{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:01:20Z","timestamp":1791050480381,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Cardiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-024-02025-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T05:02:38Z","timestamp":1708405358000},"page":"199-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Global Epidemic of Metabolic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ethan C. Z.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vickram V.","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex C.","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela L.","family":"Alebna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Muthiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad S.","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas W. S.","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1061","volume":"17","author":"S Cheemerla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheemerla S, Balakrishnan M. Global epidemiology of chronic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2021;17(5):365\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cld.1061.","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2025_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/hep.0000000000000520. This study proposed the change in nomenclature from NAFLD to MASLD, following a modified Delphi consensus from an international committee of experts.","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000000520"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(22)00165-0","volume":"7","author":"K Riazi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riazi K, Azhari H, Charette JH, et al. The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(9):851\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2468-1253(22)00165-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021","volume":"71","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Golabi P, de Avila L, et al. The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2019;71(4):793\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025_CR5","first-page":"72","volume":"36","author":"P Puri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Puri P, Fuchs M. Population management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Fed Pract. 2019;36(2):72\u201382.","journal-title":"Fed Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(24)00530-5","volume":"55","author":"J Ludwig","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55(7):434\u20138.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","volume":"158","author":"M Eslam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(7):1999-2014.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","volume":"73","author":"M Eslam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020;73(1):202\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Compe\u00e1n D, Jim\u00e9nez-Rodr\u00edguez AR. NAFLD VS MAFLD. The evidence-based debate has come. Time to change? https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aohep.2022.100765. Annals Hepatol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aohep.2022.100765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2022.100765 10.1016\/j.aohep.2022.100765"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2025_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0367","volume":"29","author":"C Gofton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gofton C, Upendran Y, Zheng MH, George J. MAFLD: how is it different from NAFLD? Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(Suppl):S17-s31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3350\/cmh.2022.0367.","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.002","volume":"76","author":"A De","year":"2022","unstructured":"De A, Ahmad N, Mehta M, Singh P, Duseja A. NAFLD vs MAFLD \u2013 it is not the name but the disease that decides the outcome in fatty liver. J Hepatol. 2022;76(2):475\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.002.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025_CR12","unstructured":"WHO. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Updated 11 June 2021. Accessed 9 Oct 2023, 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01709-7","volume":"110","author":"P Kasper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kasper P, Martin A, Lang S, K\u00fctting F, Goeser T, Demir M, et al. NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases: a clinical review. Clin Res Cardiol. 2021;110(7):921\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00392-020-01709-7.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2025_CR14","unstructured":"Federation WH. Deaths from cardiovascular disease surged 60% globally over the last 30 years: report. Updated 20 May 2023. Accessed 9 Oct 2023, https:\/\/world-heart-federation.org\/news\/deaths-from-cardiovascular-disease-surged-60-globally-over-the-last-30-years-report\/#:~:text=Search%20for%3A%20Search-,Deaths%20from%20cardiovascular%20disease%20surged%2060%25%20globally,the%20last%2030%20years%3A%20Report&text=GENEVA%2C%2020%20May%202023%20%E2%80%93%20Deaths,World%20Heart%20Federation%20(WHF)"},{"key":"2025_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li H, Guo M, An Z, Meng J, Jiang J, Song J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic associated fatty liver disease in Xinxiang, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17061818. https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/d_attachment\/ijerph\/ijerph-17-01818\/article_deploy\/ijerph-17-01818.pdf?version=1583935402","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17061818"},{"key":"2025_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2147\/dmso.s407657","volume":"16","author":"D Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang D, Zhang L, Chen S, Chen R, Zhang X, Bai F. Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease among hospital staff. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. 2023;16:1221\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dmso.s407657.","journal-title":"Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity"},{"key":"2025_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen Y-L, Li H, Li S, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for metabolic associated fatty liver disease in an urban population in China: a cross-sectional comparative study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021;21(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-021-01782-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01782-w"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047588","volume":"12","author":"L Guan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guan L, Zhang X, Tian H, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease during 2014\u20132018 from three cities of Liaoning Province: an epidemiological survey. BMJ Open. 2022;12(2): e047588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047588.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuan Q, Wang H, Gao P, Chen W, Lv M, Bai S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease among 73,566 individuals in Beijing, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Feb 13 2022;19(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19042096","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042096"},{"key":"2025_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rezaianzadeh A, Moftakhar L, Seif M, Johari MG, Hosseini SV, Dehghani SS. Incidence and risk factors of cardiovascular disease among population aged 40\u201370\u00a0years: a population-based cohort study in the South of Iran.\u00a0Trop Med Health. 