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Trends in childhood type 1 diabetes incidence in Europe during 1989-2008: evidence of non-uniformity over time in rates of increase. Diabetologia. 2012;55(8):2142\u20137. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-012-2571-8\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1077_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szypowska A, Ramotowska A, Wysocka-Mincewicz M, Mazur A, Lisowicz L, Ben-Skowronek I, et al. Seasonal variation in month of diagnosis of polish children with type 1 diabetes - a multicenter study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2018; \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-125321\n                      \n                    .","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-125321"},{"issue":"5","key":"1077_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1370","volume":"64","author":"L Krogvold","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Krogvold L, Edwin B, Buanes T, Frisk G, Skog O, Anagandula M, et al. Detection of a low-grade enteroviral infection in the islets of langerhans of living patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2015;64(5):1682\u20137. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db14-1370\n                      \n                    . This study provides evidence of a low grade enterovirus infection in the pancreas of patients with recent onset T1D.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"1077_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0005-4","volume":"16","author":"J Baggen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baggen J, Thibaut HJ, Strating J, van Kuppeveld FJM. The life cycle of non-polio enteroviruses and how to target it. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(6):368\u201381. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-018-0005-4\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1077_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1157","volume":"61","author":"M Oikarinen","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u2022 Oikarinen M, Tauriainen S, Oikarinen S, Honkanen T, Collin P, Rantala I, et al. Type 1 diabetes is associated with enterovirus infection in gut mucosa. 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This study reported that EV RNA positive samples are more frequent in case children that progress to type 1 diabetes and that the strongest risk is related to EV positivity 6 months before the appearance of the first autoantibody.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"1077_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12547","volume":"19","author":"N Mustonen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mustonen N, Siljander H, Peet A, Tillmann V, Harkonen T, Ilonen J, et al. Early childhood infections precede development of beta-cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children with HLA-conferred disease risk. 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This article reports that the age period 9 months to 2 years is associated with a high incidence of activation of type 1 diabetes associated autoimmunity in genetically at-risk children.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"1077_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3514-y","volume":"58","author":"JP Krischer","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u2022 Krischer JP, Lynch KF, Schatz DA, Ilonen J, Lernmark A, Hagopian WA, et al. The 6 year incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies in genetically at-risk children: the TEDDY study. Diabetologia. 2015;58(5):980\u20137. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-015-3514-y\n                      \n                    . Collaborative study that shows evidence for the appearance of autoantibodies very early in life The incidence of IAA peaks within the first year of life and declines over the following 5 years, but GADA only increases until the second year and remains relatively constant.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"1077_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4460-7","volume":"61","author":"N Lietzen","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Lietzen N, An LTT, Jaakkola MK, Kallionpaa H, Oikarinen S, Mykkanen J, et al. Enterovirus-associated changes in blood transcriptomic profiles of children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2018;61(2):381\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4460-7\n                      \n                    . Innovative study that used genome-wide transcriptomics data to characterise EV-associated changes in whole-blood samples from children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"1077_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1777","volume":"63","author":"RC Ferreira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferreira RC, Guo H, Coulson RM, Smyth DJ, Pekalski ML, Burren OS, et al. A type I interferon transcriptional signature precedes autoimmunity in children genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes. 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Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor expression is enhanced in pancreas from patients with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2016;4(1):e000219. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000219\n                      \n                    . This article shows that CAR is expressed in the pancreas and its expression is enhanced in T1D patients, favoring a potential EV infection.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1077_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1297-z","volume":"47","author":"P Ylipaasto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ylipaasto P, Klingel K, Lindberg AM, Otonkoski T, Kandolf R, Hovi T, et al. Enterovirus infection in human pancreatic islet cells, islet tropism in vivo and receptor involvement in cultured islet beta cells. 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This study characterizes the expression of CAR and concludes that CAR-SIV, the predominant isoform of CAR, is expressed in beta cells and is located in the cytoplasm, colocalizing with insulin.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1077_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06990","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.06990.","volume":"4","author":"L Marroqui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marroqui L, Lopes M. dos Santos RS, Grieco FA, Roivainen M, Richardson SJ et al. differential cell autonomous responses determine the outcome of coxsackievirus infections in murine pancreatic alpha and beta cells. elife. 