{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:21:29Z","timestamp":1788585689979,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 DK138047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK138047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Diab Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bariatric surgery is a highly effective treatment for obesity that yields durable weight loss with significant improvement or resolution of T2D and other weight-related chronic cardiometabolic diseases. While the advantages of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), the most performed bariatric surgery procedure, include procedural simplicity, short operating time, lower complication rate, durable weight loss, and significant improvement including remission of type 2 diabetes, a major drawback is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The purpose of this review is to summarize the prevalence of and predictors of GERD after LSG, physiological mechanisms that explain the risk, and novel surgical management and strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Studies note high rates of\n                      <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      GERD and worsening of pre-existing GERD following LSG; however, estimates vary due to inconsistent definitions and length of follow-ups across the cohorts. Physiological studies demonstrate that LSG increases intragastric pressure and esophageal acid exposure in conjunction with specific anatomic alterations, which together can explain the rise in reflux seen postoperatively. Preoperative reflux, including undiagnosed preoperative GERD, is the strongest predictor of postoperative GERD. For patients with persistent GERD symptoms, conversion to gastric bypass is a common treatment, and experimental work suggests that adaptations of principles from fundoplication to sleeve anatomy can offer a pathway to minimize LSG-induced reflux.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future studies should be aimed at determining which elements of the antireflux barrier that must be preserved or reconstructed to reduce reflux after LSG. Additionally, there is a need to fully understand how the mechanics of fundoplication can be adapted and applied to sleeve anatomy to create a reliable antireflux barrier.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-025-01617-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T02:17:38Z","timestamp":1769653058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of GERD with Sleeve Gastrectomy: An Unintended Consequence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jonanne","family":"Talebloo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishore M.","family":"Gadde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravinder K.","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ninh T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emmerich SD, Fryar CD, Stierman B, Ogden CL. Obesity and severe obesity prevalence in adults: united States, August 2021-August 2023. NCHS Data Brief. 2024;(508). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc\/159281","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/159281"},{"issue":"10481","key":"1617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00355-1","volume":"405","author":"GBD Adult BMI Collaborators","year":"2025","unstructured":"GBD Adult BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990\u20132021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2025;405(10481):813\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00355-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.011","volume":"71","author":"KM Gadde","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gadde KM, Martin CK, Berthoud HR, Heymsfield SB. Obesity: pathophysiology and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(1):69\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.011.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10397","key":"1617_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6","volume":"402","author":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators","year":"2023","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01301-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1617_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304269","volume":"63","author":"HB El-Serag","year":"2014","unstructured":"El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC, Dent J. Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2014;63(6):871\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304269.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62795-1","volume":"10","author":"JS Nirwan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nirwan JS, Hasan SS, Babar ZU, Conway BR, Ghori MU. Global prevalence and risk factors of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD): systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):5814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-62795-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"1617_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.12.014","volume":"158","author":"SD Delshad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delshad SD, Almario CV, Chey WD, Spiegel BMR. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and proton pump inhibitor-refractory symptoms. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(5):1250-61.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.12.014.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1617_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.04.010","volume":"51","author":"AI Sharara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharara AI, Rustom LBO, Bou Daher H, Rimmani HH, Shayto RH, Minhem M, et al. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux and risk factors for erosive esophagitis in obese patients considered for bariatric surgery. Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51(10):1375\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2019.04.010.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1159\/000516050","volume":"37","author":"A Thalheimer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thalheimer A, Bueter M. Excess body weight and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Visc Med. 2021;37(4):267\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000516050.","journal-title":"Visc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1617_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-3-200508020-00006","volume":"143","author":"H Hampel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hampel H, Abraham NS, El-Serag HB. Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(3):199\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-143-3-200508020-00006.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1617_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2020.1764348","volume":"14","author":"F Schlottmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schlottmann F, Dreifuss NH, Patti MG. Obesity and esophageal cancer: GERD, Barrett\u00b4s esophagus, and molecular carcinogenic pathways. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;14(6):425\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17474124.2020.1764348.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1617_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i10.1585","volume":"13","author":"LA Anderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anderson LA, Watson RG, Murphy SJ, Johnston BT, Comber H, Mc Guigan J, et al. Risk factors for barrett\u2019s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: results from the FINBAR study. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(10):1585\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v13.i10.1585.