2023\/06\/12 2023;51(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-023-00527-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00527-7"},{"key":"2025_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arsyad DS, Westerink J, Cramer MJ, et al. Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13104-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13104-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247105","volume":"16","author":"DT Tran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tran DT, Lekhak N, Gutierrez K, Moonie S. Risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease among adult Nevadans. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(2): e0247105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247105.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maharani A, Sujarwoto, Praveen D, Oceandy D, Tampubolon G, Patel A. Cardiovascular disease risk factor prevalence and estimated 10-year cardiovascular risk scores in Indonesia: the SMARThealth extend study. PLOS ONE. 2019;14(4):e0215219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0215219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215219"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","volume":"67","author":"N Chalasani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):328\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.29367.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu Q, Zhao G, Li Q, Wu W, Zhang Y, Bian H. A comparison of NAFLD and MAFLD diagnostic criteria in contemporary urban healthy adults in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022\/11\/19 2022;22(1):471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02576-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02576-4"},{"key":"2025_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020;73(1):202\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14548","volume":"40","author":"S Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin S, Huang J, Wang M, et al. Comparison of MAFLD and NAFLD diagnostic criteria in real world. Liver Int. 2020;40(9):2082\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.14548.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31420","volume":"73","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Rinella ME, Sanyal AJ, et al. From NAFLD to MAFLD: implications of a premature change in terminology. Hepatology. 2021;73(3):1194\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31420.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.06.016","volume":"73","author":"J Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang J, Kumar R, Wang M, Zhu Y, Lin S. MAFLD criteria overlooks a number of patients with severe steatosis: is it clinically relevant? J Hepatol. 2020;73(5):1265\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.06.016.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3182779d49","volume":"91","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Negro F, Hallaji S, Younossi Y, Lam B, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in lean individuals in the United States. Medicine (Baltimore). 2012;91(6):319\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0b013e3182779d49.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v13.i11.1584","volume":"13","author":"P Pal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pal P, Palui R, Ray S. Heterogeneity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: implications for clinical practice and research activity. World J Hepatol. 2021;13(11):1584\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4254\/wjh.v13.i11.1584.","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022 Lim GEH, Tang A, Ng CH, et al. An observational data meta-analysis on the differences in prevalence and risk factors between MAFLD vs NAFLD. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023\/03\/01\/ 2023;21(3):619\u2013629.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.11.038. This meta-analysis shows how patients had a significantly higher odds of being diagnosed with MAFLD compared to NAFLD, showcasing the greater prevalence of MAFLD over NAFLD.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.11.038"},{"key":"2025_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song R, Li Z, Zhang Y, Tan J, Chen Z. Comparison of NAFLD, MAFLD, MASLD and pure-MASLD characteristics and mortality outcomes in United States adults. medRxiv. 2023:2023.09.26.23296130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.09.26.23296130","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.26.23296130"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.028","volume":"21","author":"KE Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan KE, Ng CH, Fu CE, et al. The spectrum and impact of metabolic dysfunction in MAFLD: a longitudinal cohort analysis of 32,683 overweight and obese individuals. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(10):2560-2569.e15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.028.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chun HS, Lee JS, Lee HW, et al. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease identifies subjects with cardiovascular risk better than nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol. 2022;76 (Supplement 1):S789. Annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, AASLD 2022. Virtual. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.32697","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32697"},{"key":"2025_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee H, Lee Y-H, Kim SU, Kim HC. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and incident cardiovascular disease risk: a nationwide cohort study.\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(10):2138\u20132147.e10. Comment in: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Oct;19(10):2025\u20132028 PMID: 33610759 [https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/33610759]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.12.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.12.022"},{"key":"2025_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007171","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1007171","volume":"13","author":"F Lei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lei F, Qin J-J, Song X, et al. The prevalence of MAFLD and its association with atrial fibrillation in a nationwide health check-up population in China. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1007171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1007171.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.12.033","volume":"20","author":"Z Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Z, Suo C, Shi O, et al. The health impact of MAFLD, a novel disease cluster of NAFLD, is amplified by the integrated effect of fatty liver disease-related genetic variants. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology\u202f: the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2022;20(4):e855\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.12.033.","journal-title":"Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association"},{"key":"2025_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park H, Yoon EL, Kim M, Cho S, Nah E-H, Jun DW. Nomenclature dilemma of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): considerable proportions of MAFLD are metabolic healthy.\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(4):1041\u20131049.e3. Comment in: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(3):857\u2013858 PMID: 35643417. [https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/35643417] Comment in: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Apr;21(4):1114\u20131115 PMID: 35700885.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/35700885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.04.