{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T15:10:54Z","timestamp":1777993854348,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Diab Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01419-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T06:02:27Z","timestamp":1639375347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neighbourhood Walkability and Risk of Diabetes: Causal Relationship or Epidemiologic Association?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Horwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1989-027X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Retnakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1419_CR1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2019. http:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org (accessed July 5, 2021)"},{"key":"1419_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","volume":"384","author":"M Ng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980\u20132013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384:766\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1419_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.4.537","volume":"20","author":"XR Pan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:537\u201344.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1419_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105033441801","volume":"344","author":"J Tuomilehto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tuomilehto J, Lindstr\u00f6m J, Eriksson JG, et al. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343\u201350.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1419_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512","volume":"346","author":"WC Knowler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393\u2013403.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000938","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000938","volume":"8","author":"S Kew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kew S, Ye C, Mehmood S, Hanley AJ, Sermer M, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Neighbourhood walkability and risk of gestational diabetes. BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2020;8(1):e000938.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab Res Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"1419_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.8.2404","volume":"54","author":"AE Kitabchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kitabchi AE, Temprosa M, Knowler WC, Kahn SE, Fowler SE, Haffner SM, Andres R, Saudek C, Edelstein SL, Arakaki R, Murphy MB, Shamoon H, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Role of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the evolution of type 2 diabetes in the diabetes prevention program: effects of lifestyle intervention and metformin. Diabetes. 2005;54(8):2404\u201314.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010078","volume":"15","author":"T Dendup","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dendup T, Feng X, Clingan S, Astell-Burt T. Environmental risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):78.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0997-z","volume":"16","author":"NR den Braver","year":"2018","unstructured":"den Braver NR, Lakerveld J, Rutters F, Schoonmade LJ, Brug J, Beulens JWJ. Built environmental characteristics and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):12.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1419_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.06.002","volume":"129","author":"H Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee H, Kang HM, Ko YJ, et al. Influence of urban neighbourhood environment on physical activity and obesity-related diseases. Public Health. 2015;129(9):1204\u201310.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"1419_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-755","volume":"13","author":"F M\u00fcller-Riemenschneider","year":"2013","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Riemenschneider F, Pereira G, Villanueva K, et al. Neighborhood walkability and cardiometabolic risk factors in Australian adults: An observational study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:755.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1419_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0777","volume":"36","author":"GL Booth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Booth GL, Creatore MI, Moineddin R, Gozdyra P, Weyman JT, Matheson FI, Glazier RH. Unwalkable neighborhoods, poverty, and the risk of diabetes among recent immigrants to Canada compared with long-term residents. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(2):302\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1419_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.05.001","volume":"28","author":"C Paquet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paquet C, Coffee NT, Haren MT, Howard NJ, Adams RJ, Taylor AW, Daniel M. Food environment, walkability, and public open spaces are associated with incident development of cardio-metabolic risk factors in a biomedical cohort. Health Place. 2014;28:173\u20136.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"1419_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2014.10.011","volume":"31","author":"K Sundquist","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sundquist K, Eriksson U, Mezuk B, Ohlsson H. Neighborhood walkability, deprivation and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A population-based study on 512,061 Swedish adults. Health Place. 2015;31:24\u201330.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"1419_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Creatore MI, Glazier RH, Moineddin R, et al.\u00a0 2016\u00a0Association of neighborhood walkability with change in overweight, obesity, and diabetes. JAMA.\u00a0315(20):2211\u20132220. In this longitudinal study, over 12-years follow-up, the least walkable neighbourhoods had increased rates of overweight\/obesity, while the most walkable areas had decreased incidence of diabetes, thereby suggesting that walkability may be related to these metabolic outcomes.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5898"},{"issue":"4","key":"1419_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-210510","volume":"73","author":"GL Booth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Booth GL, Creatore MI, Luo J, et al. Neighbourhood walkability and the incidence of diabetes: An inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2019;73(4):287\u201394.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"1419_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.04.070","volume":"132","author":"NA Howell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howell NA, Tu JV, Moineddin R, et al. Interaction between neighborhood walkability and traffic-related air pollution on hypertension and diabetes: The CANHEART cohort. Environ Int. 2019;132:104799.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"1419_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.07.033","volume":"50","author":"AG Rundle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rundle AG, Sheehan DM, Quinn JW, Bartley K, Eisenhower D, Bader MMD, Lovasi GS, Neckerman KM. Using GPS data to study neighborhood walkability and physical activity. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(3):e65\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"1419_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5635","volume":"315","author":"AG Rundle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rundle AG, Heymsfield SB. Can walkable urban design play a role in reducing the incidence of obesity-related conditions? JAMA. 2016;315(20):2175\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0485-x","volume":"20","author":"N Kartschmit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kartschmit N, Sutcliffe R, Sheldon MP, et al. Walkability and its association with prevalent and incident diabetes among adults in different regions of Germany: results of pooled data from five German cohorts. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020;20(1):7.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"22","key":"1419_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8643","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228643","volume":"17","author":"MR Keats","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keats MR, Cui Y, DeClercq V, Grandy SA, Sweeney E, Dummer TJB. Associations between neighborhood walkability, physical activity, and chronic disease in Nova Scotian adults: An Atlantic PATH cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):8643.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1419_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16040622","volume":"16","author":"Y Liao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liao Y, Lin CY, Lai TF, Chen YJ, Kim B, Park JH. Walk score\u00ae and its associations with older adults\u2019 health behaviors and outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(4):622.