{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:29:41Z","timestamp":1790036981197,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Cardiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review examines the growing role of extended reality (XR) (including virtual, augmented, and mixed reality) in the care of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), with a focus on its use in patient education, trainee instruction, and procedural planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>XR has demonstrated early success in improving patient and family understanding, enhancing trainee comprehension of cardiac anatomy, and aiding in surgical and transcatheter procedural planning for patients with complex cardiac anatomy. Studies demonstrate that XR improves visualization of 3D spatial relationships, increases confidence amongst providers and learners, and facilitates more informed preprocedural decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>XR addresses longstanding limitations of 2D imaging by providing interactive, patient-specific 3D environments. While most studies in this area are small and exploratory, they consistently underscore the clinical and educational value of XR in CHD care. XR is well-positioned to become a powerful tool across the continuum of CHD management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-025-02323-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T13:32:51Z","timestamp":1764250371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transforming Care in Congenital Heart Disease: The Role of Extended Reality in Family and Trainee Education and Procedural Planning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Gunsaulus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Aldrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio A.","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Blais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Salavitabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.621672","volume":"9","author":"SJ Yoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoo SJ, Hussein N, Peel B, Coles J, van Arsdell GS, Honjo O, et al. 3D modeling and printing in congenital heart surgery: entering the stage of maturation. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:621672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.621672.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"2323_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-020-01853-1","volume":"36","author":"JL Byl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Byl JL, Sholler R, Gosnell JM, Samuel BP, Vettukattil JJ. Moving beyond two-dimensional screens to interactive three-dimensional visualization in congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;36(8):1567\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10554-020-01853-1.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2323_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060884","author":"I Lau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lau I, Gupta A, Sun Z. Clinical value of virtual reality versus 3D printing in congenital heart disease. Biomolecules. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom11060884.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"2323_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2019.0625","volume":"21","author":"HW Goo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goo HW, Park SJ, Yoo SJ. Advanced medical use of three-dimensional imaging in congenital heart disease: augmented reality, mixed reality, virtual reality, and three-dimensional printing. Korean J Radiol. 2020;21(2):133\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3348\/kjr.2019.0625.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2323_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.11.030","volume":"113","author":"AH Sadeghi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadeghi AH, Mathari SE, Abjigitova D, Maat A, Taverne Y, Bogers A, et al. Current and future applications of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality in cardiothoracic surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;113(2):681\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.11.030.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2323_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2020.01.008","volume":"2","author":"CF Illmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Illmann CF, Hosking M, Harris KC. Utility and access to 3-dimensional printing in the context of congenital heart disease: an international physician survey study. CJC Open. 2020;2(4):207\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjco.2020.01.008.","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"2323_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.268","volume":"65","author":"I Lau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lau I, Sun Z. Three-dimensional printing in congenital heart disease: a systematic review. J Med Radiat Sci. 2018;65(3):226\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmrs.268.","journal-title":"J Med Radiat Sci"},{"key":"2323_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00023","volume":"7","author":"C Batteux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Batteux C, Haidar MA, Bonnet D. 3D-printed models for surgical planning in complex congenital heart diseases: a systematic review. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2019.00023.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2323_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-022-00164-6","volume":"9","author":"J Awori","year":"2023","unstructured":"Awori J, Friedman SD, Howard C, Kronmal R, Buddhe S. Comparative effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) vs 3D printed models of congenital heart disease in resident and nurse practitioner educational experience. 3D Print Med. 2023;9(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41205-022-00164-6.","journal-title":"3D Print Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2323_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2020-0004","volume":"16","author":"A Salavitabar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salavitabar A, Figueroa CA, Lu JC, Owens ST, Axelrod DM, Zampi JD. Emerging 3D technologies and applications within congenital heart disease: teach, predict, plan and guide. Future Cardiol. 2020;16(6):695\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fca-2020-0004.","journal-title":"Future Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2323_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27336","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27336","volume":"14","author":"PB Bhattad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhattad PB, Pacifico L. Empowering patients: promoting patient education and health literacy. Cureus. 