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.04.012"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046","volume":"21","author":"AP Thrift","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thrift AP, Nguyen TH, Pham C, et al. The prevalence and determinants of NAFLD and MAFLD and their severity in the VA primary care setting. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology\u202f: the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2023;21(5):1252-1260.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046.","journal-title":"Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association"},{"key":"2025_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeng J, Qin L, Jin Q, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of MAFLD in Chinese adults aged 40 years or older: a community-based study. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT. 2022;21(2):154\u2013161. Comment in: Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2022 Apr;21(2):103\u2013105 PMID: 35125337.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/35125337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hbpd.2022.01.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2022.01.006"},{"key":"2025_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Golabi P, Paik JM, AlQahtani S, Younossi Y, Tuncer G, Younossi ZM. Burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa: data from global burden of disease 2009\u20132019. J Hepatol. 2021;75(4):795\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.05.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.05.022"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01210-0","volume":"19","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, He W, Tsai P-J, Chen P-H, Ye M, Guo J, et al. Mutual interaction between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-020-01210-0.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-014-0548-5","volume":"8","author":"K Oda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oda K, Uto H, Mawatari S, Ido A. Clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of human studies. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2015;8(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12328-014-0548-5.","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000002089","volume":"135","author":"SDW Bae","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bae SDW, George J, Qiao L. From MAFLD to hepatocellular carcinoma and everything in between. Chin Med J (Engl). 2022;135(5):547\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/cm9.0000000000002089.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2025_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu J. Obesity, fatty liver and liver cancer. vol 1061. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. Springer Singapore; 2018:157.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8684-7"},{"key":"2025_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen X, Chen S, Pang J, Tang Y, Ling W. Are the different MAFLD subtypes based on the inclusion criteria correlated with all-cause mortality? J Hepatol. 2021;75(4):987\u2013989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.06.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.06.013"},{"key":"2025_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park H, Yoon EL, Kim M, Cho S, Nah E-H, Jun DW. Nomenclature dilemma of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): considerable proportions of MAFLD are metabolic healthy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(4):1041\u20131049.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.04.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.04.012"},{"key":"2025_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Niederseer D, Wernly B, Aigner E, Stickel F, Datz C. NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases: epidemiological, mechanistic and therapeutic considerations. J Clin Med. Jan 26 2021;10(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10030467","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030467"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303035","volume":"34","author":"S Lim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim S, Meigs JB. Links between ectopic fat and vascular disease in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(9):1820\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303035.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.12.039","volume":"10","author":"M Stepanova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stepanova M, Younossi ZM. Independent association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease in the US population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(6):646\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.12.039.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu S, Wu F, Ding Y, Hou J, Bi J, Zhang Z. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:33386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep33386","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33386"},{"key":"2025_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou X-D, Targher G, Byrne CD, et al. An international multidisciplinary consensus statement on MAFLD and the risk of CVD. Hepatol Int. 2023;17(4):773\u2013791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-023-10543-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10543-8"},{"key":"2025_CR54","unstructured":"Clinic M. Metabolic syndrome. Updated 6 May 2021. Accessed 9 Oct 2023. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/metabolic-syndrome\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20351921"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2005442","volume":"64","author":"DI Shaw","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shaw DI, Hall WL, Williams CM. Metabolic syndrome: what is it and what are the implications? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2005;64(3):349\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/PNS2005442.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"},{"issue":"19","key":"2025_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11192696","volume":"11","author":"A Solomon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Solomon A, Negrea MO, Cip\u0103ian CR, et al. Interactions between metabolic syndrome, MASLD, and arterial stiffening: a single-center cross-sectional study. Healthcare. 2023;11(19):2696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11192696.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1159\/000235677","volume":"55","author":"J Frith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frith J, Day CP, Henderson E, Burt AD, Newton JL. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in older people. Gerontology. 2009;55(6):607\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000235677.","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000659","volume":"139","author":"EJ Benjamin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(10):e56\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000000659.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amer OE, Sabico S, Khattak MNK, et al. Increasing prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome and its components among Arab youth: a time-series study from 2010\u20132019. Children (Basel). 2021;8(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children8121129","DOI":"10.3390\/children8121129"},{"key":"2025_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.04.042","volume":"383","author":"VV Anand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anand VV, Zhe ELC, Chin YH, et al. Socioeconomic deprivation and prognostic outcomes in acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis using multidimensional socioeconomic status indices. Int J Cardiol. 