{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:35:03Z","timestamp":1786368903708,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Atheroscler Rep"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-026-01444-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:45:25Z","timestamp":1786322725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary Interventions for Hypertriglyceridemia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5089-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol F.","family":"Kirkpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3914-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina S.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6012-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penny M.","family":"Kris-Etherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5147-5469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Maki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1444_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70191-8","volume":"2","author":"RA Hegele","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hegele RA, Ginsberg HN, Chapman MJ, Nordestgaard BG, Kuivenhoven JA, Averna M, et al. The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(8):655\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70191-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz785","volume":"41","author":"U Laufs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laufs U, Parhofer KG, Ginsberg HN, Hegele RA. Clinical review on triglycerides. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):99\u2013c109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz785.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","volume":"41","author":"F Mach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. 2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"47","key":"1444_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab551","volume":"42","author":"HN Ginsberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ginsberg HN, Packard CJ, Chapman MJ, Boren J, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Averna M, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants: metabolic insights, role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies-a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(47):4791\u2013806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab551.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"24","key":"1444_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.059","volume":"77","author":"S Raposeiras-Roubin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raposeiras-Roubin S, Rossello X, Oliva B, Fernandez-Friera L, Mendiguren JM, Andres V, et al. Triglycerides and residual atherosclerotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(24):3031\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.059.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1444_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.06.011","volume":"78","author":"SS Virani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Virani SS, Morris PB, Agarwala A, Ballantyne CM, Birtcher KK, Kris-Etherton PM, et al. 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients with Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(9):960\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.06.011.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"25","key":"1444_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S0735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.11.016","volume":"13","author":"RS Blumenthal","year":"2026","unstructured":"Blumenthal RS, Morris PB, Gaudino M, Johnson HM, Anderson TS, Bittner VA, PCNA Guideline on the Management of Dyslipidemia. A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2026 Mar. 2026;13(25):S0735\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.11.016. ACC\/AHA\/AACVPR\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol 2026 Mar"},{"issue":"24","key":"1444_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz962","volume":"41","author":"J Boren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boren J, Chapman MJ, Krauss RM, Packard CJ, Bentzon JF, Binder CJ, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(24):2313\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz962.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.08.013","volume":"18","author":"DE Soffer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soffer DE, Marston NA, Maki KC, Jacobson TA, Bittner VA, Pena JM, et al. Role of Apolipoprotein B in the Clinical Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Adults: An Expert Clinical Consensus from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2024;18(5):e647\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.08.013.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf112","volume":"33","author":"FM Di Muro","year":"2026","unstructured":"Di Muro FM, Vogel B, Sartori S, Bay B, Oliva A, Feng Y, et al. Prognostic impact of residual inflammatory and triglyceride risk in statin-treated patients with well-controlled LDL cholesterol and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2026;33(5):742\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf112.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1444_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2023.05.099","volume":"17","author":"CF Kirkpatrick","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick CF, Sikand G, Petersen KS, Anderson CAM, Aspry KE, Bolick JP, et al. Nutrition Interventions for Adults with Dyslipidemia: A Clinical Perspective from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2023;17(4):428\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2023.05.099.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1444_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.03.012","volume":"19","author":"S Saadatagah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saadatagah S, Larouche M, Naderian M, Nambi V, Brisson D, Kullo IJ, et al. Recognition and Management of Persistent Chylomicronemia: A Joint Expert Clinical Consensus by the National Lipid Association and the American Society for Preventive Cardiology. J Clin Lipidol. 2025;19(4):723\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.03.012.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02658-8","volume":"24","author":"A Sikora Kessler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sikora Kessler A, Baum SJ, Kutrieb E, Vera Llonch M, Lonshteyn A, Weycker D, et al. Rates of acute pancreatitis and cardiovascular events among adults with severe or extreme hypertriglyceridemia in US clinical practice. Lipids Health Dis. 2025;24(1):252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02658-8.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"1444_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2026.04.002","author":"A Sikora Kessler","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sikora Kessler A, Batra K, Amos Q, Baum SJ, Soffer DE, Vera-Llonch M. A real-world study on the risk of acute pancreatitis and cardiovascular events among adults with severe or extreme hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2026.04.002.