{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T13:06:14Z","timestamp":1786799174324,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL159512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL159512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Cardiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gap junctions, comprising connexin proteins, enable the direct intercellular electrical coupling of cardiomyocytes, and disruption of this process is arrhythmogenic. In addition, gap junctions effect metabolic coupling and of relevance to this review, propagate host antiviral immune responses. Accordingly, connexins have emerged as viral targets during infection. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding contributions of inflammation\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      virally encoded factors in driving alterations to cardiac gap junction function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In addition to host immune-mediated effects on cardiac electrophysiology and gap junctions in myocarditis, there is now increasing appreciation for virally encoded factors targeting connexin function in acute\/active infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We now know diverse viral species have independently evolved to directly target connexin function during infection. Understanding both the direct and indirect effects of viral infection on cardiac gap junctions is critical to inform treatment strategies and development of novel therapeutics for acute infection as a distinct disease process from chronic myocarditis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-025-02227-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T04:31:17Z","timestamp":1743309077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Viral Infection and Connexin Dysfunction in the Heart"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Chelsea M.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5747","key":"2227_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/283545a0","volume":"283","author":"PN Unwin","year":"1980","unstructured":"Unwin PN, Zampighi G. Structure of the junction between communicating cells. Nature. 1980;283(5747):545\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"2227_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1981.61.4.829","volume":"61","author":"WR Loewenstein","year":"1981","unstructured":"Loewenstein WR. Junctional intercellular communication: the cell-to-cell membrane channel. Physiol Rev. 1981;61(4):829\u2013913.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2227_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(92)90253-G","volume":"223","author":"M Yeager","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yeager M, Gilula NB. Membrane topology and quaternary structure of cardiac gap junction ion channels. J Mol Biol. 1992;223(4):929\u201348.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2227_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.108.6.2241","volume":"108","author":"SB Yancey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Yancey SB, John SA, Lal R, Austin BJ, Revel JP. The 43-kD polypeptide of heart gap junctions: immunolocalization, topology, and functional domains. J Cell Biol. 1989;108(6):2241\u201354.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2017.05.008","volume":"1860","author":"E Leithe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leithe E, Mesnil M, Aasen T. The connexin 43 C-terminus: A tail of many tales. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2018;1860(1):48\u201364.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2227_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12169","volume":"15","author":"JW Smyth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smyth JW, Zhang SS, Sanchez JM, Lamouille S, Vogan JM, Hesketh GG, et al. A 14-3-3 mode-1 binding motif initiates gap junction internalization during acute cardiac ischemia. Traffic. 2014;15(6):684\u201399.","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"issue":"6","key":"2227_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.83.6.629","volume":"83","author":"MA Beardslee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Beardslee MA, Laing JG, Beyer EC, Saffitz JE. Rapid turnover of connexin43 in the adult rat heart. Circ Res. 1998;83(6):629\u201335.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2003.11.035","volume":"62","author":"S Rohr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rohr S. Role of gap junctions in the propagation of the cardiac action potential. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;62(2):309\u201322.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"2227_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.6.2621","volume":"105","author":"EC Beyer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Beyer EC, Paul DL, Goodenough DA. Connexin43: a protein from rat heart homologous to a gap junction protein from liver. J Cell Biol. 1987;105(6 Pt 1):2621\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"2227_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/cac.10.4-6.173.180","volume":"10","author":"G S\u00f6hl","year":"2003","unstructured":"S\u00f6hl G, Willecke K. An update on connexin genes and their nomenclature in mouse and man. Cell Commun Adhes. 2003;10(4\u20136):173\u201380.","journal-title":"Cell Commun Adhes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.10.009","volume":"5","author":"JW Smyth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smyth JW, Shaw RM. Autoregulation of connexin43 gap junction formation by internally translated isoforms. Cell Rep. 2013;5(3):611\u20138.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2227_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4858","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134682","volume":"130","author":"S Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao S, Shimura D, Baum R, Hernandez DM, Agvanian S, Nagaoka Y, et al. Auxiliary trafficking subunit GJA1-20k protects connexin-43 from degradation and limits ventricular arrhythmias. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(9):4858\u201370.