{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:13:16Z","timestamp":1790957596602,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001801","name":"University of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Cardiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The endothelin system is a highly relevant component of the pathophysiology of hypertension, which is currently unopposed by existing treatment approaches. We examined the role of dual endothelin receptor antagonists in the treatment of resistant hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The recent PRECISION trial demonstrated significant blood pressure lowering effect with the use of the dual endothelin receptor antagonist aprocitentan in the treatment of resistant hypertension. Aprocitentan was shown to be particularly effective in patients over 75 years of age, African-American patients, and patients with diabetes and advanced CKD. There was also a decrease in proteinuria. Aprocitentan was well tolerated and the risk of fluid retention can be mitigated by close clinical monitoring and titration of diuretic therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aprocitentan presents a novel treatment option for resistant hypertension, with particular efficacy noted in patient cohorts who have historically been challenging to achieve blood pressure targets in.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-025-02262-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T03:13:55Z","timestamp":1751426035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Endothelin Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Hypertension: Recent Data from Clinical Trials and Implementation Approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Revathy","family":"Manickavasagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoushka","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Azzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus P.","family":"Schlaich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2262_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doumas M, Imprialos KP, Kallistratos MS, Manolis AJ. Recent advances in understanding and managing resistant\/refractory hypertension. F1000Res. 2020;9:F1000 Faculty Rev\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.21669.1.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21669.1"},{"key":"2262_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.12.061","volume":"61","author":"L De Nicola","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Nicola L, Gabbai FB, Agarwal R, et al. Prevalence and prognostic role of resistant hypertension in chronic kidney disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:2461\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2262_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2014.03.003","volume":"8","author":"MR Irvin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Irvin MR, Booth JN 3rd, Shimbo D, et al. Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension and risk for stroke, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8:405\u201313.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"key":"2262_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03850","volume":"64","author":"P Muntner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muntner P, Davis BR, Cushman WC, et al. Treatment-resistant hypertension and the incidence of cardiovascular disease and end-stage renal disease: results from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Hypertension. 2014;64:1012\u201321.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2262_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.142","volume":"88","author":"JJ Sim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sim JJ, Bhandari SK, Shi J, et al. Comparative risk of renal, cardiovascular, and mortality outcomes in controlled, uncontrolled resistant, and nonresistant hypertension. Kidney Int. 2015;88:622\u201332.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2262_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boutari C, Siskos F. Novel dual endothelin inhibitors in the management of resistant hypertension. Life (Basel). 2023;13(3):806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13030806.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030806"},{"key":"2262_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.90a.22046","volume":"90","author":"J Yahr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yahr J, Thomas G, Calle J, Taliercio JJ. Resistant hypertension: A stepwise approach. Cleve Clin J Med. 2023;90:115\u201325.","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"2262_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16247","volume":"181","author":"O Azzam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azzam O, Nejad SH, Carnagarin R, Nolde JM, Galindo-Kiuchi M, Schlaich MP. Taming resistant hypertension: The promise of novel pharmacologic approaches and renal denervation. Br J Pharmacol. 2024;181:319\u201339.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2262_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nejad SH, Azzam O, Schlaich MP. Recent developments in the management of resistant hypertension: focus on endothelin receptor antagonists. Future Cardiol. 2024;20(9):435\u2013445.","DOI":"10.1080\/14796678.2024.2367390"},{"key":"2262_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flack JM, Schlaich MP, Weber MA, et al. Aprocitentan for blood pressure reduction in black patients. Hypertension 2025;82(4):601\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA"},{"key":"2262_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199917010-00010","volume":"17","author":"BG Phillips","year":"1999","unstructured":"Phillips BG, Narkiewicz K, Pesek CA, Haynes WG, Dyken ME, Somers VK. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on endothelin-1 and blood pressure. J Hypertens. 1999;17:61\u20136.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2262_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2019.12.006","volume":"63","author":"R Chia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chia R, Pandey A, Vongpatanasin W. Resistant hypertension-defining the scope of the problem. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63:46\u201350.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2262_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-017-0754-x","volume":"19","author":"AY Hwang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hwang AY, Dietrich E, Pepine CJ, Smith SM. Resistant Hypertension: Mechanisms and Treatment. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;19:56.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2262_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.014","volume":"186","author":"GR Abraham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abraham GR, Davenport AP. From ABCD to E for endothelin in resistant hypertension. Cell. 2023;186:240\u20132.