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1444_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107334","volume":"52","author":"JD Brunzell","year":"1973","unstructured":"Brunzell JD, Hazzard WR, Porte D Jr., Bierman EL. Evidence for a common, saturable, triglyceride removal mechanism for chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in man. J Clin Invest. 1973;52(7):1578\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI107334.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"1444_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000846","volume":"31","author":"A Chait","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chait A. Multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2024;31(2):78\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MED.0000000000000846.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618755002","volume":"6","author":"N de Pretis","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Pretis N, Amodio A, Frulloni L. Hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical management. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2018;6(5):649\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050640618755002.","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1444_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e028205","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028205","volume":"12","author":"Y Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao Y, Shah LM, Ding J, Martin SS. US trends in cholesterol screening, lipid levels, and lipid-lowering medication use in US adults, 1999 to 2018. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(3):e028205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.122.028205.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"1444_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e275","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001412","volume":"153","author":"LP Palaniappan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Palaniappan LP, Allen NB, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the american heart association. Circulation. 2026;153(9):e275\u2013e906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001412","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001078","volume":"146","author":"DM Lloyd-Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB, Anderson CAM, Black T, Brewer LC, Foraker RE, et al. Life\u2019s Essential 8: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association\u2019s Construct of Cardiovascular Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;146(5):e18\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001078.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1444_CR21","unstructured":"Feingold KR et al. Introduction to Lipids and Lipoproteins. In: Feingold KR, Adler RA, Ahmed SF, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Chrousos G, editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.om, Inc. 2000. https:\/\/www.endotext.org\/chapter\/introduction-to-lipids-and-lipoproteins\/.Accessed 12 May 2026."},{"key":"1444_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.31.3.321","volume":"31","author":"DS Fredrickson","year":"1965","unstructured":"Fredrickson DS, Lees RS. A system for phenotyping hyperlipoproteinemia. Circulation. 1965;31:321\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.31.3.321.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"1444_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.50","volume":"6","author":"A Sniderman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sniderman A, Couture P, de Graaf J. Diagnosis and treatment of apolipoprotein B dyslipoproteinemias. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6(6):335\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2010.50.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1444_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2466","volume":"101","author":"RJ Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown RJ, Araujo-Vilar D, Cheung PT, Dunger D, Garg A, Jack M, et al. The Diagnosis and Management of Lipodystrophy Syndromes: A Multi-Society Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(12):4500\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2016-2466.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1444_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.03.093","volume":"12","author":"RA Hegele","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hegele RA, Berberich AJ, Ban MR, Wang J, Digenio A, Alexander VJ, et al. Clinical and biochemical features of different molecular etiologies of familial chylomicronemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12(4):920\u20137.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.03.093","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1444_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-00214","volume":"3","author":"LSL O\u2019Dea","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Dea LSL, MacDougall J, Alexander VJ, Digenio A, Hubbard B, Arca M, et al. Differentiating familial chylomicronemia syndrome from multifactorial severe hypertriglyceridemia by clinical profiles. J Endocr Soc. 2019;3(12):2397\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/js.2019-00214.","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"1444_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13345","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13345","volume":"50","author":"J Rioja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rioja J, Ariza MJ, Garcia-Casares N, Coca-Prieto I, Arrobas T, Muniz-Grijalvo O, et al. Evaluation of the chylomicron-TG to VLDL-TG ratio for type I hyperlipoproteinemia diagnostic. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50(12):e13345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.13345.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"1444_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm4074","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Y, Viscarra J, Kim SJ, Sul HS. Transcriptional regulation of hepatic lipogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2015;16(11):678\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm4074.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1444_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.03.013","volume":"19","author":"F Javed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Javed F, Hegele RA, Garg A, Patni N, Gaudet D, Williams L, et al. Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome: An Expert Clinical Review from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2025;19(3):382\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.03.013.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"1444_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick CF, Bittner VA. Lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions for adults with hypertriglyceridemia: Critical to reduce risk of ASCVD and pancreatitis but often underutilized. J Clin Lipidol. 2026 May 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2026.05.224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2026.05.224"},{"issue":"4","key":"1444_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.04.010","volume":"12","author":"L Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams L, Rhodes KS, Karmally W, Welstead LA, Alexander L, Sutton L, et al. Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: Bringing to life dietary recommendations throughout the life span. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12(4):908\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.04.010.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1444_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2022.07.011","volume":"16","author":"L Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams L, Baker-Smith CM, Bolick J, Carter J, Kirkpatrick C, Ley SL, et al. Nutrition Interventions for Youth with Dyslipidemia: a National Lipid Association Clinical Perspective. J Clin Lipidol. 2022;16(6):776\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2022.07.011.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1444_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.2.412","volume":"71","author":"EJ Parks","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):412\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/71.2.412.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37385","volume":"119","author":"KL Stanhope","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL, Griffen SC, Bremer AA, Graham JL, et al. Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight\/obese humans. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(5):1322\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI37385.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"1444_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.100461","volume":"101","author":"KL Stanhope","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stanhope KL, Medici V, Bremer AA, Lee V, Lam HD, Nunez MV, et al. A dose-response study of consuming high-fructose corn syrup-sweetened beverages on lipid\/lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(6):1144\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.114.100461.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276231167778","volume":"17","author":"WJ Bulsiewicz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bulsiewicz WJ. The importance of dietary fiber for metabolic health. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2023;17(5):639\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15598276231167778.","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"1444_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/10490","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: National Academies; 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/10490."},{"key":"1444_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jocken JWE, Gonz\u00e1lez Hern\u00e1ndez MA, Hoebers NTH, van der Beek CM, Essers YPG, Blaak EE, et al. Short-chain fatty acids differentially affect intracellular lipolysis in a human white adipocyte model. Front Endocrinol. 2018;8\u20132017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2017.00372.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00372"},{"key":"1444_CR39","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Nutrient intakes from food and beverages: mean amounts consumed per individual, by male\/female and age, what we eat in America, NHANES August 2021-August 2023. 2024. https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ARSUserFiles\/80400530\/pdf\/2123\/Table_1_NIN_MaleFemale_2123.pdf Accessed 9 May 2026."},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0014","volume":"42","author":"AB Evert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KHK, MacLeod J, et al. Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):731\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci19-0014.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1444_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.101137","volume":"123","author":"N Gletsu-Miller","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gletsu-Miller N, Wilcox ML, Spence LA, Wright AJ, Guarneiri LL, Nadeem MM, et al. Effects of replacing solid fats and added sugars with avocado in adults with elevated cardiometabolic risk: a randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding, crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2026;123(2):101137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.101137.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"1444_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.12.8.911","volume":"12","author":"RP Mensink","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12(8):911\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.atv.12.8.911.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb"},{"key":"1444_CR43","volume-title":"Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: A systematic review and regression analysis","author":"RP Mensink","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mensink RP. Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: A systematic review and regression analysis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"1444_CR44","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Nutrient intakes per 1000\u00a0kcal from food and beverages: mean energy and mean nutrient amounts per 1000\u00a0kcal consumed per individual, by male\/female and age, what we eat in America, NHANES August 2021-August 2023. 2024. https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ARSUserFiles\/80400530\/pdf\/2123\/Table_41_DEN_MaleFemale_2123.pdf Accessed 9 May 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.11.001","volume":"114","author":"G Vannice","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vannice G, Rasmussen H. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Dietary Fatty Acids for Healthy Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114(1):136\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jand.2013.11.001.","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1444_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003177","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003177.pub5","volume":"3","author":"AS Abdelhamid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;3(3):CD003177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003177.pub5.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1444_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e029512","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.029512","volume":"12","author":"T Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang T, Zhang X, Zhou N, Shen Y, Li B, Chen BE, et al. Association between omega-3 fatty acid intake and dyslipidemia: A continuous dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(11):e029512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.123.029512.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.09.012","volume":"122","author":"S Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng S, Liu R, Thompson C, Colwell B, Chung S, Barry A, et al. Effects of carbohydrate-restricted diets and macronutrient replacements on cardiovascular health and body composition in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025;122(5):1461\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.09.012.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1444_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Obarzanek E, Sacks FM, Vollmer WM, Bray GA, Miller ER 3rd, Lin PH, et al. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74(1):80\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/74.1.80.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.1.80"},{"key":"1444_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Obarzanek E, Swain JF, Miller ER 3, et al. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;294(19):2455\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.294.19.2455.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.19.2455"},{"issue":"7","key":"1444_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.248641","volume":"147","author":"KC Maki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maki KC, Palacios OM, Lindner E, Nieman KM, Bell M, Sorce J. Replacement of refined starches and added sugars with egg protein and unsaturated fats increases insulin sensitivity and lowers triglycerides in overweight or obese adults with elevated triglyceride. J Nutr. 2017;147(7):1267\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.117.248641.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"1444_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e596","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000678","volume":"140","author":"DK Arnett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, et al. 2019 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;140(11):e596\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000678.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1444_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001435","author":"AH Lichtenstein","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lichtenstein AH, Khera A, Anderson CAM, Appel LJ, DeSilva DM, Gardner C, et al. 2026 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001435.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1444_CR54","volume-title":"Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025\u20132030","author":"U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2026","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025\u20132030. 10th ed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2026.","edition":"10"},{"issue":"25","key":"1444_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800389","volume":"378","author":"R Estruch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(25):e34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1800389.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10338","key":"1444_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00122-2","volume":"399","author":"J Delgado-Lista","year":"2022","unstructured":"Delgado-Lista J, Alcala-Diaz JF, Torres-Pena JD, Quintana-Navarro GM, Fuentes F, Garcia-Rios A, et al. Long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet and a low-fat diet (CORDIOPREV): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2022;399(10338):1876\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00122-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"1444_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1402","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.6.1402S","volume":"61","author":"WC Willett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Willett WC, Sacks F, Trichopoulou A, Drescher G, Ferro-Luzzi A, Helsing E, et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(6 Suppl):S1402\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/61.6.1402S.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"22","key":"1444_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001146","volume":"147","author":"CD Gardner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gardner CD, Vadiveloo MK, Petersen KS, Anderson CAM, Springfield S, Van Horn L, et al. Popular Dietary Patterns: Alignment With American Heart Association 2021 Dietary Guidance: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;147(22):1715\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001146.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.08.003","volume":"13","author":"CF Kirkpatrick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick CF, Bolick JP, Kris-Etherton PM, Sikand G, Aspry KE, Soffer DE, et al. Review of Current Evidence and Clinical Recommendations on the Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Very-Low-Carbohydrate (Including Ketogenic) Diets for the Management of Body Weight and Other Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Scientific Statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force. J Clin Lipidol. 2019;13(5):689\u2013e7111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.08.003.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1444_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.243","volume":"69","author":"R Huo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huo R, Du T, Xu Y, Xu W, Chen X, Sun K, et al. Effects of Mediterranean-style diet on glycemic control, weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes individuals: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(11):1200\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2014.243.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1444_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009825","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009825.pub3","volume":"3","author":"K Rees","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rees K, Takeda A, Martin N, Ellis L, Wijesekara D, Vepa A, et al. Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;3(3):CD009825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009825.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1444_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Papadaki A, Nolen-Doerr E, Mantzoros CS. The effect of the mediterranean diet on metabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials in adults. Nutrients. 2020;12(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12113342.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113342"},{"issue":"8","key":"1444_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03478-9","volume":"63","author":"M Keshani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keshani M, Sadeghi N, Tehrani SD, Ahmadi AR, Sharma M. Mediterranean diet enriched with olive oil shows no consistent benefits on cardiometabolic and anthropometric parameters: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr. 2024;63(8):2835\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-024-03478-9.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1444_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/27697061.2024.2440051","volume":"44","author":"AV Hernandez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hernandez AV, Marti KM, Marti KE, Weisman N, Cardona M, Biello DM Jr., et al. Effect of Mediterranean diets on cardiovascular risk factors and disease in overweight and obese adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Nutr Assoc. 2025;44(5):387\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/27697061.2024.2440051.","journal-title":"J Am Nutr Assoc"},{"issue":"16","key":"1444_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704173361601","volume":"336","author":"LJ Appel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(16):1117\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199704173361601.