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"2227_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.114","volume":"27","author":"MJ Zeitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeitz MJ, Calhoun PJ, James CC, Taetzsch T, George KK, Robel S, et al. Dynamic UTR Usage Regulates Alternative Translation to Modulate Gap Junction Formation during Stress and Aging. Cell Rep. 2019;27(9):2737-47.e5.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2227_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E17-06-0406","volume":"29","author":"CC James","year":"2018","unstructured":"James CC, Zeitz MJ, Calhoun PJ, Lamouille S, Smyth JW. Altered translation initiation of Gja1 limits gap junction formation during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Molecular biology of the cell. 2018;29:797\u2013808.","journal-title":"Molecular biology of the cell."},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR15","first-page":"9","volume":"7","author":"MJ Zeitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeitz MJ, Smyth JW. Translating Translation to Mechanisms of Cardiac Hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2020;7(1):9.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"2227_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2655","volume":"9","author":"D Walsh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walsh D, Mohr I. Viral subversion of the host protein synthesis machinery. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011;9(12):860\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2227_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1999.0937","volume":"31","author":"C Vozzi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vozzi C, Dupont E, Coppen SR, Yeh HI, Severs NJ. Chamber-related differences in connexin expression in the human heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1999;31(5):991\u20131003.","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"2227_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.105.4.985","volume":"105","author":"RG Gourdie","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gourdie RG, Severs NJ, Green CR, Rothery S, Germroth P, Thompson RP. The spatial distribution and relative abundance of gap-junctional connexin40 and connexin43 correlate to functional properties of components of the cardiac atrioventricular conduction system. J Cell Sci. 1993;105(Pt 4):985\u201391.","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.82.2.232","volume":"82","author":"SR Coppen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Coppen SR, Dupont E, Rothery S, Severs NJ. Connexin45 expression is preferentially associated with the ventricular conduction system in mouse and rat heart. Circ Res. 1998;82(2):232\u201343.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2227_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000169271.33675.05","volume":"96","author":"MM Kreuzberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kreuzberg MM, S\u00f6hl G, Kim JS, Verselis VK, Willecke K, Bukauskas FF. Functional properties of mouse connexin30.2 expressed in the conduction system of the heart. Circ Res. 2005;96(11):1169\u201377.","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2227_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021154115673","volume":"242","author":"S Kostin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kostin S, Rieger M, Dammer S, Hein S, Richter M, Kl\u00f6vekorn WP, et al. Gap junction remodeling and altered connexin43 expression in the failing human heart. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003;242(1\u20132):135\u201344.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"2227_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.05.011","volume":"187","author":"L Prevedel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prevedel L, Morocho C, Bennett MVL, Eugenin EA. HIV-Associated Cardiovascular Disease: Role of Connexin 43. Am J Pathol. 2017;187(9):1960\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2227_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2002.00865.x","volume":"13","author":"H Kitamura","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kitamura H, Ohnishi Y, Yoshida A, Okajima K, Azumi H, Ishida A, et al. Heterogeneous loss of connexin43 protein in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy with ventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002;13(9):865\u201370.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2227_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.10.030","volume":"768","author":"P Michela","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michela P, Velia V, Aldo P, Ada P. Role of connexin 43 in cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;768:71\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6121","key":"2227_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229963","volume":"339","author":"J Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu J, Sun L, Chen X, Du F, Shi H, Chen C, et al. Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate immune signaling by cytosolic DNA. Science. 2013;339(6121):826\u201330.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6121","key":"2227_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","volume":"339","author":"L Sun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sun L, Wu J, Du F, Chen X, Chen ZJ. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway. Science. 2013;339(6121):786\u201391.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7370","key":"2227_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10429","volume":"478","author":"DL Burdette","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burdette DL, Monroe KM, Sotelo-Troha K, Iwig JS, Eckert B, Hyodo M, et al. STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP. Nature. 2011;478(7370):515\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7213","key":"2227_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07317","volume":"455","author":"H Ishikawa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ishikawa H, Barber GN. STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling. Nature. 2008;455(7213):674\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7265","key":"2227_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08476","volume":"461","author":"H Ishikawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ishikawa H, Ma Z, Barber GN. STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity. Nature. 2009;461(7265):788\u201392.