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1617_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.05.009","volume":"11","author":"S Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh S, Sharma AN, Murad MH, Buttar NS, El-Serag HB, Katzka DA, et al. Central adiposity is associated with increased risk of esophageal inflammation, metaplasia, and adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(11):1399\u2013e4127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.05.009.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1617_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys176","volume":"41","author":"C Hoyo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoyo C, Cook MB, Kamangar F, Freedman ND, Whiteman DC, Bernstein L, et al. Body mass index in relation to oesophageal and oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas: a pooled analysis from the International BEACON Consortium. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(6):1706\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dys176.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1617_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i10.3085","volume":"21","author":"XM Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun XM, Tan JC, Zhu Y, Lin L. Association between diabetes mellitus and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(10):3085\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v21.i10.3085.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1617_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bertin L, Savarino V, Marabotto E, Ghisa M, de Bortoli N, Savarino EV. Pathophysiology Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Digestion. 2025;1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000547023.","DOI":"10.1159\/000547023"},{"issue":"9","key":"1617_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.7326\/annals-24-03420","volume":"178","author":"Y Noh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Noh Y, Yin H, Yu OHY, Bitton A, Azoulay L. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2025;178(9):1268\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/annals-24-03420.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1617_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1700459","volume":"377","author":"TD Adams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adams TD, Davidson LE, Litwin SE, Kim J, Kolotkin RL, Nanjee MN, et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes 12 years after gastric bypass. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1143\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1700459.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1617_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12567","volume":"324","author":"DE Arterburn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arterburn DE, Telem DA, Kushner RF, Courcoulas AP. Benefits and risks of bariatric surgery in adults: a review. JAMA. 2020;324(9):879\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.12567.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"22","key":"1617_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.5988","volume":"311","author":"L Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P, Ahlin S, Andersson-Assarsson J, Anveden \u00c5, et al. Association of bariatric surgery with long-term remission of type 2 diabetes and with microvascular and macrovascular complications. JAMA. 2014;311(22):2297\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.5988.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10271","key":"1617_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32649-0","volume":"397","author":"G Mingrone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, Guidone C, Iaconelli A, Capristo E, et al. Metabolic surgery versus conventional medical therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: 10-year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10271):293\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32649-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"1617_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7326\/m19-3781","volume":"173","author":"CA Schiavon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schiavon CA, Bhatt DL, Ikeoka D, Santucci EV, Santos RN, Damiani LP, et al. Three-year outcomes of bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and hypertension\u202f: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(9):685\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/m19-3781.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1617_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.004","volume":"129","author":"SP Heffron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heffron SP, Parikh A, Volodarskiy A, Ren-Fielding C, Schwartzbard A, Nicholson J, et al. Changes in lipid profile of obese patients following contemporary bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2016;129(9):952\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.004.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"10390","key":"1617_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)00634-7","volume":"401","author":"O Verrastro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verrastro O, Panunzi S, Castagneto-Gissey L, De Gaetano A, Lembo E, Capristo E, et al. Bariatric-metabolic surgery versus lifestyle intervention plus best medical care in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (BRAVES): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2023;401(10390):1786\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)00634-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"1617_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14619","volume":"320","author":"DP Fisher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fisher DP, Johnson E, Haneuse S, Arterburn D, Coleman KJ, O\u2019Connor PJ, et al. Association between bariatric surgery and macrovascular disease outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe obesity. JAMA. 2018;320(15):1570\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.14619.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"28","key":"1617_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa069","volume":"41","author":"O Moussa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moussa O, Ardissino M, Heaton T, Tang A, Khan O, Ziprin P, et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on long-term cardiovascular outcomes: a nationwide nested cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(28):2660\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa069.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1617_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0236","volume":"39","author":"F Rubino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rubino F, Nathan DM, Eckel RH, Schauer PR, Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ, et al. Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes: a joint statement by international diabetes organizations. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(6):861\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-0236.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1617_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-024-07118-3","volume":"34","author":"L Angrisani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Angrisani L, Santonicola A, Iovino P, Palma R, Kow L, Prager G, et al. IFSO worldwide survey 2020\u20132021: current trends for bariatric and metabolic procedures. Obes Surg. 2024;34(4):1075\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-024-07118-3.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"1617_CR29","unstructured":"ASMBS. Estimate of bariatric surgery numbers, 2011\u20132023. https:\/\/asmbs.org\/resources\/estimate-of-bariatric-surgery-numbers\/. Accessed 25 Nov 2025."