{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:55:14Z","timestamp":1786982114775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Atheroscler Rep"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-026-01419-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:40:50Z","timestamp":1780472450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Old and New Lines of Therapy Targeting Lipoprotein(a)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Khalil","family":"Anchouche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Koran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Thanassoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"39","key":"1419_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac361","volume":"43","author":"F Kronenberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kronenberg F, Mora S, Stroes ESG, Ference BA, Arsenault BJ, Berglund L, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(39):3925\u201346.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"8","key":"1419_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R067314","volume":"57","author":"K Schmidt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmidt K, Noureen A, Kronenberg F, Utermann G. Structure, function, and genetics of lipoprotein (a). J Lipid Res. 2016;57(8):1339\u201359.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-024-01252-0","volume":"27","author":"K Anchouche","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anchouche K, Thanassoulis G. Lp(a): A Rapidly Evolving Therapeutic Landscape. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2024;27(1):7.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"1419_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2022.04.004","volume":"349","author":"KE Dzobo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dzobo KE, Kraaijenhof JM, Stroes ESG, Nurmohamed NS, Kroon J. Lipoprotein(a): An underestimated inflammatory mastermind. Atherosclerosis. 2022;349:101\u20139.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1419_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2019.01.004","volume":"40","author":"MJ Borrelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borrelli MJ, Youssef A, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. New Frontiers in Lp(a)-Targeted Therapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2019;40(3):212\u201325.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12981","volume":"287","author":"A Vuorio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vuorio A, Watts GF, Schneider WJ, Tsimikas S, Kovanen PT. Familial hypercholesterolemia and elevated lipoprotein(a): double heritable risk and new therapeutic opportunities. J Intern Med. 2020;287(1):2\u201318.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1419_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.310272","volume":"120","author":"M Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma M, Redpath GM, Williams MJ, McCormick SP. Recycling of Apolipoprotein(a) After PlgRKT-Mediated Endocytosis of Lipoprotein(a). Circul Res. 2017;120(7):1091\u2013102.","journal-title":"Circul Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1419_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.1161\/ATV.0000000000000177","volume":"44","author":"E Gianos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gianos E, Duell PB, Toth PP, Moriarty PM, Thompson GR, Brinton EA, et al. Lipoprotein Apheresis: Utility, Outcomes, and Implementation in Clinical Practice: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2024;44(12):e304\u201321.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"1419_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2025.110929","volume":"137","author":"K Anchouche","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anchouche K, Baass A, Thanassoulis G. Lp(a): A Clinical Review. Clin Biochem. 2025;137:110929.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"12","key":"1419_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037184","volume":"139","author":"ML O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Donoghue ML, Fazio S, Giugliano RP, Stroes ESG, Kanevsky E, Gouni-Berthold I, et al. Lipoprotein(a), PCSK9 Inhibition, and Cardiovascular Risk. Circulation. 2019;139(12):1483\u201392.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"1419_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.057","volume":"75","author":"VA Bittner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bittner VA, Szarek M, Aylward PE, Bhatt DL, Diaz R, Edelberg JM, et al. Effect of Alirocumab on Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Risk After Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(2):133\u201344.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1419_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2016.06.006","volume":"1","author":"EF Villard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Villard EF, Thedrez A, Blankenstein J, Croyal M, Tran TT, Poirier B, et al. PCSK9 Modulates the Secretion But Not the Cellular Uptake of Lipoprotein(a) Ex Vivo: An Effect Blunted by Alirocumab. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2016;1(6):419\u201327.","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1419_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.319483","volume":"44","author":"S Tsimikas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tsimikas S. Lipoprotein(a) in the Year 2024: A Look Back and a Look Ahead. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2024;44(7):1485\u201390.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1161\/ATV.0000000000000147","volume":"42","author":"G Reyes-Soffer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reyes-Soffer G, Ginsberg HN, Berglund L, Duell PB, Heffron SP, Kamstrup PR, et al. Lipoprotein(a): A Genetically Determined, Causal, and Prevalent Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022;42(1):e48\u201360.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"22","key":"1419_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.801","volume":"301","author":"PR Kamstrup","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kamstrup PR, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Steffensen R, Nordestgaard BG. Genetically elevated lipoprotein(a) and increased risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2009;301(22):2331\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"1419_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109034","volume":"368","author":"G Thanassoulis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thanassoulis G, Campbell CY, Owens DS, Smith JG, Smith AV, Peloso GM, et al. Genetic Associations with Valvular Calcification and Aortic Stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(6):503\u201312.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.524","volume":"74","author":"A Langsted","year":"2019","unstructured":"Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG, Kamstrup PR. Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Risk of Ischemic Stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(1):54\u201366.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"1419_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.10.009","volume":"82","author":"PE Thomas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomas PE, Vedel-Krogh S, Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG, Kamstrup PR. Lipoprotein(a) and Risks of Peripheral Artery Disease, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, and Major Adverse Limb Events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82(24):2265\u201376.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.4115","volume":"9","author":"MG Levin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Levin MG, Burgess S. Mendelian Randomization as a Tool for Cardiovascular Research: A Review. JAMA Cardiol. 2024;9(1):79\u201389.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1419_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0075-7","volume":"19","author":"TC Roberts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roberts TC, Langer R, Wood MJA. Advances in oligonucleotide drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19(10):673\u201394.