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2227_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.06.006","volume":"25","author":"C Shu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shu C, Li X, Li P. The mechanism of double-stranded DNA sensing through the cGAS-STING pathway. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2014;25(6):641\u20138.","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"2227_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00524-z","volume":"21","author":"A Decout","year":"2021","unstructured":"Decout A, Katz JD, Venkatraman S, Ablasser A. The cGAS-STING pathway as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(9):548\u201369.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"7477","key":"2227_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12640","volume":"503","author":"A Ablasser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ablasser A, Schmid-Burgk JL, Hemmerling I, Horvath GL, Schmidt T, Latz E, et al. Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cGAMP. Nature. 2013;503(7477):530\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"31","key":"2227_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12867","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809292106","volume":"106","author":"SJ Patel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patel SJ, King KR, Casali M, Yarmush ML. DNA-triggered innate immune responses are propagated by gap junction communication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(31):12867\u201372.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"7029","key":"2227_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03290","volume":"434","author":"J Neijssen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neijssen J, Herberts C, Drijfhout JW, Reits E, Janssen L, Neefjes J. Cross-presentation by intercellular peptide transfer through gap junctions. Nature. 2005;434(7029):83\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2227_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/2210","volume":"1","author":"JH Lin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lin JH, Weigel H, Cotrina ML, Liu S, Bueno E, Hansen AJ, et al. Gap-junction-mediated propagation and amplification of cell injury. Nat Neurosci. 1998;1(6):494\u2013500.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2227_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.176","volume":"19","author":"E Decrock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Decrock E, Krysko DV, Vinken M, Kaczmarek A, Crispino G, Bol M, et al. Transfer of IP\u2083 through gap junctions is critical, but not sufficient, for the spread of apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 2012;19(6):947\u201357.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2008.138","volume":"16","author":"E Decrock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Decrock E, De Vuyst E, Vinken M, Van Moorhem M, Vranckx K, Wang N, et al. Connexin 43 hemichannels contribute to the propagation of apoptotic cell death in a rat C6 glioma cell model. Cell Death Differ. 2009;16(1):151\u201363.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-017-0618-1","volume":"112","author":"AK Gadicherla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gadicherla AK, Wang N, Bulic M, Agullo-Pascual E, Lissoni A, De Smet M, et al. Mitochondrial Cx43 hemichannels contribute to mitochondrial calcium entry and cell death in the heart. Basic Res Cardiol. 2017;112(3):27.","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2227_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02893-0","volume":"41","author":"S Kanno","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kanno S, Kovacs A, Yamada KA, Saffitz JE. Connexin43 as a determinant of myocardial infarct size following coronary occlusion in mice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(4):681\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp250","volume":"84","author":"K Maass","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maass K, Chase SE, Lin X, Delmar M. Cx43 CT domain influences infarct size and susceptibility to ventricular tachyarrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;84(3):361\u20137.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79686-8","volume":"70","author":"GE Morley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Morley GE, Taffet SM, Delmar M. Intramolecular interactions mediate pH regulation of connexin43 channels. Biophys J. 1996;70(3):1294\u2013302.","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00435-x","volume":"18","author":"C Tschope","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tschope C, Ammirati E, Bozkurt B, Caforio ALP, Cooper LT, Felix SB, et al. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(3):169\u201393.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"2227_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn296","volume":"29","author":"R Dennert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dennert R, Crijns HJ, Heymans S. Acute viral myocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(17):2073\u201382.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2227_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2024.131901","volume":"404","author":"M Golino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Golino M, Harding D, Del Buono MG, Fanti S, Mohiddin S, Toldo S, et al. Innate and adaptive immunity in acute myocarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2024;404:131901.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.12.137","volume":"171","author":"S Toldo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Toldo S, Kannan H, Bussani R, Anzini M, Sonnino C, Sinagra G, et al. Formation of the inflammasome in acute myocarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2014;171(3):e119\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2227_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1438","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00441.2014","volume":"307","author":"Y Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y, Gao B, Xiong S. Involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;307(10):H1438\u201347.