},{"issue":"7","key":"1617_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-017-2567-z","volume":"27","author":"Y Mandeville","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mandeville Y, Van Looveren R, Vancoillie PJ, Verbeke X, Vandendriessche K, Vuylsteke P, et al. Moderating the enthusiasm of sleeve gastrectomy: up to fifty percent of reflux symptoms after ten years in a consecutive series of one hundred laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomies. Obes Surg. 2017;27(7):1797\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-017-2567-z.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1617_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2016.11.029","volume":"13","author":"A Genco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Genco A, Soricelli E, Casella G, Maselli R, Castagneto-Gissey L, Di Lorenzo N, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett\u2019s esophagus after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a possible, underestimated long-term complication. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(4):568\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soard.2016.11.029.","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1617_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-017-2748-9","volume":"27","author":"DM Felsenreich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Felsenreich DM, Kefurt R, Schermann M, Beckerhinn P, Kristo I, Krebs M, et al. Reflux, Sleeve Dilation, and Barrett\u2019s Esophagus after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Long-Term Follow-Up. Obes Surg. 2017;27(12):3092\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-017-2748-9.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1617_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.4323","volume":"149","author":"CE DuPree","year":"2014","unstructured":"DuPree CE, Blair K, Steele SR, Martin MJ. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in patients with preexisting gastroesophageal reflux disease\u202f: a national analysis. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(4):328\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.4323.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"1617_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-025-08301-w","author":"I Ari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ari I, Himpens J, Loi P, Duray T, Barea M, Closset J. Long term outcomes of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in an academic center in Belgium (9 years follow-up). Obes Surg. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-025-08301-w.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"1617_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v17.i8.105607","volume":"17","author":"A Alzanbagi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alzanbagi A, Qureshi LA, Khan MS, Alotaibi S, Tashkhandi A, Alzahrani S, et al. Prevalence of Barrett\u2019s esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease 5 years after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a retrospective study. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2025;17(8):105607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4240\/wjgs.v17.i8.105607.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"1617_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1041889","volume":"13","author":"A Aili","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aili A, Maimaitiming M, Maimaitiyusufu P, Tusuntuoheti Y, Li X, Cui J, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux related changes after sleeve gastrectomy and sleeve gastrectomy with fundoplication: a retrospective single center study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1041889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1041889.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1617_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-01028-5","volume":"46","author":"HJ Nielsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nielsen HJ, Nedreb\u00f8 BG, Foss\u00e5 A, Andersen JR, Assmus J, Dagsland VH, et al. Seven-year trajectories of body weight, quality of life and comorbidities following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46(4):739\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-021-01028-5.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2011.10.019","volume":"8","author":"RJ Rosenthal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosenthal RJ, Diaz AA, Arvidsson D, Baker RS, Basso N, Bellanger D, et al. International sleeve gastrectomy expert panel consensus statement: best practice guidelines based on experience of >\u200912,000 cases. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(1):8\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soard.2011.10.019.","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1617_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/sla.0000000000003275","volume":"271","author":"KTD Yeung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeung KTD, Penney N, Ashrafian L, Darzi A, Ashrafian H. Does sleeve gastrectomy expose the distal esophagus to severe reflux? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2020;271(2):257\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/sla.0000000000003275.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"1617_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01593-5","volume":"48","author":"J Gormsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gormsen J, Sanberg J, G\u00f6genur I, Helgstrand F. Use of proton pump inhibitors after laparoscopic gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a nationwide register-based cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2024;48(11):1613\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-024-01593-5.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1617_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.20897","volume":"319","author":"R Peterli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peterli R, W\u00f6lnerhanssen BK, Peters T, Vetter D, Kr\u00f6ll D, Borb\u00e9ly Y, et al. Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on weight loss in patients with morbid obesity: the SM-BOSS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319(3):255\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.20897.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"1617_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.20313","volume":"319","author":"P Salminen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salminen P, Helmi\u00f6 M, Ovaska J, Juuti A, Leivonen M, Peromaa-Haavisto P, et al. Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on weight loss at 5 years among patients with morbid obesity: the SLEEVEPASS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319(3):241\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.20313.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"1617_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0055.2330","volume":"97","author":"A Kurmanskyi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kurmanskyi A, Tkachuk O, Kebkalo A. Gastroesophageal reflux disease after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: risk factors and diagnostic aspects. Pol Przegl Chir. 2025;97(5):31\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/01.3001.0055.2330.","journal-title":"Pol Przegl Chir"},{"key":"1617_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-025-12349-1","author":"GE Volk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Volk GE, Jhang J, Ma J, Haskins IN. The association of preexisting gastroesophageal reflux disease with thirty-day intervention following sleeve gastrectomy using the ACS-MBSAQIP database. Surg Endosc. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-025-12349-1.