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514003341","volume":"113","author":"M Siervo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Siervo M, Lara J, Chowdhury S, Ashor A, Oggioni C, Mathers JC. Effects of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114514003341.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1444_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867331666230706102406","volume":"32","author":"A Sahebkar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sahebkar A, Heidari Z, Kiani Z, Atefi M, Zareie A, Shojaei M, et al. The efficacy of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical controlled trials. Curr Med Chem. 2025;32(3):563\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867331666230706102406.","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"1444_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104057","volume":"35","author":"P Zare","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zare P, Bideshki MV, Sohrabi Z, Behzadi M, Sartang MM. Effect of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on lipid profile in individuals with overweight\/ obesity: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2025;35(9):104057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104057.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1444_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2025.02.002","volume":"125","author":"S Raj","year":"2025","unstructured":"Raj S, Guest NS, Landry MJ, Mangels AR, Pawlak R, Rozga M. Vegetarian Dietary Patterns for Adults: A Position Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2025;125(6):831\u2013e462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jand.2025.02.002.","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1444_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013501","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013501.pub2","volume":"2","author":"K Rees","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rees K, Al-Khudairy L, Takeda A, Stranges S. Vegan dietary pattern for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;2(2):CD013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013501.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"1444_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002408","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002408","volume":"4","author":"F Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang F, Zheng J, Yang B, Jiang J, Fu Y, Li D. Effects of vegetarian diets on blood lipids: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(10):e002408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.115.002408.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"1444_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux030","volume":"75","author":"Y Yokoyama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yokoyama Y, Levin SM, Barnard ND. Association between plant-based diets and plasma lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(9):683\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nux030.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1444_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.032","volume":"38","author":"E Viguiliouk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Viguiliouk E, Kendall CW, Kahleova H, Rahelic D, Salas-Salvado J, Choo VL, et al. Effect of vegetarian dietary patterns on cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(3):1133\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.032.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"28","key":"1444_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad211","volume":"44","author":"CA Koch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koch CA, Kjeldsen EW, Frikke-Schmidt R. Vegetarian or vegan diets and blood lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(28):2609\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad211.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1444_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fechner E, Smeets E, Schrauwen P, Mensink RP. The effects of different degrees of carbohydrate restriction and carbohydrate replacement on cardiometabolic risk markers in humans-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12040991.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040991"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-025-03862-z","volume":"65","author":"A Anagnostou","year":"2026","unstructured":"Anagnostou A, Larumbe-Zabala E, Fiore J, Roberts J, Naclerio F. Effects of energy-matched low- versus high-carbohydrate diets on glycaemic control, lipid profile, and body composition in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Nutr. 2026;65(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03862-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02874-y","volume":"21","author":"C Patikorn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patikorn C, Saidoung P, Pham T, Phisalprapa P, Lee YY, Varady KA, et al. Effects of ketogenic diet on health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-023-02874-y.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1444_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.04.021","volume":"120","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Z, Chen T, Wu S, Dong X, Zhang M, Ma G. Impact of the ketogenic diet as a dietary approach on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024;120(2):294\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.04.021.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1444_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2023.100495","volume":"14","author":"T Schmidt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schmidt T, Harmon DM, Kludtke E, Mickow A, Simha V, Kopecky S. Dramatic elevation of LDL cholesterol from ketogenic-dieting: A Case Series. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2023;14:100495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpc.2023.100495.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1444_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e048903","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.125.048903","volume":"15","author":"ZS DiMattia","year":"2026","unstructured":"DiMattia ZS, Petersen KS. Ketogenic diets and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with normal weight: An emerging clinical challenge. J Am Heart Assoc. 2026;15(9):e048903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.125.048903.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0515-5","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Xu D. Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1):132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-017-0515-5.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1444_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e217","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001189","volume":"149","author":"AE Paluch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paluch AE, Boyer WR, Franklin BA, Laddu D, Lobelo F, Lee DC, et al. Resistance Exercise Training in Individuals With and Without Cardiovascular Disease: 2023 Update: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024;149(3):e217\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001189.