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2227_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.72.6.561","volume":"72","author":"A Matsumori","year":"1994","unstructured":"Matsumori A, Yamada T, Suzuki H, Matoba Y, Sasayama S. Increased circulating cytokines in patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1994;72(6):561\u20136.","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2227_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-009-0093-8","volume":"59","author":"A Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang A, Zhang H, Wu S. Immunomodulation by atorvastatin upregulates expression of gap junction proteins in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis. Inflamm Res. 2010;59(4):255\u201362.","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2227_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.11.2930","volume":"94","author":"T Shioi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shioi T, Matsumori A, Sasayama S. Persistent expression of cytokine in the chronic stage of viral myocarditis in mice. Circulation. 1996;94(11):2930\u20137.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.3.1682","volume":"151","author":"JR Lane","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lane JR, Neumann DA, Lafond-Walker A, Herskowitz A, Rose NR. Role of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor in coxsackie virus-induced autoimmune myocarditis. J Immunol. 1993;151(3):1682\u201390.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"32","key":"2227_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21896","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.549642","volume":"289","author":"N El Khoury","year":"2014","unstructured":"El Khoury N, Mathieu S, Fiset C. Interleukin-1\u03b2 reduces L-type Ca2+ current through protein kinase C\u03f5 activation in mouse heart. J Biol Chem. 2014;289(32):21896\u2013908.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.02.025","volume":"47","author":"SA Grandy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grandy SA, Fiset C. Ventricular K+ currents are reduced in mice with elevated levels of serum TNFalpha. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2009;47(2):238\u201346.","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-002-0921-y","volume":"445","author":"A Combes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Combes A, Frye CS, Lemster BH, Brooks SS, Watkins SC, Feldman AM, et al. Chronic exposure to interleukin 1beta induces a delayed and reversible alteration in excitation-contraction coupling of cultured cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Arch. 2002;445(2):246\u201356.","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"issue":"5068","key":"2227_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1631560","volume":"257","author":"MS Finkel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Finkel MS, Oddis CV, Jacob TD, Watkins SC, Hattler BG, Simmons RL. Negative inotropic effects of cytokines on the heart mediated by nitric oxide. Science. 1992;257(5068):387\u20139.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.78.1.154","volume":"78","author":"DR Murray","year":"1996","unstructured":"Murray DR, Freeman GL. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces a biphasic effect on myocardial contractility in conscious dogs. Circ Res. 1996;78(1):154\u201360.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1998.0422","volume":"11","author":"M Fernandez-Cobo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fernandez-Cobo M, Gingalewski C, Drujan D, De Maio A. Downregulation of connexin 43 gene expression in rat heart during inflammation The role of tumour necrosis factor. Cytokine. 1999;11(3):216\u201324.","journal-title":"Cytokine."},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1561","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00285.2006","volume":"292","author":"SE Sawaya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sawaya SE, Rajawat YS, Rami TG, Szalai G, Price RL, Sivasubramanian N, et al. Downregulation of connexin40 and increased prevalence of atrial arrhythmias in transgenic mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of tumor necrosis factor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;292(3):H1561\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2227_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13631","volume":"22","author":"C Zhong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhong C, Chang H, Wu Y, Zhou L, Wang Y, Wang M, et al. Up-regulated Cx43 phosphorylation at Ser368 prolongs QRS duration in myocarditis. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22(7):3537\u201347.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2227_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.149.7.1503","volume":"149","author":"PD Lampe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lampe PD, TenBroek EM, Burt JM, Kurata WE, Johnson RG, Lau AF. Phosphorylation of connexin43 on serine368 by protein kinase C regulates gap junctional communication. J Cell Biol. 2000;149(7):1503\u201312.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2013.08.001","volume":"314","author":"CK Liao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liao CK, Cheng HH, Wang SD, Yeih DF, Wang SM. PKC\u025b mediates serine phosphorylation of connexin43 induced by lysophosphatidylcholine in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Toxicology. 2013;314(1):11\u201321.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.02.141","volume":"382","author":"S Sirnes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sirnes S, Kjenseth A, Leithe E, Rivedal E. Interplay between PKC and the MAP kinase pathway in Connexin43 phosphorylation and inhibition of gap junction intercellular communication. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;382(1):41\u20135.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00648-X","volume":"42","author":"NE Bowles","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R, et al. Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(3):466\u201372.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.1.330","volume":"90","author":"AB Martin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Martin AB, Webber S, Fricker FJ, Jaffe R, Demmler G, Kearney D, et al. Acute myocarditis. Rapid diagnosis by PCR in children. Circulation. 