{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T16:31:34Z","timestamp":1785688294042,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Cardiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-014-0495-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,23]],"date-time":"2014-04-23T05:22:54Z","timestamp":1398230574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Treatment of Commotio Cordis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Link","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"495_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022783","volume":"349","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1064\u201375.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"495_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508103330602","volume":"333","author":"BJ Maron","year":"1995","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Poliac LC, Kaplan JA, Mueller FO. Blunt impact to the chest leading to sudden death from cardiac arrest during sports activities. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:337\u201342.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"495_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00648.x","volume":"10","author":"BJ Maron","year":"1999","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Link MS, Wang PJ, Estes 3rd NA. Clinical profile of commotio cordis: an under appreciated cause of sudden death in the young during sports and other activities. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10:114\u201320.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"495_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.81.2.109","volume":"81","author":"MS Link","year":"1999","unstructured":"Link MS. Commotio cordis, sudden death due to chest wall impact in sports. Heart. 1999;81:109\u201310.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"495_CR5","first-page":"1399","volume":"339","author":"CL Haq","year":"1998","unstructured":"Haq CL. Sudden death due to low-energy chest-wall impact (commotio cordis). N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1399.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"495_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2010.01808.x","volume":"21","author":"MS Link","year":"2010","unstructured":"Link MS, Estes NA. Athletes and arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21:1184\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"495_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00684.x","volume":"18","author":"C Madias","year":"2007","unstructured":"Madias C, Maron BJ, Weinstock J, Estes 3rd NA, Link MS. Commotio cordis\u2013sudden cardiac death with chest wall impact. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18:115\u201322.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"495_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1142","volume":"287","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB, Estes 3rd NA, Link MS. Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA. 2002;287:1142\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"495_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.6.1755","volume":"96","author":"BJ Maron","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Poliac LC, Kyle SB. Clinical profile of commotio cordis: an under-appreciated cause of sudden cardiac death in the young during sporting activities. Circulation. 1997;96:1755. Abstract.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"495_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00887-9","volume":"79","author":"BJ Maron","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Strasburger JF, Kugler JD, Bell BM, Brodkey FD, Poliac LC. Survival following blunt chest impact induced cardiac arrest during sports activities in young athletes. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:840\u20131.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"495_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540030033028","volume":"276","author":"BJ Maron","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, Mathenge R, Roberts WC, Mueller FO. Sudden death in young competitive athletes: clinical, demographic, and pathologic profiles. JAMA. 1996;276:199\u2013204.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"495_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0910111","volume":"362","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Estes 3rd NA. Commotio cordis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:917\u201327.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"495_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)02202-0","volume":"89","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Mitten MJ, Burnett CG. Criminal consequences of commotio cordis. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:210\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"495_CR14","unstructured":"Swift EM. A cruel blow; a seemingly harmless slash to the chest resulted in the death of a hockey player in Italy. Now, Jimmy Boni will go on trial for manslaughter. Sports Illustrated 1993:66\u201379."},{"key":"495_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02669-4","volume":"41","author":"MS Link","year":"2003","unstructured":"Link MS, Maron BJ, Wang PJ, VanderBrink BA, Zhu W, Estes 3rd NA. Upper and lower limits of vulnerability to sudden arrhythmic death with chest-wall impact (commotio cordis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:99\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"495_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06799","volume":"451","author":"BC Knollmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knollmann BC, Roden DM. A genetic framework for improving arrhythmia therapy. Nature. 2008;451:929\u201336.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"495_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.955336","volume":"122","author":"AA Alsheikh-Ali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alsheikh-Ali AA, Madias C, Supran S, Link MS. Marked variability in susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation in an experimental commotio cordis model. Circulation. 2010;122:2499\u2013504.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"495_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032426","volume":"350","author":"DM Roden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roden DM. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1013\u201322.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"495_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.10.034","volume":"10","author":"BJ Maron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maron BJ, Haas TS, Ahluwalia A, Garberich RF, Mark Estes NA, Link MS. Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:219\u201323. This manuscript shows that survival in human commotio cordis victims is increasing; in the preent era survival is now up to 60 %.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"495_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806183382504","volume":"338","author":"MS Link","year":"1998","unstructured":"Link MS, Wang PJ, Pandian NG, et al. An experimental model of sudden death due to low-energy chest-wall impact (commotio cordis). N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1805\u201311.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"495_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.962712","volume":"5","author":"MS Link","year":"2012","unstructured":"Link MS. Commotio cordis: ventricular fibrillation triggered by chest impact-induced abnormalities in repolarization. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5:425\u201332.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"495_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01142-6","volume":"37","author":"MS Link","year":"2001","unstructured":"Link MS, Maron BJ, VanderBrink BA, et al. Impact directly over the cardiac silhouette is necessary to produce ventricular fibrillation in an experimental model of commotio cordis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:649\u201354.