening pancreatitis. Elevated TRL levels have also been suggested to contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This review provides the latest progress that has been made in this field of research.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Apolipoprotein C-III and angiopoietin-like protein 3 play key roles in the metabolism of TRLs. Targeting their production in the liver or their presence in the circulation effectively reduces triglycerides in patients with FCS or severe hypertriglyceridemia. Attempts to reduce triglyceride synthesis in the small intestine have been halted. Early studies with a fibroblast growth factor 21 agonist have shown to reduce plasma triglycerides and hepatic steatosis and improve glucose homeostasis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>New drugs have recently been shown to effectively reduce plasma triglycerides which render hope for treating the risk of pancreatitis. Studies that have just been initiated will learn whether this unmet clinical will be met. It is too early to evaluate the potential of these drugs to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis through the reduction of triglycerides.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-00979-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T16:06:34Z","timestamp":1643817994000},"page":"1-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Managing of Dyslipidaemia Characterized by Accumulation of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jolien","family":"Visser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willemien","family":"van Zwol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9346-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Albert","family":"Kuivenhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"979_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz785","volume":"41","author":"U Laufs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laufs U, Parhofer KG, Ginsberg HN, Hegele RA. Clinical review on triglycerides. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:99\u2013109c.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"979_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht571","volume":"36","author":"MV Holmes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holmes MV, Asselbergs FW, Palmer TM, Drenos F, Lanktree MB, Nelson CP, et al. Mendelian randomization of blood lipids for coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:539\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"979_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002711","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.119.002711","volume":"12","author":"E Allara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allara E, Morani G, Carter P, Gkatzionis A, Zuber V, Foley CN, et al. Genetic determinants of lipids and cardiovascular disease outcomes: a wide-angled Mendelian randomization investigation. Circ Genomic Precis Med. 2019;12:e002711.","journal-title":"Circ Genomic Precis Med"},{"key":"979_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2020.0131","volume":"50","author":"SH Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee SH, Lee JY, Kim GH, Jung KJ, Lee S, Kim HC, et al. Two-sample mendelian randomization study of lipid levels and ischemic heart disease. Korean Circ J. 2020;50:940\u20138.","journal-title":"Korean Circ J"},{"key":"979_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2795","volume":"45","author":"R Do","year":"2013","unstructured":"Do R, Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, Sengupta S, Gao C, Peloso GM, et al. Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2013;45:1345\u201352.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"979_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.09.042","volume":"64","author":"RS Rosenson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosenson RS, Davidson MH, Hirsh BJ, Kathiresan S, Gaudet D. Genetics and causality of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:2525\u201340.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"979_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.270314","volume":"111","author":"C Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun C, Alkhoury K, Wang YI, Foster GA, Radecke CE, Tam K, et al. IRF-1 and miRNA126 modulate VCAM-1 expression in response to a high-fat meal. Circ Res. 2012;111:1054\u201364.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"979_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.4.534","volume":"15","author":"BG Nordestgaard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nordestgaard BG, Wootton R, Lewis B. Selective retention of VLDL, IDL, and LDL in the arterial intima of genetically hyperlipidemic rabbits in vivo: molecular size as a determinant of fractional loss from the intima-inner media. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15:534\u201342.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"979_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003008","volume":"128","author":"A Varbo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Varbo A, Benn M, Tybj\u00e6rg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Elevated remnant cholesterol causes both low-grade inflammation and ischemic heart disease, whereas elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol causes ischemic heart disease without inflammation. Circulation. 2013;128:1298\u2013309.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"979_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.039","volume":"239","author":"MR Taskinen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taskinen MR, Bor\u00e9n J. New insights into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239:483\u2013542.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"979_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00455","volume":"11","author":"JS Dron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dron JS, Hegele RA. Genetics of hypertriglyceridemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:455.