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2262_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14517","volume":"24","author":"P Danaietash","year":"2022","unstructured":"Danaietash P, Verweij P, Wang JG, et al. Identifying and treating resistant hypertension in PRECISION: A randomized long-term clinical trial with aprocitentan. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2022;24:804\u201313.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2262_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/332411a0","volume":"332","author":"M Yanagisawa","year":"1988","unstructured":"Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature. 1988;332:411\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2262_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pap.0000249912.02763.65","volume":"14","author":"C Feldstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Feldstein C, Romero C. Role of endothelins in hypertension. Am J Ther. 2007;14:147\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"2262_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0176-3","volume":"16","author":"N Dhaun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhaun N, Webb DJ. Endothelins in cardiovascular biology and therapeutics. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16:491\u2013502.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2262_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.117366","volume":"52","author":"N Dhaun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dhaun N, Goddard J, Kohan DE, Pollock DM, Schiffrin EL, Webb DJ. Role of endothelin-1 in clinical hypertension: 20 years on. Hypertension. 2008;52:452\u20139.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2262_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14202-5","volume":"7","author":"S Shinagawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shinagawa S, Okazaki T, Ikeda M, et al. T cells upon activation promote endothelin 1 production in monocytes via IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1. Sci Rep. 2017;7:14500.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2262_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.851","volume":"41","author":"RM Kedzierski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kedzierski RM, Yanagisawa M. Endothelin system: the double-edged sword in health and disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:851\u201376.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2262_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.03.026","volume":"91","author":"N Vignon-Zellweger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vignon-Zellweger N, Heiden S, Miyauchi T, Emoto N. Endothelin and endothelin receptors in the renal and cardiovascular systems. Life Sci. 2012;91:490\u2013500.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2262_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011833","volume":"68","author":"AP Davenport","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davenport AP, Hyndman KA, Dhaun N, et al. Endothelin. Pharmacol Rev. 2016;68:357\u2013418.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"2262_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163584","volume":"57","author":"RM Bruno","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bruno RM, Sudano I, Ghiadoni L, Masi L, Taddei S. Interactions between sympathetic nervous system and endogenous endothelin in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2011;57:79\u201384.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2262_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e328335f91f","volume":"19","author":"DE Kohan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kohan DE. Endothelin, hypertension and chronic kidney disease: new insights. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2010;19:134\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"2262_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.142976","volume":"327","author":"M Iglarz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iglarz M, Binkert C, Morrison K, et al. Pharmacology of macitentan, an orally active tissue-targeting dual endothelin receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;327:736\u201345.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2262_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.040386","volume":"91","author":"SJ Leslie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Leslie SJ, Spratt JC, McKee SP, et al. Direct comparison of selective endothelin A and non-selective endothelin A\/B receptor blockade in chronic heart failure. Heart. 2005;91:914\u20139.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2262_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1274","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00190.2006","volume":"291","author":"Y Ge","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ge Y, Bagnall A, Stricklett PK, et al. Collecting duct-specific knockout of the endothelin B receptor causes hypertension and sodium retention. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006;291:F1274\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2262_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haryono A, Ramadhiani R, Ryanto GRT, Emoto N. Endothelin and the cardiovascular system: the long journey and where we are going. Biology (Basel). 2022;11(5):759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11050759.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050759"},{"key":"2262_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199715010-00005","volume":"15","author":"EL Schiffrin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schiffrin EL, Deng LY, Sventek P, Day R. Enhanced expression of endothelin-1 gene in resistance arteries in severe human essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1997;15:57\u201363.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2262_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.2.142","volume":"101","author":"PA MacCarthy","year":"2000","unstructured":"MacCarthy PA, Grocott-Mason R, Prendergast BD, Shah AM. Contrasting inotropic effects of endogenous endothelin in the normal and failing human heart: studies with an intracoronary ET(A) receptor antagonist. Circulation. 2000;101:142\u20137.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2262_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(95)90370-4","volume":"130","author":"P Tamirisa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tamirisa P, Frishman WH, Kumar A. Endothelin and endothelin antagonism: roles in cardiovascular health and disease. Am Heart J. 1995;130:601\u201310.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2262_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.5.1562","volume":"120","author":"C Rubens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rubens C, Ewert R, Halank M, et al. Big endothelin-1 and endothelin-1 plasma levels are correlated with the severity of primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2001;120:1562\u20139.