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"10057","key":"1419_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31009-1","volume":"388","author":"NJ Viney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Viney NJ, van Capelleveen JC, Geary RS, Xia S, Tami JA, Yu RZ, et al. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting apolipoprotein(a) in people with raised lipoprotein(a): two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trials. Lancet. 2016;388(10057):2239\u201353.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10002","key":"1419_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61252-1","volume":"386","author":"S Tsimikas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsimikas S, Viney NJ, Hughes SG, Singleton W, Graham MJ, Baker BF, et al. Antisense therapy targeting apolipoprotein(a): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 study. Lancet. 2015;386(10002):1472\u201383.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1419_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2025.03.019","volume":"287","author":"L Cho","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cho L, Nicholls SJ, Nordestgaard BG, Landmesser U, Tsimikas S, Blaha MJ, et al. Design and Rationale of Lp(a)HORIZON Trial: Assessing the Effect of Lipoprotein(a) Lowering With Pelacarsen on Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients With CVD and Elevated Lp(a). Am Heart J. 2025;287:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"16","key":"1419_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912387","volume":"382","author":"KK Ray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ray KK, Wright RS, Kallend D, Koenig W, Leiter LA, Raal FJ, et al. Two Phase 3 Trials of Inclisiran in Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1507\u201319.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01634-w","volume":"28","author":"MJ Koren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koren MJ, Moriarty PM, Baum SJ, Neutel J, Hernandez-Illas M, Weintraub HS, et al. Preclinical development and phase 1 trial of a novel siRNA targeting lipoprotein(a). Nat Med. 2022;28(1):96\u2013103.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"1419_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211023","volume":"387","author":"ML O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Donoghue ML, Rosenson RS, Gencer B, L\u00f3pez JAG, Lepor NE, Baum SJ, et al. Small Interfering RNA to Reduce Lipoprotein(a) in Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(20):1855\u201364.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"1419_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.21835","volume":"330","author":"SE Nissen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nissen SE, Linnebjerg H, Shen X, Wolski K, Ma X, Lim S, et al. Lepodisiran, an Extended-Duration Short Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a): A Randomized Dose-Ascending Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;330(21):2075\u201383.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"17","key":"1419_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415818","volume":"392","author":"SE Nissen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nissen SE, Ni W, Shen X, Wang Q, Navar AM, Nicholls SJ, et al. Lepodisiran - A Long-Duration Small Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a). N Engl J Med. 2025;392(17):1673\u201383.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"1419_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21957","volume":"332","author":"SE Nissen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nissen SE, Wang Q, Nicholls SJ, Navar AM, Ray KK, Schwartz GG, et al. Zerlasiran-A Small-Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a): A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;332(23):1992\u20132002.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8013","key":"1419_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07387-z","volume":"629","author":"N Diaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diaz N, Perez C, Escribano AM, Sanz G, Priego J, Lafuente C, et al. Discovery of potent small-molecule inhibitors of lipoprotein(a) formation. Nature. 2024;629(8013):945\u201350.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"1419_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.16503","volume":"330","author":"SJ Nicholls","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE, Fleming C, Urva S, Suico J, Berg PH, et al. Muvalaplin, an Oral Small Molecule Inhibitor of Lipoprotein(a) Formation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;330(11):1042\u201353.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"1419_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.24017","volume":"333","author":"SJ Nicholls","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nicholls SJ, Ni W, Rhodes GM, Nissen SE, Navar AM, Michael LF, et al. Oral Muvalaplin for Lowering of Lipoprotein(a): A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2025;333(3):222\u201331.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"35","key":"1419_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf411","volume":"46","author":"C Gurevitz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gurevitz C, Bajaj A, Khera AV, Do R, Schunkert H, Musunuru K, et al. Gene therapy and genome editing for lipoprotein disorders. Eur Heart J. 2025;46(35):3420\u201333.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1419_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062132","volume":"147","author":"RG Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee RG, Mazzola AM, Braun MC, Platt C, Vafai SB, Kathiresan S, et al. Efficacy and Safety of an Investigational Single-Course CRISPR Base-Editing Therapy Targeting PCSK9 in Nonhuman Primate and Mouse Models. Circulation. 2023;147(3):242\u201353.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"1419_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvad103","volume":"10","author":"T Horie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horie T, Ono K. VERVE-101: a promising CRISPR-based gene editing therapy that reduces LDL-C and PCSK9 levels in HeFH patients. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2024;10(2):89\u201390.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother"},{"key":"1419_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flight P, Rohde E, Lee R, Mazzola AM, Platt C, Mizoguchi T et al. \u2020 VERVE-102, a clinical stage in vivo base editing medicine, leads to potent and precise inactivation of PCSK9 in preclinical studies. J Clin Lipidol. 2025;19(3, Supplement):e68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.04.095"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"1419_CR37","first-page":"A17013","volume":"148","author":"PK Morrow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morrow PK, D\u2019Souza S, Wood T, Gowda V, Lee N, Lei Zhang M, et al. Abstract 17013: CTX320: An Investigational in vivo CRISPR-Based Therapy Efficiently and Durably Reduces Lipoprotein (a) Levels in Non-Human Primates After a Single Dose. Circulation. 2023;148(Suppl1):A17013\u2013A.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"1419_CR38","first-page":"1129","volume":"37","author":"GJ Pearson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pearson GJ, Thanassoulis G, Anderson TJ, Barry AR, Couture P, Dayan N, et al. 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults. Can J Cardiol. 2021;37(8):1129\u201350.","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"1419_CR39","unstructured":"Koschinsky ML, Soffer DE, Boffa MB. What\u2019s next for lipoprotein(a)? A national lipid association report from an expert panel discussion. J Clin Lipidol."}],"container-title":["Current Atherosclerosis Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11883-026-01419-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11883-026-01419-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11883-026-01419-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:40:54Z","timestamp":1780472454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11883-026-01419-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11883-026-01419-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-6242"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-6242","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No animal or human subjects were used by the authors in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"59"}}