2022;14(7):e27336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.27336.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"2323_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12587","volume":"13","author":"CS Ong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ong CS, Krishnan A, Huang CY, Spevak P, Vricella L, Hibino N, et al. Role of virtual reality in congenital heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis. 2018;13(3):357\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/chd.12587.","journal-title":"Congenit Heart Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2323_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-023-03292-w","volume":"44","author":"V Kieu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kieu V, Sumski C, Cohen S, Reinhardt E, Axelrod DM, Handler SS. The use of virtual reality learning on transition education in adolescents with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2023;44(8):1856\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-023-03292-w.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2323_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lopez KN, O\u2019Connor M, King J, Alexander J, Challman M, Lovick DK, et al. Improving transitions of care for young adults with congenital heart disease: mobile app development using formative research. JMIR Form Res. 2018;2(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/formative.9963.","DOI":"10.2196\/formative.9963"},{"key":"2323_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00102","volume":"5","author":"GA Kolaitis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kolaitis GA, Meentken MG, Utens E. Mental health problems in parents of children with congenital heart disease. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2017.00102.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2323_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1017\/S104795112100500X","volume":"32","author":"LW Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang LW, Liu JF, Xie WP, Chen Q, Cao H. Condition notification assisted by virtual reality technology reduces the anxiety levels of parents of children with simple CHD: a prospective randomised controlled study. Cardiol Young. 2022;32(11):1801\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S104795112100500X.","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"1","key":"2323_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000694","volume":"35","author":"LD Sacks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sacks LD, Axelrod DM. Virtual reality in pediatric cardiology: hype or hope for the future? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2020;35(1):37\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000694.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2323_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-017-0889-0","volume":"17","author":"YH Loke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loke YH, Harahsheh AS, Krieger A, Olivieri LJ. Usage of 3D models of tetralogy of fallot for medical education: impact on learning congenital heart disease. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17(1):54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-017-0889-0.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"7382","key":"2323_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7382.213","volume":"326","author":"DM Kaufman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaufman DM. Applying educational theory in practice. BMJ. 2003;326(7382):213\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.326.7382.213.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"2323_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.10.024","volume":"120","author":"JD Hartzell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hartzell JD. Adult learning theory in medical education. Am J Med. 2007;120(11):e11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.10.024.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2323_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-025-03797-6","author":"SE Blonsky","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blonsky SE, Henning RE, Masterson EM, Axelrod DM, Handler SS, Yu S, Owens ST. Virtual reality curriculum increases pediatric clerkship students\u2019 knowledge of congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-025-03797-6.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2323_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/17453054.2019.1597626","volume":"42","author":"C Erolin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erolin C, Reid L, McDougall S. Using virtual reality to complement and enhance anatomy education. J Vis Commun Med. 2019;42(3):93\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17453054.2019.1597626.","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Med"},{"key":"2323_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37639-0_5","volume":"1235","author":"U Uruthiralingam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uruthiralingam U, Rea PM. Augmented and virtual reality in anatomical Education - A systematic review. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1235:89\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-37639-0_5.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2323_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951122000890","volume":"33","author":"TR Lim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lim TR, Wilson HC, Axelrod DM, Werho DK, Handler SS, Yu S, et al. Virtual reality curriculum increases paediatric residents\u2019 knowledge of CHDs. Cardiol Young. 2023;33(3):410\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1047951122000890.","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"2323_CR25","unstructured":"Health SCs. Stanford pioneers use of VR for patient care, education and experience. https:\/\/www.stanfordchildrens.org\/en\/about\/news\/releases\/2017\/virtual-reality-program Accessed July 3 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"2323_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-023-01959-8","volume":"47","author":"AF d\u2019Aiello","year":"2023","unstructured":"d\u2019Aiello AF, Cabitza F, Natali C, Vigano S, Ferrero P, Bognoni L, et al. The effect of holographic heart models and mixed reality for anatomy learning in congenital heart disease: an exploratory study. J Med Syst. 2023;47(1):64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-023-01959-8.","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"2323_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2017.11.009","volume":"3","author":"JNA Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silva JNA, Southworth M, Raptis C, Silva J. Emerging applications of virtual reality in cardiovascular medicine. JACC: Basic to Translational Science. 