{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:00:01Z","timestamp":1791846001114,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Cardiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Obesity, generally defined by body mass index (BMI), is an established risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), while cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) decreases risk. In chronic CVD, an obesity survival paradox in which higher BMI is associated with improved prognosis has been reported. This paper will examine the effect of obesity on CVD risk, explore obesity as a risk factor in patients with established CVD, and investigate the relationship between CRF, obesity, and CVD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Through metabolic and hemodynamic changes, obesity increases the risk for CVD and contributes to the development of other cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Obesity is associated with metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory changes that leads to atherosclerosis increasing the risk for coronary artery disease, and myocardial remodeling increasing the risk for heart failure. However, it has also been observed that overweight\/obese patients with established CVD have a better prognosis when compared to non-obese individuals termed the obesity paradox. CRF is a vital component of health associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes and furthermore has been shown to markedly attenuate or nullify the relationship between obesity and CVD risk\/prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Increasing CRF mitigates CVD risk factors and improves overall prognosis in CVD regardless of obesity status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-023-01975-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T12:02:35Z","timestamp":1697198555000},"page":"1565-1571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Obesity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Amier","family":"Haidar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3208-1023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Horwich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1975_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Martin CB, Freedman DS, Carroll MD, Gu Q, et al. Trends in obesity prevalence by race and Hispanic origin\u20141999\u20132000 to 2017\u20132018. JAMA. 2020;324(12):1208\u201310. Public health surveillance of obesity describing changes over time and identifying subgroups at risk of obesity-related consequences.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.14590"},{"issue":"3","key":"1975_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz273","volume":"49","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Beydoun MA, Min J, Xue H, Kaminsky LA, Cheskin LJ. Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity levelled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic. Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(3):810\u201323.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1975_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23652","volume":"31","author":"G Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu G, Ding J, Ryan DH. Trends in obesity prevalence and cardiometabolic risk factor control in US adults with diabetes, 1999\u20132020. Obesity. 2023;31(3):841\u201351.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"6","key":"1975_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.05.033","volume":"80","author":"R Mohebi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohebi R, Chen C, Ibrahim NE, McCarthy CP, Gaggin HK, Singer DE, et al. Cardiovascular disease projections in the United States based on the 2020 census estimates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(6):565\u201378.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"25","key":"1975_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1909301","volume":"381","author":"ZJ Ward","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ward ZJ, Bleich SN, Cradock AL, Barrett JL, Giles CM, Flax C, et al. Projected US state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(25):2440\u201350.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1975_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Despr\u00e9s J, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(21):e984\u20131010. Comprehensive review on the impact of obesity on the diagnosis, clinical management, and outcomes of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000973"},{"key":"1975_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-016-0575-4","volume":"18","author":"T Mandviwala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mandviwala T, Khalid U, Deswal A. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a risk factor or a risk marker? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2016;18:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"1975_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.10.011","volume":"92","author":"C Koliaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koliaki C, Liatis S, Kokkinos A. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: revisiting an old relationship. Metab Clin Exp. 2019;92:98\u2013107.","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"1975_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Csige I, Ujv\u00e1rosy D, Szab\u00f3 Z, L\u0151rincz I, Paragh G, Harangi M, et al. The impact of obesity on the cardiovascular system. J Diabetes Res. 2018;3407306:2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3407306"},{"key":"1975_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safaei M, Sundararajan EA, Driss M, Boulila W, Shapi\u2019i A. A systematic literature review on obesity: understanding the causes & consequences of obesity and reviewing various machine learning approaches used to predict obesity. Comput Biol Med. 2021;136:104754.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104754"},{"issue":"7","key":"1975_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000866","volume":"142","author":"G Raghuveer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raghuveer G, Hartz J, Lubans DR, Takken T, Wiltz JL, Mietus-Snyder M, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness in youth: an important marker of health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;142(7):e101\u201318.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1975_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0211-2","volume":"5","author":"J Zeiher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeiher J, Ombrellaro KJ, Perumal N, Keil T, Mensink GB, Finger JD. Correlates and determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness in adults: a systematic review. Sports Med Open. 2019;5:1\u201324.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"24","key":"1975_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000461","volume":"134","author":"R Ross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross R, Blair SN, Arena R, Church TS, Despr\u00e9s J, Franklin BA, et al. Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(24):e653\u201399.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"1975_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071652","volume":"11","author":"J Myers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Myers J, Kokkinos P, Nyelin E. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1652.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"1975_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2017.02.006","volume":"60","author":"X Sui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sui X, Sarzynski MA, Lee D, Kokkinos PF. Impact of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness on hypertension, dyslipidemia and survival: an overview of the epidemiological evidence. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;60(1):56\u201366.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1975_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-018-0711-4","volume":"20","author":"MH Al-Mallah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Mallah MH, Sakr S, Al-Qunaibet A. Cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease prevention: an update. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2018;20:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"1975_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Han M, Qie R, Shi X, Yang Y, Lu J, Hu F, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: dose\u2013response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(13):733\u20139. First meta-analysis to examine the association between CRF and CVD mortality.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104876"},{"issue":"6","key":"1975_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.05.031","volume":"80","author":"P Kokkinos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Samuel IBH, Pittaras A, Doumas M, Murphy R, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality risk across the spectra of age, race, and sex. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(6):598\u2013609.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1975_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, Phelan D, Nissen SE, Jaber W. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with long-term mortality among adults undergoing exercise treadmill testing. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(6):e183605.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3605"},{"issue":"19","key":"1975_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.2166","volume":"72","author":"MT Imboden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Imboden MT, Harber MP, Whaley MH, Finch WH, Bishop DL, Kaminsky LA. Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in healthy men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(19):2283\u201392.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1975_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2017.03.001","volume":"60","author":"MP Harber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harber MP, Kaminsky LA, Arena R, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Myers J, et al. Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on all-cause and disease-specific mortality: advances since 2009. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;60(1):11\u201320.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1975_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-1017-y","volume":"49","author":"NR Lamoureux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lamoureux NR, Fitzgerald JS, Norton KI, Sabato T, Tremblay MS, Tomkinson GR. Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of 2,525,827 adults between 1967 and 2016: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2019;49:41\u201355.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1975_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01650-3","volume":"24","author":"A Haidar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haidar A, Taegtmeyer H. Strategies for imaging metabolic remodeling of the heart in obesity and heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2022;24(4):327\u201335.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"1975_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306883","volume":"118","author":"FB Ortega","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ortega FB, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2016;118(11):1752\u201370.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1975_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3475","volume":"97","author":"M Hamer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamer M, Stamatakis E. Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(7):2482\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1975_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Elagizi A, Kachur S, Carbone S, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. A review of obesity, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Obes Rep. 2020;9:571\u201381. Comprehensive review summarizing the pathophysiological changes associated with obesity, recommendations for interventions such as diet, increased physical activity, and weight loss according to current literature and guidelines, and the critical importance of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-020-00403-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"1975_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.165","volume":"11","author":"CJ Lavie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lavie CJ, De Schutter A, Milani RV. Healthy obese versus unhealthy lean: the obesity paradox. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(1):55\u201362.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1975_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.10.080","volume":"63","author":"CJ Lavie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Disparate effects of metabolically healthy obesity in coronary heart disease and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(11):1079\u201381.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1975_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.07.003","volume":"61","author":"A Elagizi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elagizi A, Kachur S, Lavie CJ, Carbone S, Pandey A, Ortega FB, et al. An overview and update on obesity and the obesity paradox in cardiovascular diseases. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61(2):142\u201350.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1975_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.007","volume":"217","author":"UI Khan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khan UI, Wang D, Thurston RC, Sowers M, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Matthews KA, et al. Burden of subclinical cardiovascular disease in \u201cmetabolically benign\u201d and \u201cat-risk\u201d overweight and obese women: the Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Atherosclerosis. 2011;217(1):179\u201386.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"24","key":"1975_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.03.042","volume":"63","author":"Y Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang Y, Kim B, Yun KE, Cho J, Zhang Y, Rampal S, et al. Metabolically-healthy obesity and coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(24):2679\u201386.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1975_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834a50f3","volume":"29","author":"J Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park J, Kim SH, Cho G, Baik I, Kim NH, Lim HE, et al. Obesity phenotype and cardiovascular changes. J Hypertens. 