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0849-7","volume":"16","author":"M Chandrabose","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chandrabose M, Cerin E, Mavoa S, et al. Neighborhood walkability and 12-year changes in cardio-metabolic risk: The mediating role of physical activity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16(1):86.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"4","key":"1419_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013889","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013889","volume":"7","author":"CK Loo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loo CK, Greiver M, Aliarzadeh B, Lewis D. Association between neighbourhood walkability and metabolic risk factors influenced by physical activity: A cross-sectional study of adults in Toronto, Canada. BMJ Open. 2017;7(4):e013889.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"1419_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4160","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8114160","volume":"8","author":"DT Duncan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Duncan DT, Aldstadt J, Whalen J, Melly SJ, Gortmaker SL. Validation of Walk Score\u00ae for estimating neighborhood walkability: An analysis of four US metropolitan areas. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(11):4160\u201379.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85295","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085295","volume":"9","author":"RH Glazier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Glazier RH, Creatore MI, Weyman JT, et al. Density, destinations or both? A comparison of measures of walkability in relation to transportation behaviors, obesity and diabetes in Toronto. Canada PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85295.","journal-title":"Canada. PLoS One."},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12759","volume":"20","author":"M Chandrabose","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chandrabose M, Rachele JN, Gunn L, et al. Built environment and cardio-metabolic health: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Obes Rev. 2019;20(1):41\u201354.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1419_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102560","volume":"69","author":"NR Braver","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braver NR, Rutters F, Wagtendonk AJ, et al. Neighborhood walkability, physical activity and changes in glycemic markers in people with type 2 diabetes: The Hoorn Diabetes Care System cohort. Heal Place. 2021;69:102560.","journal-title":"Heal Place."},{"key":"1419_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.03.014","author":"SE Conderino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Conderino SE, Feldman JM, Spoer B, Gourevitch MN, Thorpe LE. Social and economic differences in neighborhood walkability across 500 U.S. cities. Am J Prev Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.03.014.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000908","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000908","volume":"8","author":"GS Fazli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fazli GS, Moineddin R, Chu A, Bierman AS, Booth GL. Neighborhood walkability and pre-diabetes incidence in a multiethnic population. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(1):e000908.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"1419_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-7-75","volume":"7","author":"S Dogra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dogra S, Meisner BA, Ardern CI. Variation in mode of physical activity by ethnicity and time since immigration: A cross-sectional analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7:75.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"4","key":"1419_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13040423","volume":"13","author":"R Ngom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ngom R, Gosselin P, Blais C, Rochette L. Type and proximity of green spaces are important for preventing cardiovascular morbidity and diabetes\u2014a cross-sectional study for Quebec, Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(4):423.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1419_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.12.007","volume":"46","author":"S Hsieh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hsieh S, Klassen AC, Curriero FC, et al. Fast-food restaurants, park access, and insulin resistance among Hispanic youth. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46(4):378\u201387.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1419_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-20","volume":"13","author":"A Tamosiunas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tamosiunas A, Grazuleviciene R, Luksiene D, et al. Accessibility and use of urban green spaces, and cardiovascular health: Findings from a Kaunas cohort study. Environ Health. 2014;13(1):20.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"1419_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013146","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013146","volume":"8","author":"NA Howell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howell NA, Tu JV, Moineddin R, Chu A, Booth GL. Association between neighborhood walkability and predicted 10-year cardiovascular disease risk: The CANHEART (Cardiovascular Health in Ambulatory Care Research Team) cohort. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(21):e013146.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1419_CR36","first-page":"5312","volume":"107","author":"JY Polsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polsky JY, Moineddin R, Glazier RH, Dunn JR, Booth GL. Relative and absolute availability of fast-food restaurants in relation to the development of diabetes: A population-based cohort study. Can J Public Health. 2016;107(Suppl 1):5312.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"1419_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.302","volume":"169","author":"AH Auchincloss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Auchincloss AH, Diez Roux AV, Mujahid MS, Shen M, Bertoni AG, Carnethon MR. Neighborhood resources for physical activity and healthy foods and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(18):1698\u2013704.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1419_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.12.036","volume":"146","author":"A Recio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Recio A, Linares C, Banegas JR, D\u00edaz J. Road traffic noise effects on cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic health: An integrative model of biological mechanisms. Environ Res. 2016;146:359\u201370.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1419_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"087025","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1279","volume":"125","author":"C Clark","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clark C, Sbihi H, Tamburic L, Brauer M, Frank LD, Davies HW. Association of long-term exposure to transportation noise and traffic-related air pollution with the incidence of diabetes: A prospective cohort study. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(8):087025.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"10","key":"1419_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12480","volume":"31","author":"C Heidemann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heidemann C, Niemann H, Paprott R, Du Y, Rathmann W, Scheidt-Nave C. Residential traffic and incidence of type 2 diabetes: The German Health Interview and Examination Surveys. Diabet Med. 2014;31(10):1269\u201376.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"1419_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Ludwig J, Sanbonmatsu L, Gennetian L, Adam E, Duncan GJ, Katz LF, Kessler RC, Kling JR, Lindau ST, Whitaker RC, McDade TW. 2011 Neighborhoods, obesity, and diabetes--a randomized social experiment. N Engl J Med\u00a0. 365(16):1509\u20131519. This natural social experiment provides some support for the concept that neighbourhood factors may affect the risks of obesity and diabetes","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1103216"}],"container-title":["Current Diabetes Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11892-021-01419-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11892-021-01419-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11892-021-01419-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T15:15:07Z","timestamp":1642086907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11892-021-01419-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-021-01419-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-4827","1539-0829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-4827","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-0829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"RR reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and personal fees from Novo Nordisk, personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from Eli Lilly, outside the submitted work; JH has nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"57"}}