1994;90(1):330\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-8807(94)00025-M","volume":"4","author":"LD Griffin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Griffin LD, Kearney D, Ni J, Jaffe R, Fricker FJ, Webber S, et al. Analysis of formalin-fixed and frozen myocardial autopsy samples for viral genome in childhood myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy with endocardial fibroelastosis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cardiovasc Pathol. 1995;4(1):3\u201311.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00815-09","volume":"48","author":"A Treacy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Treacy A, Carr MJ, Dunford L, Palacios G, Cannon GA, O\u2019Grady A, et al. First report of sudden death due to myocarditis caused by adenovirus serotype 3. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(2):642\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2227_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.10.1348","volume":"99","author":"M Pauschinger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pauschinger M, Bowles NE, Fuentes-Garcia FJ, Pham V, Kuhl U, Schwimmbeck PL, et al. Detection of adenoviral genome in the myocardium of adult patients with idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 1999;99(10):1348\u201354.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"2227_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5749","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02281-08","volume":"83","author":"B Klempa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klempa B, Kruger DH, Auste B, Stanko M, Krawczyk A, Nickel KF, et al. A novel cardiotropic murine adenovirus representing a distinct species of mastadenoviruses. J Virol. 2009;83(11):5749\u201359.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2227_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.322437","volume":"134","author":"RL Padget","year":"2024","unstructured":"Padget RL, Zeitz MJ, Blair GA, Wu X, North MD, Tanenbaum MT, et al. Acute Adenoviral Infection Elicits an Arrhythmogenic Substrate Prior to Myocarditis. Circ Res. 2024;134(7):892\u2013912.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2227_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9694","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000667R","volume":"34","author":"PJ Calhoun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calhoun PJ, Phan AV, Taylor JD, James CC, Padget RL, Zeitz MJ, et al. Adenovirus targets transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms to limit gap junction function. FASEB J. 2020;34(7):9694\u2013712.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2227_CR70","first-page":"455","volume":"127","author":"CA Dunn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dunn CA, Lampe PD. Injury-triggered Akt phosphorylation of Cx43: a ZO-1-driven molecular switch that regulates gap junction size. J Cell Sci. 2014;127(Pt 2):455\u201364.","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2227_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000165867.95291.7b","volume":"96","author":"F Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang F, Cheng J, Lam G, Jin DK, Vincent L, Hackett NR, et al. Adenovirus vector E4 gene regulates connexin 40 and 43 expression in endothelial cells via PKA and PI3K signal pathways. Circ Res. 2005;96(9):950\u20137.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"5304","key":"2227_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5304.1320","volume":"275","author":"JM Bergelson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bergelson JM, Cunningham JA, Droguett G, Kurt-Jones EA, Krithivas A, Hong JS, et al. Isolation of a common receptor for Coxsackie B viruses and adenoviruses 2 and 5. Science. 1997;275(5304):1320\u20133.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"2227_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080897","volume":"205","author":"U Lisewski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lisewski U, Shi Y, Wrackmeyer U, Fischer R, Chen C, Schirdewan A, et al. The tight junction protein CAR regulates cardiac conduction and cell-cell communication. J Exp Med. 2008;205(10):2369\u201379.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2227_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00912-1","volume":"110","author":"RW Walters","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walters RW, Freimuth P, Moninger TO, Ganske I, Zabner J, Welsh MJ. Adenovirus fiber disrupts CAR-mediated intercellular adhesion allowing virus escape. Cell. 2002;110(6):789\u201399.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2227_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37610","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.37610","volume":"7","author":"R Veeraraghavan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Veeraraghavan R, Hoeker GS, Alvarez-Laviada A, Hoagland D, Wan X, King DR, et al. The adhesion function of the sodium channel beta subunit (beta1) contributes to cardiac action potential propagation. Elife. 2018;7:e37610.","journal-title":"Elife."},{"issue":"8","key":"2227_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.322567","volume":"133","author":"WP Adams","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adams WP, Raisch TB, Zhao Y, Davalos R, Barrett S, King DR, et al. Extracellular Perinexal Separation Is a Principal Determinant of Cardiac Conduction. Circ Res. 2023;133(8):658\u201373.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2227_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-011-1136-3","volume":"362","author":"HF Xu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xu HF, Ding YJ, Shen YW, Xue AM, Xu HM, Luo CL, et al. MicroRNA- 1 represses Cx43 expression in viral myocarditis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2012;362(1\u20132):141\u20138.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"2227_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050741","volume":"17","author":"J Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin J, Xue A, Li L, Li B, Li Y, Shen Y, et al. MicroRNA-19b Downregulates Gap Junction Protein Alpha1 and Synergizes with MicroRNA-1 in Viral Myocarditis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(5):741.