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"21","key":"1444_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210185","volume":"478","author":"EA Richter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Richter EA, Sylow L, Hargreaves M. Interactions between insulin and exercise. Biochem J. 2021;478(21):3827\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BCJ20210185.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"1444_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13273","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13273","volume":"22","author":"JM Oppert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oppert JM, Bellicha A, van Baak MA, Battista F, Beaulieu K, Blundell JE, et al. Exercise training in the management of overweight and obesity in adults: Synthesis of the evidence and recommendations from the European Association for the Study of Obesity Physical Activity Working Group. Obes Rev. 2021;22(Suppl 4):e13273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.13273.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1444_CR85","volume-title":"Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2018","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1444_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasan B, Nayfeh T, Alzuabi M, Wang Z, Kuchkuntla AR, Prokop LJ, et al. Weight loss and serum lipids in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa673.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa673"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.10.003","volume":"15","author":"MM Schroor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schroor MM, Joris PJ, Plat J, Mensink RP. Effects of intermittent energy restriction compared with those of continuous energy restriction on body composition and cardiometabolic risk markers - A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults. Adv Nutr. 2024;15(1):100130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.10.003.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"1444_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102519","volume":"70","author":"ML Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun ML, Yao W, Wang XY, Gao S, Varady KA, Forslund SK, et al. Intermittent fasting and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;70:102519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102519.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1444_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103805","volume":"35","author":"M Hamsho","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hamsho M, Shkorfu W, Ranneh Y, Fadel A. Is isocaloric intermittent fasting superior to calorie restriction? A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2025;35(3):103805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103805.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1444_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e082007","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-082007","volume":"389","author":"Z Semnani-Azad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Semnani-Azad Z, Khan TA, Chiavaroli L, Chen V, Bhatt HA, Chen A, et al. Intermittent fasting strategies and their effects on body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2025;389:e082007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-082007.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1444_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD015610","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015610.pub2","volume":"2","author":"LI Garegnani","year":"2026","unstructured":"Garegnani LI, Oltra G, Ivaldi D, Burgos MA, Andrenacci PJ, Rico S, et al. Intermittent fasting for adults with overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2026;2(2):CD015610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD015610.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1444_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf056","volume":"84","author":"X Wu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wu X, Ding Y, Cao Q, Huang J, Xu X, Jiang Y, et al. Comparison of different intermittent fasting patterns or different extents of calorie restriction for weight loss and metabolic improvement in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev. 2026;84(3):487\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf056.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1444_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2023.2209176","volume":"18","author":"KC Maki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maki KC, Kirkpatrick CF, Allison DB, Gadde KM. Pharmacotherapy for obesity: recent evolution and implications for cardiovascular risk reduction. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2023;18(4):307\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17446651.2023.2209176.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00981-0","volume":"12","author":"T Min","year":"2021","unstructured":"Min T, Bain SC. The role of tirzepatide, dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in the management of type 2 diabetes: The SURPASS clinical trials. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12(1):143\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13300-020-00981-0.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-025-00382-x","volume":"15","author":"EJ Dhurandhar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dhurandhar EJ, Maki KC, Dhurandhar NV, Kyle TK, Yurkow S, Hawkins MAW, et al. Food noise: Definition, measurement, and future research directions. Nutr Diabetes. 2025;15(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41387-025-00382-x.","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"1444_CR96","unstructured":"Arnaut T, Hahn-Pedersen JH, Hartaigh BO, Byrne K, Duncan S, Kvist K. Impact of food noise after initiating semaglutide treatment: results from a U.S. survey (INFORM). 61st european association for the study of diabetes annual meeting. Vienna, Austria 2025."},{"issue":"11","key":"1444_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2025.07.017","volume":"31","author":"K Nadolsky","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nadolsky K, Garvey WT, Agarwal M, Bonnecaze A, Burguera B, Chaplin MD, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Consensus Statement: Algorithm for the Evaluation and Treatment of Adults with Obesity\/Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease\u2009\u2013\u20092025 Update. Endocr Pract. 2025;31(11):1351\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2025.07.017.","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"1444_CR98","unstructured":"Food US, Administration D. FDA approves first new molecular entity under national priority voucher program [Internet]. 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-new-molecular-entity-under-national-priority-voucher-program Accessed 8 May 2026 ."},{"issue":"18","key":"1444_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2511774","volume":"393","author":"S Wharton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wharton S, Aronne LJ, Stefanski A, Alfaris NF, Ciudin A, Yokote K, et al. Orforglipron, an oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist for obesity treatment. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(18):1796\u2013806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2511774.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1444_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03978-z","volume":"31","author":"B McGowan","year":"2025","unstructured":"McGowan B, Ciudin A, Baker JL, Busetto L, Dicker D, Fruhbeck G, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for obesity in adults. Nat Med. 2025;31(10):3317\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-03978-z.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1444_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177953","volume":"1003","author":"S Miranda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miranda S, Choudhari J, Chauhan N, Parmar MS. Impact of semaglutide on lipid profiles in overweight and obese non-diabetic adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol. 2025;1003:177953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177953.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100947","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.100947","volume":"18","author":"K Tom-Ayegunle","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tom-Ayegunle K, Tom-Ayegunle O, Okoye S, Chukwuemeka U, Adeyina TS, Babarinde A, et al. Long-Term cardiovascular outcomes of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in non-diabetic obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2026;18(1):e100947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.100947.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1444_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103680","volume":"90","author":"CC Tzang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tzang CC, Wu PH, Luo CA, Chen ZT, Lee YT, Huang ES, et al. Metabolic rebound after GLP-1 receptor agonist discontinuation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2025;90:103680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103680.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1444_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630199","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1630199","volume":"16","author":"C Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park C, Kim Y, Raygani S, Grunvald E. A glimpse into the pipeline of anti-obesity medication development: combining multiple receptor pathways. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1630199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1630199.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1444_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.70100","volume":"34","author":"L Sabatella","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sabatella L, Ortega PM, Azcarate VV, Sastre FR, Pagola AU, Ahmed A, et al. Comparative efficacy of metabolic\/bariatric surgery versus glp-1 receptor agonists: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes (Silver Spring). 2026;34(4):770\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.70100.","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1444_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003714","volume":"271","author":"N Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu N, Funk LM. Bariatric surgery trends in the U.S.: 1% is the loneliest number. Ann Surg. 2020;271(2):210\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003714.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1444_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-024-07076-w","volume":"34","author":"S Apaer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Apaer S, Aizezi Z, Cao X, Wu J, Zhang Y, Tuersunmaimaiti A, et al. Safety and efficacy of LSG versus LRYGB on patients with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis from RCTs. Obes Surg. 2024;34(4):1138\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-024-07076-w.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1444_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-024-02512-1","volume":"24","author":"Y Lei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lei Y, Lei X, Chen G, Wang Z, Song H, Feng X, et al. Update on comparison of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight loss, comorbidities, and quality of life at 5 years. BMC Surg. 2024;24(1):219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12893-024-02512-1.","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"1444_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.004","volume":"129","author":"SP Heffron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heffron SP, Parikh A, Volodarskiy A, Ren-Fielding C, Schwartzbard A, Nicholson J, et al. Changes in lipid profile of obese patients following contemporary bariatric surgery: A meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2016;129(9):952\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.004.","journal-title":"Am J Med"}],"container-title":["Current Atherosclerosis Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11883-026-01444-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11883-026-01444-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11883-026-01444-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:04:30Z","timestamp":1786367070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11883-026-01444-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11883-026-01444-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-6242"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-6242","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article does not involve any studies on human or animal participants conducted by any of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"C.F.K. is an employee of Midwest Biomedical Research, which has received research funding and consulting fees from food and pharmaceutical companies (see list for KCM), and declares no other conflicts of interest. K.S.P. has research grants from Cotton Incorporated, National Cattlemen\u2019s Beef Association, Hass Avocado Board, American Pecan Council\/American Pecan Promotion Board, American Egg Board, National Dairy Council, United Soybean Board and McCormick Science Institute; and has received honoraria from the Soy Nutrition Institute Global, The Peanut Institute, National Cattlemen\u2019s Beef Association, and McCormick Science Institute for unrelated work. P.M.K.E. serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards for the Seafood Nutrition Partnership Scientific Nutrition Advisory Council and the Research Team for the Fatty Acid Research Institute. K.C.M. has received research grant support from ACH Food Companies, Cargill, Eli Lilly and Company, General Mills, Global Organization for EPA and DHA, Greenyn Biotechnology, Hass Avocado Board, Helaina, Hershey, Indiana University Foundation, Medifast, National Cattlemen\u2019s Beef Association\/Beef Checkoff, National Dairy Council, Naturmega, NewAmsterdam Pharma, Novo Nordisk, PepsiCo, Pharmavite, and Ro; and received consulting fees from and\/or served on advisory boards of 89Bio, Esperion Therapeutics, NorthSea Therapeutics.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"78"}}