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"495_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.873","volume":"109","author":"MS Link","year":"2002","unstructured":"Link MS, Maron BJ, Wang PJ, Pandian NG, VanderBrink BA, Estes 3rd NA. Reduced risk of sudden death from chest wall blows (commotio cordis) with safety baseballs. Pediatrics. 2002;109:873\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"495_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.05.009","volume":"8","author":"J Kalin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kalin J, Madias C, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Link MS. Reduced diameter spheres increases the risk of chest blow-induced ventricular fibrillation (commotio cordis). Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:1578\u201381. This manuscript evaluates whether the diameter of the impact objects is an important variable in commotio cordis, and finds that reduced diameter spheres increase the odds of ventricular fibrillation with chest strikes.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"495_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(03)00014-2","volume":"82","author":"MS Link","year":"2003","unstructured":"Link MS. Mechanically induced sudden death in chest wall impact. Progress of Biophysics Molecular Biological. 2003;82:175\u201386.","journal-title":"Progress of Biophysics Molecular Biological"},{"key":"495_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(98)00038-8","volume":"71","author":"P Kohl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kohl P, Hunter P, Noble D. Stretch-induced changes in heart rate and rhythm: clinical observations, experiments and mathematical models. Progress of Biophysics Molecular Biological. 1999;71:91\u2013138.","journal-title":"Progress of Biophysics Molecular Biological"},{"key":"495_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00194-8","volume":"50","author":"P Kohl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kohl P, Nesbitt AD, Cooper PJ, Lei M. Sudden cardiac death by Commotio cordis: role of mechanico-electrical feedback. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;50:280\u20139.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"495_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(03)00022-1","volume":"82","author":"P Kohl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kohl P, Ravens U. Cardiac mechano-electric feedback: past, present, and prospect. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2003;82:3\u20139.","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"key":"495_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.72.5.973","volume":"72","author":"DR Wagoner Van","year":"1993","unstructured":"Van Wagoner DR. Mechanosensitive gating of atrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Circ Res. 1993;72:973\u201383.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"495_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01267.x","volume":"19","author":"C Madias","year":"2008","unstructured":"Madias C, Maron BJ, Supron S, Estes 3rd NA, Link MS. Cell membrane stretch and chest blow-induced ventricular fibrillation: commotio cordis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:1304\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"495_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.4.413","volume":"100","author":"MS Link","year":"1999","unstructured":"Link MS, Wang PJ, VanderBrink BA, et al. Selective activation of the K(+)(ATP) channel is a mechanism by which sudden death is produced by low-energy chest-wall impact (Commotio cordis). Circulation. 1999;100:413\u20138.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"495_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00547.x","volume":"17","author":"F Bode","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bode F, Franz MR, Wilke I, Bonnemeier H, Schunkert H, Wiegand UK. Ventricular fibrillation induced by stretch pulse: implications for sudden death due to commotio cordis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17:1011\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"495_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1996.tb00520.x","volume":"7","author":"CL Fabritz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fabritz CL, Kirchhof PF, Behrens S, Zabel M, Franz MR. Myocardial vulnerability to T wave shocks: relation to shock strength, shock coupling interval, and dispersion of ventricular repolarization. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1996;7:231\u201342.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"495_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e656","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1270","volume":"117","author":"J Weinstock","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weinstock J, Maron BJ, Song C, Mane PP, Estes 3rd NA, Link MS. Failure of commercially available chest wall protectors to prevent sudden cardiac death induced by chest wall blows in an experimental model of commotio cordis. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e656\u201362.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"495_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200012000-00008","volume":"49","author":"DC Viano","year":"2000","unstructured":"Viano DC, Bir CA, Cheney AK, Janda DH. Prevention of commotio cordis in baseball: an evaluation of chest wall protectors. J Trauma. 2000;49:1023\u20138.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"495_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.9.1193","volume":"285","author":"JP Marenco","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marenco JP, Wang PJ, Link MS, Homoud MK, Estes 3rd NA. Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the role of the automated external defibrillator. JAMA. 2001;285:1193\u2013200.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"495_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.03.023","volume":"3","author":"JA Drezner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drezner JA, Rogers KJ. Sudden cardiac arrest in intercollegiate athletes: detailed analysis and outcomes of resuscitation in nine cases. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:755\u20139.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"495_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2005.09.025","volume":"69","author":"FD Friedman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Friedman FD, Dowler K, Link MS. A public access defibrillation programme in non-inpatient hospital areas. Resuscitation. 2006;69:407\u201311.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"495_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.07.041","volume":"147","author":"EA Salib","year":"2005","unstructured":"Salib EA, Cyran SE, Cilley RE, Maron BJ, Thomas NJ. Efficacy of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and out-of-hospital automated external defibrillation as life-saving therapy in commotio cordis. J Pediatr. 2005;147:863\u20136.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"495_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2003.02017.x","volume":"14","author":"MS Link","year":"2003","unstructured":"Link MS, Maron BJ, Stickney RE, et al. Automated external defibrillator arrhythmia detection in a model of cardiac arrest due to commotio cordis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14:83\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"495_CR41","unstructured":"Association AH. Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Provider Manual (American Heart Association, ACLS Provider Manual); 2006."}],"container-title":["Current Cardiology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-014-0495-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11886-014-0495-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-014-0495-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T23:51:44Z","timestamp":1559433104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11886-014-0495-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-014-0495-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3782","1534-3170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3782","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]},"article-number":"495"}}