2015;4:e06990. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.06990.","journal-title":"elife"},{"issue":"6","key":"1077_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1276-0","volume":"52","author":"SJ Richardson","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u2022 Richardson SJ, Willcox A, Bone AJ, Foulis AK, Morgan NG. The prevalence of enteroviral capsid protein vp1 immunostaining in pancreatic islets in human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52(6):1143\u201351. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-009-1276-0\n                      \n                    . This study reports that VP1 is commonly found in the islets of recent-onset T1D patients compared to controls.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"1077_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4067-4","volume":"59","author":"SJ Richardson","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Richardson SJ, Rodriguez-Calvo T, Gerling IC, Mathews CE, Kaddis JS, Russell MA, et al. Islet cell hyperexpression of HLA class I antigens: a defining feature in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2016;59(11):2448\u201358. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-016-4067-4\n                      \n                    . This collaborative study analyzed samples from the EADB, nPOD and DiViD cohort. It describes hyperexpression of HLA class I molecules as a defining feature of T1D.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"1077_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4536-4","volume":"61","author":"A Coomans de Brachene","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022 Coomans de Brachene A, Dos Santos RS, Marroqui L, Colli ML, Marselli L, Mirmira RG, et al. IFN-alpha induces a preferential long-lasting expression of MHC class I in human pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia. 2018;61(3):636\u201340. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4536-4\n                      \n                    . This study shows that HLA-I overexpression can be maintained for long time after the inflammatory stimuli has dissapeared.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"1077_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155415576543","volume":"63","author":"T Rodriguez-Calvo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Calvo T, Suwandi JS, Amirian N, Zapardiel-Gonzalo J, Anquetil F, Sabouri S, et al. Heterogeneity and Lobularity of pancreatic pathology in type 1 diabetes during the Prediabetic phase. J Histochem Cytochem. 2015;63(8):626\u201336. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1369\/0022155415576543\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1077_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4177-z","volume":"60","author":"H Honkanen","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 Honkanen H, Oikarinen S, Nurminen N, Laitinen OH, Huhtala H, Lehtonen J, et al. Detection of enteroviruses in stools precedes islet autoimmunity by several months: possible evidence for slowly operating mechanisms in virus-induced autoimmunity. Diabetologia. 2017;60(3):424\u201331. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-016-4177-z\n                      \n                    . This article suggest that EV infections diagnosed by detecting viral RNA in stools are associated with the development of islet autoimmunity with a time lag of several months.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"1077_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2305-3","volume":"54","author":"ML Simonen-Tikka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simonen-Tikka ML, Pflueger M, Klemola P, Savolainen-Kopra C, Smura T, Hummel S, et al. Human enterovirus infections in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes: the Babydiet study. 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PLoS One. 2011;6(3):e18022. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0018022\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"1077_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0619","volume":"63","author":"OH Laitinen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laitinen OH, Honkanen H, Pakkanen O, Oikarinen S, Hankaniemi MM, Huhtala H, et al. Coxsackievirus B1 is associated with induction of beta-cell autoimmunity that portends type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2014;63(2):446\u201355. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db13-0619\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"5671","key":"1077_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5671.627","volume":"3","author":"DR Gamble","year":"1969","unstructured":"Gamble DR, Kinsley ML, FitzGerald MG, Bolton R, Taylor KW. Viral antibodies in diabetes mellitus. Br Med J. 1969;3(5671):627\u201330.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1077_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12097","volume":"15","author":"A Pugliese","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pugliese A, Yang M, Kusmarteva I, Heiple T, Vendrame F, Wasserfall C, et al. The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation network for pancreatic organ donors with diabetes (nPOD) program: goals, operational model and emerging findings. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(1):1\u20139. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12097\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"1077_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0530-0.","volume":"14","author":"A Pugliese","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pugliese A, Vendrame F, Reijonen H, Atkinson MA, Campbell-Thompson M, Burke GW. New insight on human type 1 diabetes biology: nPOD and nPOD-transplantation. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14(10):530. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-014-0530-0.","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"}],"container-title":["Current Diabetes Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11892-018-1077-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11892-018-1077-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11892-018-1077-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T23:22:25Z","timestamp":1568848945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11892-018-1077-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-018-1077-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-4827","1539-0829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-4827","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-0829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo declares that she has no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"106"}}