{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:12:34Z","timestamp":1762521154892},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Cardiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-005-0007-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,26]],"date-time":"2007-05-26T04:36:53Z","timestamp":1180154213000},"page":"29-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Stroke in black Americans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"Ruland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip B.","family":"Gorelick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"7_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000109685","volume":"16","author":"RF Gillum","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gillum RF: Secular trends in stroke mortality in African Americans: the role of urbanization, diabetes and obesity. Neuroepidemiology 1997, 16:180\u2013184.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"7_CR2","volume-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142004 Update","author":"American Heart Association","year":"2003","unstructured":"American Heart Association: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142004 Update. Dallas: American Heart Association; 2003."},{"key":"7_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.12.2656","volume":"29","author":"PB Gorelick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gorelick PB: Cerebrovascular disease in African Americans. Stroke 1998, 29:2656\u20132664.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"7_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000110982.74967.39","volume":"35","author":"B Kissela","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kissela B, Schneider A, Kleindorfer D, et al.: Stroke in a biracial population: the excess burden of stroke among Blacks. Stroke 2004, 35:426\u2013431.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"7_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.22.2947","volume":"289","author":"PB Gorelick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gorelick PB, Richardson D, Kelly M, et al.: Aspirin and ticlopidine for prevention of recurrent stroke in black patients: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003, 289:2947\u20132957.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.4.691","volume":"57","author":"H Hassaballa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hassaballa H, Gorelick PB, West CP, et al.: Ischemic stroke outcome: racial differences in the Trial of Danaparoid in Acute Stroke (TOAST). Neurology 2001, 57:691\u2013697.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02496-7","volume":"90","author":"JR Kizer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kizer JR, Silvestry FE, Kimmel SE, et al.: Racial differences in the prevalence of cardiac sources of embolism in subjects with unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90:395\u2013400.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"7_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10192","volume":"51","author":"M Prengler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Prengler M, Pavlakis SG, Prohovnik I, Adams RJ: Sickle cell disease: the neurological complications. Ann Neurol 2002, 51:543\u2013552.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"7_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.7.1012","volume":"38","author":"RJ Adam","year":"1988","unstructured":"Adam RJ, Nichols FT, McKie V, et al.: Cerebral infarction in sickle cell anemia: mechanism based on CT and MRI. Neurology 1988, 38:1012\u20131017.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202273260905","volume":"326","author":"R Adams","year":"1992","unstructured":"Adams R, McKie V, Nichols F, et al.: The use of transcranial ultrasonography to predict stroke in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 1992, 326:605\u2013610.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807023390102","volume":"339","author":"RJ Adams","year":"1998","unstructured":"Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, et al.: Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J med 1998, 339:5\u201311.","journal-title":"N Engl J med"},{"key":"7_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.62.9.1468","volume":"9","author":"MA Sloan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, et al.: Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the therepeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2004, 9:1468\u20131481. A thorough evidence-based review of the utility of transcranial Doppler in cerebrovascular disease.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512143332401","volume":"333","author":"The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group","year":"1995","unstructured":"The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group: Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:1581\u20131587.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.5.1061","volume":"31","author":"SC Johnston","year":"2001","unstructured":"Johnston SC, Fung LH, Gillum LA, et al.: Utilization of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for ischemic stroke at academic medical centers: the influence of ethnicity. Stroke 2001, 31:1061\u20131068.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"7_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000096993.90248.27","volume":"34","author":"JB Christian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Christian JB, Lapane KL, Toppa RS: Racial disparities in receipt of secondary stroke prevention agents among US nursing home residents. Stroke 2003, 34:2693\u20132697.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"7_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410240093011","volume":"153","author":"EZ Oddone","year":"1993","unstructured":"Oddone EZ, Horner RD, Monger ME, Matchar DB: Racial variations in the rates of carotid angiography and endarterectomy in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Arch Intern Med 1993, 153:2781\u20132786.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"7_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.7.1350","volume":"30","author":"EZ Oddone","year":"1999","unstructured":"Oddone EZ, Horner RD, Sloane R, et al.: Race, presenting signs and symptoms, use of carotid artery imaging, and appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 1999, 30:1350\u20131356.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"7_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000043672.42831.EB","volume":"33","author":"EZ Oddone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oddone EZ, Horner RD, Johnston DC, et al.: Carotid endarterectomy and race: do clinical indications and patient preferences account for differences? Stroke 2002, 33:2936\u20132943.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"7_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000063364.88309.27","volume":"34","author":"LB Goldstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goldstein LB, Matchar DB, Hoff-Lindquist J, et al.: Veterans Administration Acute Stroke (VASt) Study: lack of race\/ethnic-based differences in utilization of stroke-related procedures or services. Stroke 2003, 34:999\u20131004.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"7_CR20","first-page":"630","volume":"88","author":"Y Harris","year":"1996","unstructured":"Harris Y, Gorelick PB, Samuels P, Bempong I: Why African Americans may not be participating in clinical trials. J Natl Med Assoc 1996, 88:630\u2013634.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"7_CR21","first-page":"141","volume":"90","author":"PB Gorelick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gorelick PB, Harris Y, Burnett B, Bonecutter FJ: The recruitment triangle: reasons why African Americans enroll, refuse to enroll, or voluntarily withdraw from a clinical trial. J Natl Med Assoc 1998, 90:141\u2013145.