{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T20:42:17Z","timestamp":1772916137278,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Diab Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-006-0074-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,24]],"date-time":"2007-05-24T22:35:30Z","timestamp":1180046130000},"page":"424-430","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: Diagnosis and management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Aaron I.","family":"Vinik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomris","family":"Erbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"74_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.12.2942","volume":"27","author":"PA Low","year":"2004","unstructured":"Low PA, Benrud-Larson LM, Sletten DM, et al.: Autonomic symptoms and diabetic neuropathy: a population-based study. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:2942\u20132947. Important demonstration of the frequency of symptoms that do not relate to quantitative autonomic function tests.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1553","volume":"26","author":"AI Vinik","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freeman R: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:1553\u20131579. An excellent review of features of autonomic neuropathy and the basis of the American Diabetes Association guidelines for diagnosis and management autonomic neuropathy.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR3","first-page":"342","volume":"7","author":"D Ziegler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ziegler D: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: clinical manifestations and measurement. Diabetes Rev 1999, 7:342\u2013357.","journal-title":"Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"74_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1989.tb01133.x","volume":"6","author":"HA Neil","year":"1989","unstructured":"Neil HA, Thompson AV, John S, et al.: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy: the prevalence of impaired heart rate variability in a geographically de.ned population. Diabet Med 1989, 6:20\u201324.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"74_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/1056-8727(92)90049-Q","volume":"6","author":"D Ziegler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ziegler D, Gries FA, Spuler M, Lessmann F: The epidemiology of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Multicenter Study Group. J Diabetes Complications 1992, 6:49\u201357.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"74_CR6","first-page":"957","volume":"61","author":"IA O\u2019Brien","year":"1986","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien IA, O\u2019Hare JP, Lewin IG, Corrall RJ: The prevalence of autonomic neuropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes: a controlled study based on heart rate variability. Q J Med 1986, 61:957\u2013967.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"74_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on measures of autonomic nervous system function in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trail (DCCT). Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group [no authors listed]. Diabetologia 1998, 41:416-423.","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050924"},{"key":"74_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(03)00095-7","volume":"52","author":"P Valensi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Valensi P, Paries J, Attali JR: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients: influence of diabetes duration, obesity, and microangiopathic complications\u2014the French multicenter study. French Group for Research and Study of Diabetic Neuropathy. Metabolism 2003, 52:815\u2013820.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"74_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1617-y","volume":"48","author":"DR Witte","year":"2005","unstructured":"Witte DR, Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, et al.: Risk factors for cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2005, 48:164\u2013171.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"74_CR10","first-page":"463","volume-title":"Handbook of Exercise in Diabetes","author":"AI Vinik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vinik AI, Erbas T: Neuropathy. In Handbook of Exercise in Diabetes. Edited by Ruderman N, et al.: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association; 2002:463\u2013496."},{"key":"74_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.68.11.928","volume":"68","author":"AI Vinik","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vinik AI, Erbas T: Recognizing and treating diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Cleve Clin J Med 2001, 68:928\u2013944.","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"74_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01145.x","volume":"21","author":"M Taskiran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Taskiran M, Rasmussen V, Rasmussen B, et al.: Left ventricular dysfunction in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients: the impact of autonomic neuropathy. Diabet Med 2004, 21:524\u2013530.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"74_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198904000-00006","volume":"70","author":"LG Burgos","year":"1989","unstructured":"Burgos LG, Ebert TJ, Asiddao C, et al.: Increased intraoperative cardiovascular morbidity in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. Anesthesiology 1989, 70:591\u2013597.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"74_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200005000-00019","volume":"92","author":"A Kitamura","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kitamura A, Hoshino T, Kon T, et al.: Patients with diabetic neuropathy are at risk of a greater intraoperative reduction in core temperature. Anesthesiology 2000, 92:1311\u20131318.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"74_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-4-658","volume":"62","author":"PA Sobotka","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sobotka PA, Liss HP, Vinik AI: Impaired hypoxic ventilatory drive in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986, 62:658\u2013663.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"74_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prevalence of unrecognized silent myocardial ischemia and its association with atherosclerotic factors in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Milan Study on Atherosclerosis and Diabetes Group [no authors listed]. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79:134-139.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00699-6"},{"key":"74_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2003.08.060","volume":"92","author":"K Lee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee K, Jang H, Kim Y, et al.: Prognostic value of cardiac autonomic neuropathy independent and incremental to perfusion defects in patients with diabetes and suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2003, 92:1458\u20131461.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"74_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.2.339","volume":"24","author":"P Valensi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Valensi P, Sachs RN, Harfouche B, et al.: Predictive value of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients with or without silent myocardial ischemia. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:339\u2013343.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.8.1954","volume":"27","author":"FJ Wackers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wackers FJ, Young LH, Inzucchi SE, et al.: Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study. Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics Investigators. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1954\u20131961.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.8.813","volume":"100","author":"MF Carli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carli MF, Bianco-Batlles D, Landa ME, et al.: Effects of autonomic neuropathy on coronary blood flow in patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation 1999, 100:813\u2013819.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"74_CR21","unstructured":"Morning peak in the incidence of myocardial infarction: experience in the ISIS-2 trial. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group [no authors listed]. Eur Heart J 1992, 13:594-598."},{"key":"74_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00331-8","volume":"84","author":"D Aronson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aronson D, Weinrauch LA, D\u2019Elia JA, et al.: Circadian patterns of heart rate variability, fibrinolytic activity, and hemostatic factors in type I diabetes mellitus with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Am J Cardiol 1999, 84:449\u2013453.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"74_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.1.69","volume":"21","author":"H Miettinen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Miettinen H, Lehto S, Salomaa V, et al.: Impact of diabetes on mortality after the first myocardial infarction: the FINMONICA Myocardial Infarction Register Study Group. Diabetes Care 1998, 21:69\u201375.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70242-5","volume":"138","author":"A Katz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Katz A, Liberty IF, Porath A, et al.: A simple beside test of 1-minute heart rate variability during deep breathing as a prognostic index after myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1999, 138:32\u201338.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"74_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.9.4.384","volume":"9","author":"L Hume","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hume L, Oakley GD, Boulton AJ, et al.: Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in diabetes and its relationship to diabetic neuropathy: an exercise electrocardiography study in middle-aged diabetic men. Diabetes Care 1986, 9:384\u2013388.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1242","volume":"29","author":"AS Astrup","year":"2006","unstructured":"Astrup AS, Tarnow L, Rossing P, et al.: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:334\u2013339.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00418273","volume":"34","author":"DJ Ewing","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ewing DJ, Boland O, Neilson JM, et al.: Autonomic neuropathy, QT interval lengthening, and unexpected deaths in male diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1991, 34:182\u2013185.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"74_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00173.x","volume":"10","author":"W Rathmann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rathmann W, Ziegler D, Jahnke M, et al.: Mortality in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Diabet Med 1993, 10:820\u2013824.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"74_CR29","first-page":"495","volume":"79","author":"IA O\u2019Brian","year":"1991","unstructured":"O\u2019Brian IA, McFadden JP, Corrall R: The influence of autonomic neuropathy on mortality in insulin-dependent diabetes. Q J Med 1991, 79:495\u2013502.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"74_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.10.1793","volume":"24","author":"J Gerritsen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gerritsen J, Dekker JM, TenVoorde BJ, et al.: Impaired autonomic function is associated with increased mortality, especially in subjects with diabetes, hypertension, or a history of cardiovascular disease: the Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:1793\u20131798.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051115","volume":"42","author":"M Veglio","year":"1999","unstructured":"Veglio M, Borra M, Stevens LK, et al.: The relation between QTc interval prolongation and diabetic complications. The EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group. Diabetologia 1999, 42:68\u201375.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"74_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.039339","volume":"76","author":"GA Suarez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suarez GA, Clark VM, Norell JE, et al.: Sudden cardiac death in diabetes mellitus: risk factors in the Rochester diabetic neuropathy study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005, 76:240\u2013245.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"74_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-817720","volume":"23","author":"AI Vinik","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vinik AI, Freeman R, Erbas T: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Semin Neurol 2003, 23:365\u2013372.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"74_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Report and recommendations of the San Antonio conference on diabetic neuropathy. Consensus statement [no authors listed]. Diabetes 1988, 37:1000-1004.","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.7.1000"},{"key":"74_CR35","unstructured":"Proceedings of a consensus development conference on standardized measures in diabetic neuropathy. American Diabetes Association and American Academy of Neurology [no authors listed]. Diabetes Care 1992, 15:1080-1107."},{"key":"74_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530140079020","volume":"48","author":"R Freeman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Freeman R, Saul P, Roberts M, et al.: Spectral analysis of heart rate in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Arch Neurol 1991, 48:185\u2013190.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"74_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1089\/152091501750220028","volume":"3","author":"M Risk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Risk M, Bril V, Broadbridge C, Cohen A: Heart rate variability measurement in diabetic neuropathy: review of methods. Diabetes Technol Ther 2001, 3:63\u201376.","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"74_CR38","first-page":"227","volume":"11","author":"MP Schumer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schumer MP, Joyner SA, Pfeifer MA: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy testing in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum 1998, 11:227\u2013231.","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectrum"},{"key":"74_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01754.x","volume":"9","author":"D Ziegler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ziegler D, Laux G, Dannehl K, et al.: Assessment of cardiovascular autonomic function: age-related normal ranges and reproducibility of spectral analysis, vector analysis, and standard tests of heart rate variation and blood pressure responses. Diabet Med 1992, 9:166\u2013175.