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GAD-alum treatment induces GAD65-specific CD4\u2009+\u2009CD25 high FOXP3+ cells in type 1 diabetic patients. Clin Immunol. 2011;138:117\u201326. Despite the failure of subcutaneous GAD-alum vaccine to slow the decline of \u03b2-cell function after the diagnosis of T1D [refs. 30\u2022\u2022, 31\u2022\u2022], this and the following study [ref. 56\u2022] demonstrate that the vaccine has a bio-effect possibly consistent with induction of immune tolerance. It will be important to confirm and, if possible, extend these findings, because evidence for tolerance would support application of the GAD-alum vaccine for T1D prevention in at-risk individuals.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"415_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03710.x","volume":"29","author":"S Axelsson","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u2022 Axelsson S, Hjorth M, Ludvigsson J, Casas R. Decreased GAD (65)-specific Th1\/Tc1 phenotype in children with Type 1 diabetes treated with GAD-alum. Diabet Med. 2012;29:1272\u20138. See comments under ref. [55\u2022] above.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"415_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0239","volume":"31","author":"S Fourlanos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fourlanos S, Varney M, Tait BD, et al. The rising incidence of type 1 diabetes is accounted for by cases with lower risk HLA genotypes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1546\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"415_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1195","volume":"60","author":"G Morahan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morahan G, Mehta M, James I, et al. Tests for genetic interactions in type 1 diabetes: linkage and stratification analyses of 4,422 affected sib-pairs. 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