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/6543","volume":"5","author":"C Badorff","year":"1999","unstructured":"Badorff C, Lee GH, Lamphear BJ, Martone ME, Campbell KP, Rhoads RE, et al. Enteroviral protease 2A cleaves dystrophin: evidence of cytoskeletal disruption in an acquired cardiomyopathy. Nat Med. 1999;5(3):320\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"2227_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11191","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.15.11191","volume":"275","author":"C Badorff","year":"2000","unstructured":"Badorff C, Berkely N, Mehrotra S, Talhouk JW, Rhoads RE, Knowlton KU. Enteroviral protease 2A directly cleaves dystrophin and is inhibited by a dystrophin-based substrate analogue. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(15):11191\u20137.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"2227_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5146","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66271","volume":"123","author":"BK Lim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lim BK, Peter AK, Xiong D, Narezkina A, Yung A, Dalton ND, et al. Inhibition of Coxsackievirus-associated dystrophin cleavage prevents cardiomyopathy. J Clin Investig. 2013;123(12):5146\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2227_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13490","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13490","volume":"5","author":"JP Gonzalez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gonzalez JP, Ramachandran J, Xie LH, Contreras JE, Fraidenraich D. Selective Connexin43 Inhibition Prevents Isoproterenol-Induced Arrhythmias and Lethality in Muscular Dystrophy Mice. Sci Rep. 2015;5:13490.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"17","key":"2227_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004574","volume":"129","author":"J Remick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Remick J, Georgiopoulou V, Marti C, Ofotokun I, Kalogeropoulos A, Lewis W, et al. Heart failure in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and future research. Circulation. 2014;129(17):1781\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(90)90589-S","volume":"66","author":"WW Grody","year":"1990","unstructured":"Grody WW, Cheng L, Lewis W. Infection of the heart by the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66(2):203\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2227_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90288-V","volume":"68","author":"ER Rodriguez","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rodriguez ER, Nasim S, Hsia J, Sandin RL, Ferreira A, Hilliard BA, et al. Cardiac myocytes and dendritic cells harbor human immunodeficiency virus in infected patients with and without cardiac dysfunction: detection by multiplex, nested, polymerase chain reaction in individually microdissected cells from right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy tissue. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68(15):1511\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"47","key":"2227_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12844","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4154-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"EA Eugenin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eugenin EA, Berman JW. Gap junctions mediate human immunodeficiency virus-bystander killing in astrocytes. J Neurosci. 2007;27(47):12844\u201350.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2227_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00410","volume":"10","author":"HJ Cho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cho HJ, Kuo AM, Bertrand L, Toborek M. HIV Alters Gap Junction-Mediated Intercellular Communication in Human Brain Pericytes. Front Mol Neurosci. 2017;10:410.","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2227_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105388","volume":"155","author":"HJ Cho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho HJ, Velichkovska M, Schurhoff N, Andr\u00e1s IE, Toborek M. Extracellular vesicles regulate gap junction-mediated intercellular communication and HIV-1 infection of human neural progenitor cells. Neurobiol Dis. 2021;155:105388.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2227_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12492","volume":"128","author":"JA Orellana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Orellana JA, S\u00e1ez JC, Bennett MV, Berman JW, Morgello S, Eugenin EA. HIV increases the release of dickkopf-1 protein from human astrocytes by a Cx43 hemichannel-dependent mechanism. J Neurochem. 2014;128(5):752\u201363.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"2227_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12443","volume":"127","author":"EA Eugenin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eugenin EA, Berman JW. Cytochrome C dysregulation induced by HIV infection of astrocytes results in bystander apoptosis of uninfected astrocytes by an IP3 and calcium-dependent mechanism. J Neurochem. 2013;127(5):644\u201351.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16600-1","volume":"7","author":"G Okafo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Okafo G, Prevedel L, Eugenin E. Tunneling nanotubes (TNT) mediate long-range gap junctional communication: Implications for HIV cell to cell spread. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16660.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0510-1","volume":"13","author":"JW Berman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berman JW, Carvallo L, Buckner CM, Luers A, Prevedel L, Bennett MV, et al. HIV-tat alters Connexin43 expression and trafficking in human astrocytes: role in NeuroAIDS. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1):54.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa117","volume":"117","author":"D Filgueiras-Rama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Filgueiras-Rama D, Vasilijevic J, Jalife J, Noujaim SF, Alfonso JM, Nicolas-Avila JA, et al. Human influenza A virus causes myocardial and cardiac-specific conduction system infections associated with early inflammation and premature death. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(3):876\u201389.