2023;383:140\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.04.042.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00606-4","volume":"23","author":"M Das","year":"2022","unstructured":"Das M. WHO urges immediate action to tackle non-communicable diseases. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23(11):1361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00606-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2025_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eslam M, Sarin SK, Wong VW-S, et al. The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Hepatol Int. 2020;14(6):889\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-020-10094-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10094-2"},{"key":"2025_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marx N, Federici M, Sch\u00fctt K, et al. ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: developed by the task force on the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).\u00a0Eur Heart J. 2023.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad192","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad192"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1161\/ATV.0000000000000153","volume":"42","author":"PB Duell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duell PB, Welty FK, Miller M, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022;42(6):e168\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATV.0000000000000153.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"36","key":"2025_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12956","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i36.12956","volume":"20","author":"MV Machado","year":"2014","unstructured":"Machado MV, Cortez-Pinto H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: what the clinician needs to know. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(36):12956\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i36.12956.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Machado MV. Aerobic exercise in the management of metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease.\u00a0Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021;14(null):3627\u20133645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DMSO.S304357","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S304357"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3727\/105221617x15124844266408","volume":"18","author":"DJ van der Windt","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Windt DJ, Sud V, Zhang H, Tsung A, Huang H. The effects of physical exercise on fatty liver disease. Gene Expr. 2018;18(2):89\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3727\/105221617x15124844266408.","journal-title":"Gene Expr"},{"issue":"27","key":"2025_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6318","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i27.6318","volume":"22","author":"P Golabi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Golabi P, Locklear CT, Austin P, Afdhal S, Byrns M, Gerber L, et al. Effectiveness of exercise in hepatic fat mobilization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(27):6318\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v22.i27.6318.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsompanaki E, Thanapirom K, Papatheodoridi M, Parikh P, Chotai de Lima Y, Tsochatzis EA. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the role of diet in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(6):1462\u20131474.e24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.11.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.11.026"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12483","volume":"35","author":"KE Stewart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stewart KE, Haller DL, Sargeant C, Levenson JL, Puri P, Sanyal AJ. Readiness for behaviour change in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: implications for multidisciplinary care models. Liver Int. 2015;35(3):936\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.12483.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2025_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance23.\u00a0Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(1):222S-225S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.222S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.222S"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.10.006","volume":"29","author":"VV Anand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anand VV, Zhe ELC, Chin YH, et al. Barriers and facilitators to engagement with a weight management intervention in Asian patients with overweight or obesity: a systematic review. Endocr Pract. 2023;29(5):398\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.10.006.","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2337\/ds17-0045","volume":"30","author":"D Foster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foster D, Sanchez-Collins S, Cheskin LJ. Multidisciplinary team-based obesity treatment in patients with diabetes: current practices and the state of the science. Diabetes Spectr. 2017;30(4):244\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ds17-0045.","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","volume":"375","author":"SP Marso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"2025_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","volume":"375","author":"SP Marso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025_CR76","unstructured":"ACC. Semaglutide reduces risk of MACE in adults with overweight or obesity. Updated 10 Aug 2023. Accessed 9 Oct 2023, https:\/\/www.acc.org\/Latest-in-Cardiology\/Articles\/2023\/08\/10\/14\/29\/SELECT-Semaglutide-Reduces-Risk-of-MACE-in-Adults-With-Overweight-or-Obesity#:~:text=Subcutaneous%20once%2Dweekly%20semaglutide%202.4,8%20press%20release."},{"issue":"10213","key":"2025_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)32517-6","volume":"394","author":"SA Harrison","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harrison SA, Bashir MR, Guy CD, et al. Resmetirom (MGL-3196) for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet. 2019;394(10213):2012\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)32517-6.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Powell NR, Liang T, Ipe J, et al. Clinically important alterations in pharmacogene expression in histologically severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nature Commun. 2023;14(1):1474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-37209-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37209-1"},{"key":"2025_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.934225","volume":"13","author":"W Wen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wen W, Li H, Wang C, et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13: 934225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.934225.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Current Cardiology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-024-02025-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11886-024-02025-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-024-02025-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T17:58:28Z","timestamp":1731347908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11886-024-02025-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-024-02025-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3782","1534-3170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3782","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interests"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}]}}