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"74_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [no authors listed]. Circulation 1996, 93:1043-1065.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043"},{"key":"74_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00213.x","volume":"39","author":"NB Tutuncu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tutuncu NB, Batur MK, Yildirir A, et al.: Melatonin levels decrease in type 2 diabetic patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. J Pineal Res 2005, 39:43\u201349.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"74_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.85.1.164","volume":"85","author":"JT Bigger Jr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL, Steinman RC, et al.: Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1992, 85:164\u2013171.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"74_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.16.12.1615","volume":"16","author":"S Fava","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fava S, Azzopardi J, Muscat HA, et al.: Factors that in.uence outcome in diabetic subjects with myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care 1993, 16:1615\u20131618.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh361","volume":"19","author":"M Nishimura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nishimura M, Hashimoto T, Kobayashi H, et al.: Association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and left ventricular hypertrophy in diabetic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004, 19:2532\u20132538.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"74_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.13.1.68","volume":"13","author":"JM Gonin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gonin JM, Kadrofske MM, Schmaltz S, et al.: Corrected Q-T interval prolongation as diagnostic tool for assessment of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1990, 13:68\u201371.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1998.00259.x","volume":"243","author":"PT Sawicki","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sawicki PT, Kiwitt S, Bender R, et al.: The value of QT interval dispersion for identi.cation of total mortality risk in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med 1998, 243:49\u201356.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"74_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(97)00040-0","volume":"34","author":"K Howorka","year":"1997","unstructured":"Howorka K, Pumprla J, Haber P, et al.: Effects of physical training on heart rate variability in diabetic patients with various degrees of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Cardiovasc Res 1997, 34:206\u2013214.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"74_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group [no authors listed]. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122:561-568.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00001"},{"key":"74_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00417-8","volume":"84","author":"AJ Burger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Burger AJ, Weinrauch LA, D\u2019Elia JA, Aronson D: Effect of glycemic control on heart rate variability in type I diabetic patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Am J Cardiol 1999, 84:687\u2013691.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"74_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07368-1","volume":"353","author":"P Gaede","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gaede P, Vedel P, Parving HH, Pedersen O: Intensified multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: the Steno type 2 randomized study. Lancet 1999, 353:617\u2013622.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"74_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(95)01064-K","volume":"28","author":"Y Ohkubo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al.: Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995, 28:103\u2013117.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"74_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.3.355","volume":"20","author":"AG Kontopoulos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kontopoulos AG, Athyros VG, Didangelos TP, et al.: Effect of chronic quinapril administration on heart rate variability in patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 1997, 20:355\u2013361.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"74_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)02478-7","volume":"352","author":"RA Malik","year":"1998","unstructured":"Malik RA, Williamson S, Abbott C, et al.: Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor trandolapril on human diabetic neuropathy: randomised double-blind controlled trial. Lancet 1998, 352:1978\u20131981.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"74_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0869-7","volume":"45","author":"E Ebbehoj","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ebbehoj E, Poulsen PL, Hansen KW, et al.: Effects on heart rate variability of metoprolol supplementary to on going ACE-inhibitor treatment in type I diabetic patients with abnormal albuminuria. Diabetologia 2002, 45:965\u2013975.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"74_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1212132","volume":"107","author":"D Ziegler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ziegler D, Reljanovic M, Mehnert H, Gries FA: Alphalipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: current evidence from clinical trials. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999, 107:421\u2013430.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"74_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.6.1052","volume":"73","author":"D Manzella","year":"2001","unstructured":"Manzella D, Barbieri M, Ragno E, Paolisso G: Chronic administration of pharmacologic doses of vitamin E improves the cardiac autonomic nervous system in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 73:1052\u20131057.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"74_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.6.1895","volume":"26","author":"RE Maser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Vinik AI, Freeman R: The association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:1895\u20131901. A meta-analysis that establishes the link between irrefutably autonomic neuropathy and premature demise.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Current Diabetes Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11892-006-0074-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11892-006-0074-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11892-006-0074-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T19:56:16Z","timestamp":1559418976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11892-006-0074-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"alternative-id":["74"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-006-0074-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-4827","1539-0829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-4827","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-0829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}}}