2018;3(3):420\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacbts.2017.11.009.","journal-title":"JACC: Basic to Translational Science"},{"key":"2323_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.06.045","volume":"268","author":"RQ Mao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mao RQ, Lan L, Kay J, Lohre R, Ayeni OR, Goel DP, et al. Immersive virtual reality for surgical training: a systematic review. J Surg Res. 2021;268:40\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2021.06.045.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2323_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2023.12.009","volume":"24","author":"EL Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen EL, Cunanan K, Liu Y, Hilgenberg SL. Pediatric residents\u2019 procedural competency requirements: a national needs assessment of program directors and chief residents. Acad Pediatr. 2024;24(4):549\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2023.12.009.","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"2323_CR30","unstructured":"Education ACfGM. ACGME program requirements for graduate medical education in pediatrics. https:\/\/www.acgme.org\/globalassets\/pfassets\/programrequirements\/2025-prs\/320_pediatrics_2025.pdf Accessed July 3 2025."},{"issue":"11","key":"2323_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02583","volume":"5","author":"J Piccione","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piccione J, Collett J, De Foe A. Virtual skills training: the role of presence and agency. Heliyon. 2019;5(11):e02583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02583.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2323_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppedcard.2024.101800","volume":"76","author":"AR Pierick","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pierick AR, Owens ST, Lowery R, Owens GE, Mah KE, Axelrod DM, Wilson HC. Development and validation of a multimedia hypoplastic left heart syndrome assessment tool for pediatric cardiology fellows. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 2025;76:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ppedcard.2024.101800.","journal-title":"Prog Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2323_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951120001109","volume":"30","author":"X Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma X, Vervoort D. Leveraging e-learning for medical education in low- and middle-income countries. Cardiol Young. 2020;30(6):903\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1047951120001109.","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"9756","key":"2323_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61854-5","volume":"376","author":"J Frenk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, Cohen J, Crisp N, Evans T, et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet. 2010;376(9756):1923\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61854-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2323_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivad072","author":"JJ Peek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peek JJ, Bakhuis W, Sadeghi AH, Veen KM, Roest AAW, Bruining N, et al. Optimized preoperative planning of double outlet right ventricle patients by 3D printing and virtual reality: a pilot study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icvts\/ivad072.","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2323_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-024-02061-2","volume":"26","author":"I Minga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Minga I, Al-Ani MA, Moharem-Elgamal S, Md AVH, Md ASA, Masoomi M, et al. Use of virtual reality and 3D models in contemporary practice of cardiology. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2024;26(6):643\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-024-02061-2.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2323_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjtc.2020.10.017","volume":"6","author":"RR Davies","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davies RR, Hussain T, Tandon A. Using virtual reality simulated implantation for fit-testing pediatric patients for adult ventricular assist devices. JTCVS Tech. 2021;6:134\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xjtc.2020.10.017.","journal-title":"JTCVS Tech"},{"key":"2323_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjtc.2021.02.044","volume":"7","author":"K Pushparajah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pushparajah K, Chu KYK, Deng S, Wheeler G, Gomez A, Kabir S, et al. Virtual reality three-dimensional echocardiographic imaging for planning surgical atrioventricular valve repair. JTCVS Tech. 2021;7:269\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xjtc.2021.02.044.","journal-title":"JTCVS Tech"},{"key":"2323_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-025-03908-3","author":"J Szeliga","year":"2025","unstructured":"Szeliga J, Cabaj-Wlodarczyk K, Goreczny S. Virtual reality in neonatal ductal stenting: A new era in preprocedural planning for ductus arteriosus stenting in complex congenital heart defects with Duct-Dependent pulmonary circulation. Pediatr Cardiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-025-03908-3.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2323_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951123004341","volume":"34","author":"A Dziewulska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dziewulska A, Szeliga J, Goreczny S. Virtual reality modelling for planning of percutaneous first step palliation in a newborn with heterotaxy syndrome. Cardiol Young. 2024;34(7):1612\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1047951123004341.","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"16","key":"2323_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2021.06.018","volume":"14","author":"AH Sadeghi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sadeghi AH, Ooms JF, Bakhuis W, Taverne Y, Van Mieghem NM, Bogers A. Immersive virtual reality heart models for planning of transcatheter paravalvular leak closure: A feasibility study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14(16):1854\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcin.2021.06.018.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"6","key":"2323_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033239","volume":"13","author":"JE Zablah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zablah JE, Than J, Browne LP, Rodriguez S, Morgan GJ. Patient screening for self-expanding percutaneous pulmonary valves using virtual reality. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13(6):e033239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.123.033239.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"2323_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.123.013964","volume":"17","author":"N Stephenson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stephenson N, Rosenthal E, Jones M, Deng S, Wheeler G, Pushparajah K, et al. Virtual reality for preprocedure planning of covered stent correction of superior sinus venosus atrial septal defects. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2024;17(12):e013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.123.013964.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"8","key":"2323_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jew087","volume":"17","author":"E Bruckheimer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bruckheimer E, Rotschild C, Dagan T, Amir G, Kaufman A, Gelman S, et al. Computer-generated real-time digital holography: first time use in clinical medical imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17(8):845\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ehjci\/jew087.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"2323_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951122002153","volume":"33","author":"A Salavitabar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salavitabar A, Whiteside W, Zampi JD. Feasibility of intraprocedural augmented reality visualisation of 3D rotational angiography in congenital cardiac catheterisation. Cardiol Young. 2023;33(3):476\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1047951122002153.","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"8","key":"2323_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-023-03278-8","volume":"45","author":"A Salavitabar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salavitabar A, Zampi JD, Thomas C, Zanaboni D, Les A, Lowery R, et al. Augmented reality visualization of 3D rotational angiography in congenital heart disease: a comparative study to standard computer visualization. Pediatr Cardiol. 2024;45(8):1759\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-023-03278-8.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2323_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5114\/aic.2025.147992","volume":"21","author":"J Szeliga","year":"2025","unstructured":"Szeliga J, Wasko M, Kolcz J, Rudzinski A, Callahan R, Goreczny S. Virtual reality modelling based on computed tomography and three-dimensional angiography for planning of percutaneous and hybrid treatment in infants with pulmonary vein stenosis. Postepy Kardiol Interwencyjnej. 2025;21(1):108\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/aic.2025.147992.","journal-title":"Postepy Kardiol Interwencyjnej"},{"key":"2323_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2024.1287218","volume":"11","author":"F Ursin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ursin F, Timmermann C, Benzinger L, Salloch S, Tietze FA. Intraoperative application of mixed and augmented reality for digital surgery: a systematic review of ethical issues. Front Surg. 2024;11:1287218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2024.1287218.","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2323_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100348","volume":"2","author":"M Venkatesan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Venkatesan M, Mohan H, Ryan JR, Schurch CM, Nolan GP, Frakes DH, et al. Virtual and augmented reality for biomedical applications. Cell Rep Med. 2021;2(7):100348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100348.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"2323_CR50","unstructured":"Google G, Cardboard. https:\/\/arvr.google.com\/cardboard\/Accessed07\/14 2025."},{"issue":"35","key":"2323_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad352","volume":"44","author":"TY Tsai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsai TY, Onuma Y, Zlahoda-Huzior A, Kageyama S, Dudek D, Wang Q, et al. Merging virtual and physical experiences: extended realities in cardiovascular medicine. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(35):3311\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad352.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2323_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.08.017","volume":"15","author":"C Jung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung C, Wolff G, Wernly B, Bruno RR, Franz M, Schulze PC, et al. Virtual and augmented reality in cardiovascular care: State-of-the-Art and future perspectives. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15(3):519\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.08.017.","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"2323_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-021-00480-z","volume":"34","author":"F Pires","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pires F, Costa C, Dias P. On the use of virtual reality for medical imaging visualization. J Digit Imaging. 2021;34(4):1034\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10278-021-00480-z.","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"2323_CR54","first-page":"866","volume":"13","author":"KP Zofia Rudnicka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zofia Rudnicka KP, Perkins M. Cardiac healthcare digital twins supported by artificial Intelligence-Based algorithms and extended Reality\u2014A. Syst Rev Electron. 2024;13(5):866.","journal-title":"Syst Rev Electron"},{"key":"2323_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2024.12.034","author":"M Ponzoni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ponzoni M, Bertelli F, Yoo SJ, Peel B, Seatle H, Honjo O, et al. Mixed reality for preoperative planning and intraoperative assistance of surgical correction of complex congenital heart defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2024.12.034.","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"}],"container-title":["Current Cardiology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02323-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02323-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02323-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T08:54:38Z","timestamp":1772096078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02323-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-025-02323-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3782","1534-3170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3782","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"163"}}