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"979_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70191-8","volume":"2","author":"RA Hegele","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hegele RA, Ginsberg HN, Chapman MJ, Nordestgaard BG, Kuivenhoven JA, Averna M, et al. The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:655\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"979_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.6875","volume":"176","author":"SB Pedersen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pedersen SB, Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Nonfasting mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia and risk of acute pancreatitis. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:1834\u201342.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"979_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000566","volume":"27","author":"S Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das S, McCreary J, Shamim S, Kalayjian T. Reversal of severe hypertriglyceridemia with intermittent fasting and a very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet: a case series. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2020;27:308\u201311.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"979_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2012.43","volume":"20","author":"D Gaudet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gaudet D, M\u00e9thot J, D\u00e9ry S, Brisson D, Essiembre C, Tremblay G, et al. Efficacy and long-term safety of alipogene tiparvovec (AAV1-LPL S447X) gene therapy for lipoprotein lipase deficiency: an open-label trial. Gene Ther. 2013;20:361\u20139.","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"979_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bor\u00e9n J, Packard CJ, Taskinen MR. The roles of ApoC-III on the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in humans. Front Endocrinol, 2020;11:474.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00474"},{"key":"979_CR17","first-page":"22","volume":"371","author":"J Crosby","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crosby J, Peloso GM, Auer PL, Crosslin DR, Stitziel NO, Lange LA, Kathiresan S, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in APOC3, triglycerides, and coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2015;371:22\u201331.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"979_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-020-0826-2","volume":"22","author":"P M\u00e4kinen","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen P, Ruotsalainen AK, Yl\u00e4-Herttuala S. Nucleic acid\u2013based therapies for atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2020;22:10.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"979_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouni-Berthold I, Alexander VJ, Yang Q, Hurh E, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Moriarty PM, Hughes SG, Gaudet D, Hegele RA, O\u2019Dea LSL, Stroes ESG, Tsimikas S, Witztum JL, COMPASS study group. Efficacy and safety of volanesorsen in patients with multifactorial chylomicronaemia (COMPASS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:264\u201375.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00046-2"},{"key":"979_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715944","volume":"381","author":"JL Witztum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Witztum JL, Gaudet D, Freedman SD, Alexander VJ, Digenio A, Williams KR, et al. Volanesorsen and triglyceride levels in familial chylomicronemia syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:531\u201342.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"979_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2018.0736","volume":"28","author":"AD Springer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Springer AD, Dowdy SF. GalNAc-siRNA Conjugates: leading the way for delivery of RNAi therapeutics. Nucleic Acid Ther. 2018;28:109\u201318.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Ther"},{"key":"979_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz209","volume":"40","author":"VJ Alexander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexander VJ, Xia S, Hurh E, Hughes SG, O\u2019Dea L, Geary RS, et al. N-acetyl galactosamine-conjugated antisense drug to APOC3 mRNA, triglycerides and atherogenic lipoprotein levels. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:2785\u201396.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"979_CR23","unstructured":"\u2022 Ionis Pharmaceuticals. Positive phase 2 clinical data of AKCEA-APOCIII-L(Rx) presented at ESC Congress 2020. 2020 [cited 2021 Apr 6]. Available from: https:\/\/ir.ionispharma.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/positive-phase-2-clinical-data-akcea-apociii-lrx-presented-esc-0. Provides the latest data of AKCEA-APOCIII-L(Rx)."},{"key":"979_CR24","unstructured":"EMA. Waylivra epar product information. 2019 [cited 2021 May 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/waylivra-epar-product-information_en.pdf."},{"key":"979_CR25","unstructured":"Ballantyne CM. RNA interference targeting apolipoprotein C-III results in deep and prolonged reductions in plasma triglycerides. Presented at American Heart Association Scientific Sessions. 2020 [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https:\/\/ir.arrowheadpharma.com\/static-files\/936316d0-85dc-46e9-b6c6-4ebb5727f532."},{"key":"979_CR26","unstructured":"Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals. Arrowhead pharmaceuticals files IND to begin phase 2b study of ARO-APOC3 in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. 2021 [cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: https:\/\/ir.arrowheadpharma.com\/index.php\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/arrowhead-pharmaceuticals-files-ind-begin-phase-2b-study-aro."