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In this review, we consider these issues and explore recent studies on complement activation in atherosclerotic plaque initiation and progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Complement pathways impact plaque stability and healing through the modulation of inflammatory processes. Recent studies indicate that complement components, notably C3 and C5b-9, accelerate atherosclerosis progression through their interactions with endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells. Nonetheless, the beneficial versus deleterious effects of complement activation at different stages of atherogenesis remains a matter of ongoing debates. Research also investigates therapies targeting the complement cascade to mitigate plaque erosion and rupture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review explores the ongoing debates surrounding complement activation in atherogenesis. We bring forward controversial findings and therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating complement cascade activation with the ultimate goal to reduce the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.\\<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-025-01279-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T23:17:26Z","timestamp":1742685446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Inflammation-Driven Plaque Erosion in Atherosclerosis: A Focus on Complement System Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8457-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Ramoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2957-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8245-7287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Kraler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4116-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Di Vece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1472-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Liberale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2000317","volume":"383","author":"R Vergallo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vergallo R, Crea F. 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LL has received speaker fees outside of this work from Daichi-Sankyo. L.L. is a co-inventor on the international patent WO. Moreover, he is received fundings from the Novartis Foundation for Medical-Biological Research, the Swiss Heart Foundation, and the Italian Ministry of Health. FM was supported by RCR-2022\u201323682288\u2014Rete CARDIOLOGICA- Integrated strategies for the study of tissue and molecular determinants of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque\u2014Procedura nota DGRIC n. 1401 del 13\/04\/2022 Fondo progetti reti EF 2022. Moreover, he is received was supported by a grant from Fondazione Carige. The other authors have no conflict to disclose. SK declares outside this work speaker fees from Roche Diagnostics and the Foundation for Cardiovascular Research \u2013 Zurich Heart House. Further, he has received research grants to the institution from the Jubil\u00e4umsstiftung SwissLife, the Lindenhof Foundation, the Novartis Foundation for Medical-biological Research, the Swiss Heart Foundation, the Swiss Society of Cardiology, and the Theodor-Ida-Herzog-Egli Foundation, and equipment and materials from Roche Diagnostics outside the submitted work. Travel support, again unrelated to this work, was received from the European Atherosclerosis Society, the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Clinical Investigation, Sphingotec GmbH, the 4TEEN4 Pharmaceuticals GmbH, and PAM Theragnostics GmbH. All other authors declare no conflict of interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"42"}}