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2262_CR34","first-page":"CD004434","volume":"3","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Chen J, Gao Y, Deng B, Liu K. Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;3:CD004434.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2262_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-014-0310-1","volume":"63","author":"A Kowalczyk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kowalczyk A, Kleniewska P, Kolodziejczyk M, Skibska B, Goraca A. The role of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in inflammatory response and sepsis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2015;63:41\u201352.","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"2262_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21716","volume":"81","author":"EL Schiffrin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schiffrin EL, Pollock DM. Endothelin System in Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease. Hypertension. 2024;81:691\u2013701.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2262_CR37","first-page":"145","volume":"196","author":"G Mazzocchi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mazzocchi G, Rebuffat P, Gottardo G, Meneghelli V, Nussdorfer GG. Evidence that both ETA and ETB receptor subtypes are involved in the in vivo aldosterone secretagogue effect of endothelin-1 in rats. Res Exp Med (Berl). 1996;196:145\u201352.","journal-title":"Res Exp Med (Berl)"},{"key":"2262_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00658-2","volume":"57","author":"GP Rossi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rossi GP, Ganzaroli C, Cesari M, et al. Endothelin receptor blockade lowers plasma aldosterone levels via different mechanisms in primary aldosteronism and high-to-normal renin hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;57:277\u201383.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2262_CR39","first-page":"CD004434","volume":"2013","author":"C Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu C, Chen J, Gao Y, Deng B, Liu K. Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013:CD004434.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2262_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li JS, Larivi\u00e8re R, Schiffrin EL. Effect of a nonselective endothelin antagonist on vascular remodeling in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Evidence for a role of endothelin in vascular hypertrophy. Hypertension. 1994;24:183\u20138.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.24.2.183"},{"key":"2262_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/365759a0","volume":"365","author":"M Clozel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Clozel M, Breu V, Burri K, et al. Pathophysiological role of endothelin revealed by the first orally active endothelin receptor antagonist. Nature. 1993;365:759\u201361.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2262_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90233-S","volume":"52","author":"M Nishikibe","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nishikibe M, Tsuchida S, Okada M, et al. Antihypertensive effect of a newly synthesized endothelin antagonist, BQ-123, in a genetic hypertensive model. Life Sci. 1993;52:717\u201324.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2262_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.04.044","volume":"137","author":"CVS Ram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ram CVS. A New Class of Drugs Approved in the United States for Hypertension: Endothelin Antagonists. Am J Med. 2024;137:795\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2262_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krum H, Viskoper RJ, Lacourciere Y, Budde M, Charlon V. The effect of an endothelin-receptor antagonist, bosentan, on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Bosentan Hypertension Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:784\u201390.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803193381202"},{"key":"2262_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(02)02933-3","volume":"15","author":"R Nakov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nakov R, Pfarr E, Eberle S. Darusentan: an effective endothelinA receptor antagonist for treatment of hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:583\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2262_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61500-2","volume":"374","author":"MA Weber","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weber MA, Black H, Bakris G, et al. A selective endothelin-receptor antagonist to reduce blood pressure in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:1423\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2262_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.156976","volume":"56","author":"GL Bakris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bakris GL, Lindholm LH, Black HR, et al. Divergent results using clinic and ambulatory blood pressures: report of a darusentan-resistant hypertension trial. Hypertension. 2010;56:824\u201330.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2262_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02034-7","volume":"400","author":"MP Schlaich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schlaich MP, Bellet M, Weber MA, et al. Dual endothelin antagonist aprocitentan for resistant hypertension (PRECISION): a multicentre, blinded, randomised, parallel-group, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2022;400:1927\u201337.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2262_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gueneau de Mussy P, Sidharta PN, Wuerzner G, et al. Effects of the Dual Endothelin Receptor Antagonist Aprocitentan on Body Weight and Fluid Homeostasis in Healthy Subjects on a High Sodium Diet. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;109:746\u201353.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2043"},{"key":"2262_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001023","volume":"77","author":"EK McCoy","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCoy EK, Lisenby KM. Aprocitentan (a Dual Endothelin-Receptor Antagonist) for Treatment-Resistant Hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2021;77:699\u2013706.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"2262_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000170138.56903.7a","volume":"46","author":"E Dolan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, et al. Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study. Hypertension. 2005;46:156\u201361.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2262_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00275-1","volume":"401","author":"DE Kohan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kohan DE, Heerspink HJL. Fluid retention and heart failure in the PRECISION trial. Lancet. 