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"7_CR22","first-page":"8S","volume":"93","author":"GF Lynch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lynch GF, Gorelick PB, Raman R, Leurgans S: A pilot survey of African American physician perceptions about clinical trials. J Natl Med Assoc 2001, 93:8S-13S.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"7_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.1_Part_1.27","volume":"43","author":"LA Weisberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Weisberg LA, for the Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study Group: The efficacy and safety of ticlopidine and aspirin in nonwhites: analysis of a patient subgroup from the Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study. Neurology 1993, 43:27\u201331.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.36.4.523","volume":"36","author":"MI Harris","year":"1987","unstructured":"Harris MI, Hadden WC, Knowler WC, et al.: Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and plasma glucose levels in u.s. population aged 20\u201374 yr. Diabetes 1987, 36:523\u2013534.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"7_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.3.305","volume":"25","author":"VL Burt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burt VL, Whelton P, Rocella EJ, et al.: Prevalence of hypertension in the U.S. adult population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131991. Hypertension 1995, 25:305\u2013313.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"7_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.13.1621","volume":"161","author":"AI Qureshi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Qureshi AI, Suri MFK, Guterman LR, et al.: Ineffective secondary prevention in survivors of cardiovascular events in the U.S. population: report from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:1621\u20131628.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"7_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.4.659","volume":"45","author":"RL Sacco","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sacco RL, Kargman DE, Samanillo MC: Race-ethnic differences in stroke risk factors among hospitalized patients with cerebral infarction: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Neurology 1995, 45:659\u2013663.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7_CR28","first-page":"79","volume":"93","author":"GF Lynch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lynch GF, Leurgans S, Raman R, et al.: A comparison of stroke risk factors in patients enrolled in stroke prevention trials. J Natl Med Assoc 2001, 93:79\u201386.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"7_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0402.105337","volume":"33","author":"BB Worrall","year":"2002","unstructured":"Worrall BB, Johnston KC, Kongable G, et al.: Stroke risk factor profiles in African American women: an interim report from the African-American Antiplatelet Stroke Prevention Study. Stroke 2002, 33:913\u2013919.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"7_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.356","volume":"287","author":"ES Ford","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002, 287:356\u2013359.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.11.1006","volume":"281","author":"MA Winkleby","year":"1999","unstructured":"Winkleby MA, Robinson TN, Sundquist J, Kraemer HC: Ethnic variation in cardiovascular disease risk factors among children and young adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994. JAMA 1999, 281:1006\u20131013. A large observational study demonstrating the early onset of vascular risk factors in black children. The paper suggests that early emphasis on risk factor reduction is needed.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.60.1.64","volume":"60","author":"S Ruland","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ruland S, Raman R, Chaturvedi S, et al.: Awareness, treatment, and control of vascular risk factors in African Americans with stroke. Neurology 2003, 60:64\u201368.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.26.1.60","volume":"26","author":"VL Burt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burt VL, Cutler JA, Higgins M, et al.: Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult U.S. population: data from the Health Examination Surveys, 1960\u20131991. Hypertension 1995, 26:60\u201369.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"7_CR34","first-page":"87","volume":"10","author":"LR Bone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bone LR, Hill MN, Stallings R, et al.: Community health survey in an urban African-American neighborhood: distribution and correlates of elevated blood pressure. Ethnic Dis 2000, 10:87\u201395.","journal-title":"Ethnic Dis"},{"key":"7_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30339-8","volume":"12","author":"V Freeman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Freeman V, Rotimi C, Cooper R: Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control among African Americans in the 1990s: estimates from the Maywood Cardiovascular Survey. Am J Prev Med 1996, 12:177\u2013185.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"7_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.2.415","volume":"31","author":"WN Kernan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, et al.: Blood pressure exceeding national guidelines among women after stroke. Stroke 2000, 31:415\u2013419.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"7_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.1.16","volume":"30","author":"LN Joseph","year":"1999","unstructured":"Joseph LN, Babikian VL, Allen NC, et al.: Risk factor modification in stroke prevention: the experience of a stroke clinic. Stroke 1999, 30:16\u201320.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"7_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430070027003","volume":"155","author":"FJ Nieto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nieto FJ, Alonso J, Chambless LE, et al.: Population awareness and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155:677\u2013684.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"7_CR39","first-page":"S13","volume":"2","author":"J Chalmers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chalmers J: Global impact of hypertension. Heart Dis 2000, 2:S13-S17. This is a review of data showing the risk of hypertension and benefit of blood pressure control.","journal-title":"Heart Dis"},{"key":"7_CR40","first-page":"423","volume":"95","author":"CY Whittley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Whittley CY, Gorelick PB, Raman R, et al.: Are there differences in risk factor profiles and frequency of CT\/MRI-based infarcts among African American stroke patients with and without hypertension? J Natl Med Assoc 2003, 95:423\u2013432.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Current Cardiology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-005-0007-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11886-005-0007-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-005-0007-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T19:56:01Z","timestamp":1559418961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11886-005-0007-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["7"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-005-0007-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3782","1534-3170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3782","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}}}