},{"key":"979_CR27","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals. Arrowhead reports interim clinical data on cardiometabolic candidates ARO-APOC3 and ARO-ANG3. 2020 [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: http:\/\/ir.arrowheadpharma.com\/node\/15246\/pdf%0A. Provides the latest data of ARO-APOC3 and ARO-ANG3."},{"key":"979_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/ng814","volume":"30","author":"R Koishi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koishi R, Ando Y, Ono M, Shimamura M, Yasumo H, Fujiwara T, et al. Angptl3 regulates lipid metabolism in mice. Nat Genet. 2002;30:151\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"979_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1002926","volume":"363","author":"K Musunuru","year":"2010","unstructured":"Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Do R, Peloso GM, Guiducci C, Sougnez C, et al. Exome sequencing, ANGPTL3 mutations, and familial combined hypolipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2220\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"979_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.031","volume":"268","author":"YX Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu YX, Redon V, Yu H, Querbes W, Pirruccello J, Liebow A, et al. Role of angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) in regulating plasma level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Atherosclerosis. 2018;268:196\u2013206.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"979_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA120000888","volume":"61","author":"RC Adam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adam RC, Mintah IJ, Alexa-Braun CA, Shihanian LM, Lee JS, Banerjee P, et al. Angiopoietin-like protein 3 governs LDL-cholesterol levels through endothelial lipase-dependent VLDL clearance. J Lipid Res. 2020;61:1271\u201386.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"979_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104653","volume":"153","author":"M Ruscica","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruscica M, Zimetti F, Adorni MP, Sirtori CR, Lupo MG, Ferri N. Pharmacological aspects of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 inhibitors: new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia. Pharmacol Res. 2020;153:104653.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"979_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1705994","volume":"377","author":"D Gaudet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaudet D, Gipe DA, Pordy R, Ahmad Z, Cuchel M, Shah PK, et al. ANGPTL3 inhibition in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:222\u201332.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"979_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004215","volume":"383","author":"FJ Raal","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u2022 Raal FJ, Rosenson RS, Reeskamp LF, Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJP, Rubba P, et al. Evinacumab for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:711\u201320. Evinacumabs\u2019 FDA approval was based on the findings in this paper.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"979_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Rosenson RS. A phase 2 trial of the efficacy and safety of evinacumab in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Presented at ACC 2021. 2021 [cited 2021 May 16]. Available from: https:\/\/www.acc.org\/about-acc\/press-releases\/2021\/05\/15\/21\/19\/evinacumab-could-help-some-patients-with-severe-hypertriglyceridemia. Provides the latest data of Evinacumab in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.901"},{"key":"979_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1701329","volume":"377","author":"MJ Graham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graham MJ, Lee RG, Brandt TA, Tai L-J, Fu W, Peralta R, et al. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of ANGPTL3 Antisense Oligonucleotides. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:222\u201332.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"979_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa689","volume":"41","author":"D Gaudet","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u2022 Gaudet D, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, Baum SJ, Hurh E, Kingsbury J, Bartlett VJ, et al. Vupanorsen, an N-acetyl galactosamine-conjugated antisense drug to ANGPTL3 mRNA, lowers triglycerides and atherogenic lipoproteins in patients with diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:3936\u201345. Provides the latest data on IONIS-ANGPTL3-LRx.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"979_CR38","unstructured":"Watts GF. RNA Interference targeting hepatic angiopoietin-like protein 3 results in prolonged reductions in plasma triglycerides and LDL-C in human subjects. Presented at American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2020. Philadelphia; 2020 [cited 2021 May 6]; Available from: https:\/\/ir.arrowheadpharma.com\/static-files\/7315b991-44e6-464a-8b09-62f381dd86e1."},{"key":"979_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacks FM, Stanesa M, Hegele RA. Severe hypertriglyceridemia with pancreatitis: thirteen years\u2019 treatment with lomitapide. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:443\u20137.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.13309"},{"key":"979_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0617-491","volume":"35","author":"M Senior","year":"2017","unstructured":"Senior M. After Glybera\u2019s withdrawal, what\u2019s next for gene therapy? Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35:491\u20132.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"979_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0339-9","volume":"75","author":"LJ Scott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scott LJ. Alipogene tiparvovec: a review of its use in adults with familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Drugs. 