2011;29(9):1765\u201372.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"8","key":"1975_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.221572","volume":"31","author":"L Lind","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lind L, Siegbahn A, Ingelsson E, Sundstr\u00f6m J, \u00c4rnl\u00f6v J. A detailed cardiovascular characterization of obesity without the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31(8):e27\u201334.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1975_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.75","volume":"39","author":"YC Hwang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hwang YC, Hayashi T, Fujimoto WY, Kahn SE, Leonetti DL, McNeely MJ, et al. Visceral abdominal fat accumulation predicts the conversion of metabolically healthy obese subjects to an unhealthy phenotype. Int J Obes. 2015;39(9):1365\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"17","key":"1975_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.055","volume":"71","author":"M Mongraw-Chaffin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mongraw-Chaffin M, Foster MC, Anderson CA, Burke GL, Haq N, Kalyani RR, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity, transition to metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(17):1857\u201365.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1975_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caleyachetty R, Thomas GN, Toulis KA, Mohammed N, Gokhale KM, Balachandran K, et al. Metabolically healthy obese and incident cardiovascular disease events among 3.5 million men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(12):1429\u201337.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.07.763"},{"issue":"2","key":"1975_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.07.008","volume":"61","author":"FB Ortega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ortega FB, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Migueles JH, Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Sui X, et al. Role of physical activity and fitness in the characterization and prognosis of the metabolically healthy obesity phenotype: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61(2):190\u2013205.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1975_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.108","volume":"15","author":"CJ Lavie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lavie CJ, Arena R, Alpert MA, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Management of cardiovascular diseases in patients with obesity. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(1):45\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"1975_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engin A. Endothelial dysfunction in obesity. Obesity Lipotoxicity. 2017;345\u201379.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48382-5_15"},{"issue":"6","key":"1975_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0395","volume":"89","author":"EE Kershaw","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):2548\u201356.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1975_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2013.11.006","volume":"63","author":"K Nakamura","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nakamura K, Fuster JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines: a link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. J Cardiol. 2014;63(4):250\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"1975_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e535","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000450","volume":"134","author":"B Bozkurt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Deswal A, Dunbar SB, Francis GS, Horwich T, et al. Contributory risk and management of comorbidities of hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome in chronic heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(23):e535\u201378.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"1975_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2018.1500894","volume":"13","author":"M Pich\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pich\u00e9 M, Poirier P. Obesity, ectopic fat and cardiac metabolism. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2018;13(4):213\u201321.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"1975_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21630","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28821","volume":"234","author":"D Ferrara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferrara D, Montecucco F, Dallegri F, Carbone F. Impact of different ectopic fat depots on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(12):21630\u201341.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1975_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12728","volume":"284","author":"AC Sletten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sletten AC, Peterson LR, Schaffer JE. Manifestations and mechanisms of myocardial lipotoxicity in obesity. J Intern Med. 2018;284(5):478\u201391.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1975_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.58","volume":"11","author":"G Iacobellis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iacobellis G. Local and systemic effects of the multifaceted epicardial adipose tissue depot. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(6):363\u201371.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1975_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.05.005","volume":"61","author":"TB Horwich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horwich TB, Fonarow GC, Clark AL. Obesity and the obesity paradox in heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61(2):151\u20136.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1975_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1433","volume":"21","author":"P Kokkinos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Franklin B, Lavie CJ, Sidossis L, Moore H, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and heart failure incidence. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(4):436\u201344.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"1975_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey A, Parashar A, Kumbhani DJ, Agarwal S, Garg J, Kitzman D, et al. Exercise training in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Circ Heart Fail. 2015;8(1):33\u201340.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001615"},{"issue":"5","key":"1975_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs174","volume":"34","author":"FB Ortega","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ortega FB, Lee D, Katzmarzyk PT, Ruiz JR, Sui X, Church TS, et al. The intriguing metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: cardiovascular prognosis and role of fitness. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(5):389\u201397.