2023;401:1335.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2262_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00257-3","volume":"386","author":"B Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015;386:2059\u201368.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2262_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13474","volume":"21","author":"JN Booth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Booth JN, Anstey DE, Bello NA, et al. Race and sex differences in asleep blood pressure: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019;21:184\u201392.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2262_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00733-X","volume":"401","author":"N Staplin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Staplin N, de la Sierra A, Ruilope LM, et al. Relationship between clinic and ambulatory blood pressure and mortality: an observational cohort study in 59 124 patients. The Lancet. 2023;401:2041\u201350.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2262_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00110-8","volume":"43","author":"GP Rossi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Cesari M, Pessina AC. Interactions between endothelin-1 and the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system. Cardiovasc Res. 1999;43:300\u20137.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2262_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.143","volume":"86","author":"DE Kohan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kohan DE, Barton M. Endothelin and endothelin antagonists in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2014;86:896\u2013904.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2262_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30772-X","volume":"393","author":"HJL Heerspink","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heerspink HJL, Parving HH, Andress DL, et al. Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;393:1937\u201347.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2262_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00569-X","volume":"401","author":"HJL Heerspink","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heerspink HJL, Radhakrishnan J, Alpers CE, et al. Sparsentan in patients with IgA nephropathy: a prespecified interim analysis from a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2023;401:1584\u201394.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2262_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199917010-00004","volume":"17","author":"JM Flack","year":"1999","unstructured":"Flack JM, Hamaty M. Difficult-to-treat hypertensive populations: focus on African-Americans and people with type 2 diabetes. J Hypertens Suppl. 1999;17:S19-24.","journal-title":"J Hypertens Suppl"},{"key":"2262_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12511","volume":"17","author":"BM Egan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Egan BM, Bland VJ, Brown AL, et al. Hypertension in african americans aged 60 to 79 years: statement from the international society of hypertension in blacks. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2015;17:252\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2262_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000023160.67766.F0","volume":"22","author":"AL Grubbs","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grubbs AL, Anstadt MP, Ergul A. Saphenous vein endothelin system expression and activity in African American patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:1122\u20137.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2262_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.28.4.652","volume":"28","author":"S Ergul","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ergul S, Parish DC, Puett D, Ergul A. Racial differences in plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in individuals with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1996;28:652\u20135.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2262_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.60.3.697","volume":"60","author":"FC Luft","year":"1979","unstructured":"Luft FC, Rankin LI, Bloch R, et al. Cardiovascular and humoral responses to extremes of sodium intake in normal black and white men. Circulation. 1979;60:697\u2013706.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2262_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.1.2.136","volume":"1","author":"SG Chrysant","year":"1979","unstructured":"Chrysant SG, Danisa K, Kem DC, Dillard BL, Smith WJ, Frohlich ED. Racial differences in pressure, volume and renin interrelationships in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1979;1:136\u201341.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2262_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.10.4279","volume":"82","author":"GP Rossi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rossi GP, Albertin G, Neri G, et al. Endothelin-1 stimulates steroid secretion of human adrenocortical cells ex vivo via both ETA and ETB receptor subtypes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3445\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10385","key":"2262_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00275-1","volume":"401","author":"DE Kohan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kohan DE, Heerspink HJL. Fluid retention and heart failure in the PRECISION trial. Lancet. 2023;401(10385):1335.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10385","key":"2262_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00272-6","volume":"401","author":"MP Schlaich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schlaich MP, Bellet M, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Wang JG. PRECISION investigators. Fluid retention and heart failure in the PRECISION trial - Authors\u2019 reply. Lancet. 2023;401(10385):1335\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Current Cardiology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02262-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02262-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02262-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T09:04:53Z","timestamp":1772096693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02262-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02262-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3782","1534-3170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3782","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"MS was the principal investigator of the PRECISION study and received research and travel support from Idorsia, travel support and speaker fees from Medtronic, and research support from ReCor. OA was an investigator on the PRECISION study, and also reports speaker fees from AstraZeneca. AK reports speaker fees from AstraZeneca. RM has nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"106"}}