2015;75:175\u201382.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"979_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.012","volume":"220","author":"KG Jackson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jackson KG, Poppitt SD, Minihane AM. Postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular disease risk: interrelationships between dietary, physiological and genetic determinants. Atherosclerosis. 2012;220:22\u201333.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"979_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-019-0809-3","volume":"21","author":"DJ Blom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blom DJ, Raal FJ, Santos RD, Marais AD. Lomitapide and mipomersen-inhibiting microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and apoB100 synthesis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2019;21:48.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"979_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.03.040","volume":"155","author":"JM van Rijn","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Rijn JM, Ardy RC, Kulo\u011flu Z, H\u00e4rter B, van Haaften-Visser DY, van der Doef HPJ, et al. Intestinal failure and aberrant lipid metabolism in patients with DGAT1 deficiency. Gastroenterology. 2018;155:130\u201343.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"979_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.509","volume":"55","author":"CD Meyers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meyers CD, Amer A, Majumdar T, Chen J. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of pradigastat, a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor in overweight or obese, but otherwise healthy human subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55:1031\u201341.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"979_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-015-0006-5","volume":"14","author":"CD Meyers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meyers CD, Tremblay K, Amer A, Chen J, Jiang L, Gaudet D. Effect of the DGAT1 inhibitor pradigastat on triglyceride and apoB48 levels in patients with familial chylomicronemia syndrome. Lipids Health Dis. 2015;14:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"979_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2019.12.005","volume":"41","author":"M Zarei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zarei M, Pizarro-Delgado J, Barroso E, Palomer X, V\u00e1zquez-Carrera M. Targeting FGF21 for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2020;41:199\u2013208.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"979_CR48","unstructured":"89BIO. Developing a differentiated FGF21 for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG). 2020 [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https:\/\/ir.89bio.com\/static-files\/ac2d1c9c-8dbd-4cdd-927d-6de88cf36176%0A."},{"key":"979_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Frias JP, Lawitz EJ, Ortiz-LaSanta G, Franey B, Morrow L, Chen CY, Loomba R. BIO89-100 Demonstrated Robust Reductions in Liver Fat and Liver Fat Volume (LFV) by MRI-PDFF, Favorable Tolerability and Potential for Weekly (QW) or Every 2 Weeks (Q2W) Dosing in a Phase 1b\/2a Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multiple Ascending Dose Study in NASH. J Endocrine Soc. 2021;(Supplement_1):A5\u2013A6.","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab048.010"},{"key":"979_CR50","unstructured":"89BIO. 89BIO announces plans for phase 2b (ENLIVEN) trial in NASH. 2021 [cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: https:\/\/ir.89bio.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/89bio-announces-plans-phase-2b-enliven-trial-nash."},{"key":"979_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht273","volume":"34","author":"BM Nordestgaard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nordestgaard BM, Chapman JM, Humphries SM, Ginsberg HN, Masana L, Descamps OS, et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European atherosclerosis society. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:3478\u201390.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"979_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-014-0075-y","volume":"8","author":"KL Stoner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stoner KL, Harder H, Fallowfield LJ, Jenkins VA. Intravenous versus subcutaneous drug administration. Which do patients prefer? A systematic review. Patient. 2015;8:145\u201353.","journal-title":"Patient"},{"key":"979_CR53","unstructured":"Waylivra, volanesorsen. \u2022 Price & Costs. MedChemexpress.com. [cited 2021 May 19]. Available from: https:\/\/thesocialmedwork.com\/waylivra-volanesorsen."},{"key":"979_CR54","unstructured":"Pradigastat (LCQ-908), DGAT1 inhibitor. MedChemexpress.com. [cited 2021 May 19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.medchemexpress.com\/LCQ-908.html."},{"key":"979_CR55","unstructured":"FDA approves Evinacumab for rare Homozygous FH. tctmd.com. 2021 [cited 2021 May 19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.tctmd.com\/news\/fda-approves-evinacumab-rare-homozygous-fh."}],"container-title":["Current Atherosclerosis Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11883-022-00979-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11883-022-00979-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11883-022-00979-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T02:15:46Z","timestamp":1647396946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11883-022-00979-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11883-022-00979-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3804","1534-6242"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3804","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6242","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights"}}]}}