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2227_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw802","volume":"64","author":"M Aletti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aletti M, Lecoules S, Kanczuga V, Soler C, Maquart M, Simon F, et al. Transient myocarditis associated with acute Zika virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(5):678\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-0938-2","volume":"15","author":"LF Abdalla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdalla LF, Santos JHA, Barreto RTJ, Souza EME, D\u2019Assun\u00e7\u00e3o FF, Borges MA, et al. Atrial fibrillation in a patient with Zika virus infection. Virol J. 2018;15(1):23.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofx103","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx103","volume":"4","author":"JJ Waggoner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Waggoner JJ, Rouphael N, Xu Y, Natrajan M, Lai L, Patel SM, et al. Pericarditis Associated With Acute Zika Virus Infection in a Returning Traveler. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(2):ofx103.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006219","volume":"13","author":"AJ Hirsch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hirsch AJ, Smith JL, Haese NN, Broeckel RM, Parkins CJ, Kreklywich C, et al. Zika Virus infection of rhesus macaques leads to viral persistence in multiple tissues. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(3):e1006219.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2227_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.08.014","volume":"148","author":"C Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai C, Li S, Song S, Wang Q, Cho H, Gao GF, et al. Zika virus induces myocardial immune response and myocarditis in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2020;148:103\u20135.","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2227_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137322","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01373-22","volume":"96","author":"S Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li S, Armstrong N, Zhao H, Cruz-Cosme R, Yang H, Zhong C, et al. Zika Virus Infection Downregulates Connexin 43, Disrupts the Cardiomyocyte Gap Junctions and Induces Heart Diseases in A129 Mice. J Virol. 2022;96(21):e0137322.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2227_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","volume":"323","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan. China Jama. 2020;323(11):1061\u20139.","journal-title":"China Jama"},{"issue":"10223","key":"2227_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. China Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497\u2013506.","journal-title":"China Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01689-3","volume":"28","author":"Y Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):583\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"10300","key":"2227_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00896-5","volume":"398","author":"I Katsoularis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katsoularis I, Fonseca-Rodr\u00edguez O, Farrington P, Lindmark K, Fors Connolly AM. Risk of acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke following COVID-19 in Sweden: a self-controlled case series and matched cohort study. Lancet. 2021;398(10300):599\u2013607.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2227_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12805","volume":"7","author":"F Escher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Escher F, Pietsch H, Aleshcheva G, Bock T, Baumeier C, Elsaesser A, et al. Detection of viral SARS-CoV-2 genomes and histopathological changes in endomyocardial biopsies. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(5):2440\u20137.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab322","volume":"118","author":"H Br\u00e4uninger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Br\u00e4uninger H, Stoffers B, Fitzek ADE, Mei\u00dfner K, Aleshcheva G, Schweizer M, et al. Cardiac SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with pro-inflammatory transcriptomic alterations within the heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2022;118(2):542\u201355.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2227_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2101327","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202101327","volume":"6","author":"X Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang X, Huang B, He Y, Feng L, Shi J, Wang L, et al. Sars-Cov-2 Spike Protein-Induced Damage of hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Adv Biol (Weinh). 2022;6(7):e2101327.","journal-title":"Adv Biol (Weinh)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-023-00468-9","volume":"56","author":"J Prieto-Villalobos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prieto-Villalobos J, Lucero CM, Rovegno M, G\u00f3mez GI, Retamal MA, Orellana JA. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 activates Cx43 hemichannels and disturbs intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics. Biol Res. 2023;56(1):56.","journal-title":"Biol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2227_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2009.07.002","volume":"46","author":"E De Vuyst","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Vuyst E, Wang N, Decrock E, De Bock M, Vinken M, Van Moorhem M, et al. Ca(2+) regulation of connexin 43 hemichannels in C6 glioma and glial cells. Cell Calcium. 2009;46(3):176\u201387.","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zqac002","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqac002","volume":"3","author":"JV Gerasimenko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gerasimenko JV, Petersen OH, Gerasimenko OV. SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Subunit 1 Elicits Ca(2+) Influx - Dependent Ca(2+) Signals in Pancreatic Stellate Cells and Macrophages In Situ. Function (Oxf). 2022;3(2):zqac002.","journal-title":"Function (Oxf)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01556-8","volume":"8","author":"K Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang K, Liu S, Yan H, Lu W, Shan X, Chen H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain perturbates intracellular calcium homeostasis and impairs pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):276.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2227_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0047824","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00478-24","volume":"98","author":"S Karmakar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karmakar S, Das Sarma J. Human coronavirus OC43 infection remodels connexin 43-mediated gap junction intercellular communication in vitro. J Virol. 