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1975_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.02.029","volume":"97","author":"JA Laukkanen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laukkanen JA, Isiozor NM, Kunutsor SK. Objectively assessed cardiorespiratory fitness and all-cause mortality risk: an updated meta-analysis of 37 cohort studies involving 2,258,029 participants. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97(6):1054\u201373.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"1975_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.04.011","volume":"97","author":"CJ Lavie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lavie CJ, Arena R, Kaminsky LA. Making the case to measure and improve cardiorespiratory fitness in routine clinical practice. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97(6):1038\u201340.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"12","key":"1975_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.01.027","volume":"81","author":"P Kokkinos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Samuel IB, Lavie CJ, Zhang J, Vargas JD, et al. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and survival in patients with or without cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(12):1137\u201347.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1975_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.02.004","volume":"81","author":"LA Kaminsky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaminsky LA, Imboden MT, Ozemek C. It\u2019s time to (again) recognize the considerable clinical and public health significance of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(12):1148\u201350.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1975_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2019.01.002","volume":"62","author":"LA Kaminsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaminsky LA, Arena R, Ellingsen \u00d8, Harber MP, Myers J, Ozemek C, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease-the past, present, and future. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;62(2):86\u201393.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1975_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31827ee100","volume":"127","author":"LA Kaminsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaminsky LA, Arena R, Beckie TM, Brubaker PH, Church TS, Forman DE, et al. The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness in the United States: the need for a national registry: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(5):652\u201362.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"1975_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.09.008","volume":"57","author":"LF DeFina","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeFina LF, Haskell WL, Willis BL, Barlow CE, Finley CE, Levine BD, et al. Physical activity versus cardiorespiratory fitness: two (partly) distinct components of cardiovascular health? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;57(4):324\u20139.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1975_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaze AD, Da Agoons D, Santhanam P, Erqou S, Ahima RS, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB. Correlates of cardiorespiratory fitness among overweight or obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2022;10(1):e002446.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002446"},{"issue":"3","key":"1975_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s42978-021-00143-z","volume":"4","author":"T Takken","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takken T, Hulzebos HJ. Is BMI Associated with cardiorespiratory fitness? A cross-sectional analysis among 8470 apparently healthy subjects aged 18\u201394 years from the Low-Lands Fitness Registry. J Sci Sport Exerc. 2022;4(3):283\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sci Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"15","key":"1975_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz774","volume":"41","author":"H Henriksson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henriksson H, Henriksson P, Tynelius P, Ekstedt M, Berglind D, Labayen I, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and obesity in adolescence and later chronic disability due to cardiovascular disease: a cohort study of 1 million men. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(15):1503\u201310.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1975_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2017.05.005","volume":"60","author":"AA Oktay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oktay AA, Lavie CJ, Kokkinos PF, Parto P, Pandey A, Ventura HO. The interaction of cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity and the obesity paradox in cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;60(1):30\u201344.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1975_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.01.013","volume":"87","author":"PA McAuley","year":"2012","unstructured":"McAuley PA, Artero EG, Sui X, Lee D, Church TS, Lavie CJ, et al. The obesity paradox, cardiorespiratory fitness, and coronary heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(5):443\u201351.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"1975_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey A, Cornwell WK, Willis B, Neeland IJ, Gao A, Leonard D, et al. Body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness in mid-life and risk of heart failure hospitalization in older age: findings from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. JACC Heart Fail. 2017;5(5):367\u201374.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.12.021"},{"issue":"2","key":"1975_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.10.023","volume":"115","author":"AL Clark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clark AL, Fonarow GC, Horwich TB. Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on the obesity paradox in patients with systolic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(2):209\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1975_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tutor AW, Lavie CJ, Kachur S, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Updates on obesity and the obesity paradox in cardiovascular diseases. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2023;78:2\u201310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2022.11.013"},{"key":"1975_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2021.11.001","volume":"70","author":"A Tutor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tutor A, Lavie CJ, Kachur S, Dinshaw H, Milani RV. Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;70:2\u20137.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"}],"container-title":["Current Cardiology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-023-01975-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11886-023-01975-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-023-01975-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T08:12:43Z","timestamp":1715674363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11886-023-01975-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-023-01975-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3782","1534-3170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3782","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}]}}