2024;98:e0047824.","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2227_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02420-15","volume":"90","author":"R Basu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basu R, Banerjee K, Bose A, Das SJ. Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection Remodels Connexin43-Mediated Gap Junction Intercellular Communication In Vitro and In Vivo. J Virol. 2015;90(5):2586\u201399.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2227_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6558","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0861-3","volume":"55","author":"A Bose","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bose A, Basu R, Maulik M, Das SJ. Loss of Cx43-Mediated Functional Gap Junction Communication in Meningeal Fibroblasts Following Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55(8):6558\u201371.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"36","key":"2227_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14747","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.786491","volume":"292","author":"R Basu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Basu R, Bose A, Thomas D, Das SJ. Microtubule-assisted altered trafficking of astrocytic gap junction protein connexin 43 is associated with depletion of connexin 47 during mouse hepatitis virus infection. J Biol Chem. 2017;292(36):14747\u201363.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102836","volume":"299","author":"A Bose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bose A, Kasle G, Jana R, Maulik M, Thomas D, Mulchandani V, et al. Regulatory role of endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone protein ERp29 in anti-murine \u03b2-coronavirus host cell response. J Biol Chem. 2023;299(2):102836.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"13","key":"2227_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.3371","volume":"329","author":"E Ammirati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ammirati E, Moslehi JJ. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Myocarditis: A Review. JAMA. 2023;329(13):1098\u2013113.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"2227_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.315937","volume":"126","author":"A Abbate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbate A, Toldo S, Marchetti C, Kron J, Van Tassell BW, Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 and the Inflammasome as Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2020;126(9):1260\u201380.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2227_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e751","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001654","volume":"44","author":"G Cavalli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cavalli G, Pappalardo F, Mangieri A, Dinarello CA, Dagna L, Tresoldi M. Treating Life-Threatening Myocarditis by Blocking Interleukin-1. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(8):e751\u20134.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2227_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03514-2","volume":"19","author":"D Malandrino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malandrino D, Bello F, Lopalco G, Cantarini L, Olivotto I, Emmi G, et al. Effectiveness and safety of IL1 inhibition with anakinra in chronic refractory idiopathic myocarditis. Intern Emerg Med. 2024;19(2):583\u20138.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2227_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-01054-0","volume":"12","author":"L Maunier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maunier L, Charbel R, Lambert V, Tissi\u00e8res P. Anakinra in pediatric acute fulminant myocarditis. Ann Intensive Care. 2022;12(1):80.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"2227_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2023.07.004","volume":"116","author":"M Kerneis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kerneis M, Cohen F, Combes A, Amoura Z, Pare C, Brugier D, et al. Rationale and design of the ARAMIS trial: Anakinra versus placebo, a double blind randomized controlled trial for the treatment of acute myocarditis. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2023;116(10):460\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2227_CR122","first-page":"627","volume":"12","author":"DA Morrow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morrow DA, Verbrugge FH. In-perspective: the ARAMIS double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of anakinra for the treatment of acute myocarditis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2023;12(9):627\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2227_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-017-9634-3","volume":"22","author":"RM Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh RM, Cummings E, Pantos C, Singh J. Protein kinase C and cardiac dysfunction: a review. Heart Fail Rev. 2017;22(6):843\u201359.","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2227_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.108","volume":"12","author":"A Pollack","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pollack A, Kontorovich AR, Fuster V, Dec GW. Viral myocarditis\u2013diagnosis, treatment options, and current controversies. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12(11):670\u201380.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Current Cardiology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02227-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02227-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02227-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T09:04:33Z","timestamp":1772096673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02227-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02227-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3782","1534-3170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3782","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No animal or human subjects by the authors were used in preparation of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"76"}}