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"10","key":"1617_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6934","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-025-12091-8","volume":"39","author":"JO Chinn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chinn JO, Ruhi-Williams P, Shacker M, Esquivel MM, Garcia P, Clarke JO, et al. Mild to moderate GERD before sleeve: can we better predict post-operative GERD? Surg Endosc. 2025;39(10):6934\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-025-12091-8.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76330-z","volume":"14","author":"L Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin L, Huang XK, Gao ZY, Gu J, Zhang Z, Xu FQ, et al. Development and validation of a novel nomogram to predict worsening of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy using Lasso-logistic regression. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):25427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-76330-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"1617_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-021-05427-5","volume":"31","author":"H Soliman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soliman H, Coupaye M, Cohen-Sors B, Gorbatchef C, Dior M, Nebunu N, et al. Do preoperative esophageal pH monitoring and high-resolution manometry predict symptoms of GERD after sleeve gastrectomy? Obes Surg. 2021;31(8):3490\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-021-05427-5.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1617_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-017-2971-4","volume":"28","author":"S Althuwaini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Althuwaini S, Bamehriz F, Aldohayan A, Alshammari W, Alhaidar S, Alotaibi M, et al. Prevalence and predictors of gastroesophageal reflux disease after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2018;28(4):916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-017-2971-4.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1617_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-021-05207-7","volume":"26","author":"O Bellorin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bellorin O, Senturk JC, Cruz MV, Dakin G, Afaneh C. Predictive factors for developing GERD after sleeve gastrectomy: is preoperative endoscopy necessary? J Gastrointest Surg. 2022;26(5):1015\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11605-021-05207-7.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"13","key":"1617_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199703273361306","volume":"336","author":"RK Mittal","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mittal RK, Balaban DH. The esophagogastric junction. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(13):924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm199703273361306.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"1617_CR51","first-page":"7","volume":"38","author":"RK Mittal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mittal RK. Pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux: motility factors. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38(Suppl):7\u201312.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1617_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.017","volume":"159","author":"RK Mittal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mittal RK, Kumar D, Kligerman SJ, Zifan A. Three-dimensional pressure profile of the lower esophageal sphincter and crural diaphragm in patients with achalasia esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.017.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1617_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/26345161221126961","volume":"2","author":"NT Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen NT, Thosani NC, Canto MI, Chang K, Lipham J, Abu Dayyeh B, et al. The American Foregut Society White Paper on the Endoscopic Classification of Esophagogastric Junction Integrity. Foregut J Am Foregut Soc. 2022;2(4):339\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26345161221126961.","journal-title":"Foregut J Am Foregut Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/26345161241276454","volume":"5","author":"NT Nguyen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nguyen NT, Abu Dayyeh B, Chang K, Lipham J, Bell R, Buckley FP, et al. American Foregut Society Cooperative White Paper on Mechanisms of Pathologic Reflux and Antireflux Surgery. Foregut J Am Foregut Soc. 2025;5(1):16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26345161241276454.","journal-title":"Foregut J Am Foregut Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.3.1.1","volume":"3","author":"M Atkinson","year":"1962","unstructured":"Atkinson M. Mechanisms protecting against gastro-oesophageal reflux: a review. Gut. 1962;3(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.3.1.1.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"1617_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02071540","volume":"16","author":"AG Little","year":"1992","unstructured":"Little AG. Mechanisms of action of antireflux surgery: theory and fact. World J Surg. 1992;16(2):320\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02071540.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-022-06126-5","volume":"33","author":"L Poggi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poggi L, Bernui GM, Romani DA, Gavidia AF, Poggi LA. Persistent and de novo GERD after sleeve gastrectomy: manometric and pH-impedance study findings. Obes Surg. 2023;33(1):87\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-022-06126-5.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"1617_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-08182-3","volume":"35","author":"M Musella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Musella M, Vitiello A, Berardi G, Velotti N, Pesce M, Sarnelli G. Evaluation of reflux following sleeve gastrectomy and one anastomosis gastric bypass: 1-year results from a randomized open-label controlled trial. Surg Endosc. 2021;35(12):6777\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-020-08182-3.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"1617_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1463567","volume":"15","author":"G Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu G, Wang P, Ran S, Xue X, Meng H. Surgical treatment strategies for gastroesophageal reflux after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1463567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1463567.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7","key":"1617_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-025-02097-1","volume":"77","author":"CK Stier","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stier CK, T\u00e9oule P, Dayyeh BKA. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG): indications and results-a systematic review. Updates Surg. 2025;77(7):1915\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13304-025-02097-1.","journal-title":"Updates Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04216-z","volume":"25","author":"K Cao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao K, Zhai Z, Shi X, Jin Y, Ye C, Wu Y, et al. The short-term effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with his angle reconstruction (LSG-His) on gastroesophageal reflux disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025;25(1):611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04216-z.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1617_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaker A, Soffer E. Gastroesophageal reflux disease related to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Mini Invasive Surg. 2025;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/2574-1225.2024.105.","DOI":"10.20517\/2574-1225.2024.105"},{"issue":"3","key":"1617_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-025-07675-1","volume":"35","author":"NT Nguyen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nguyen NT, Gadde KM, Mittal RK. Flap valve-preserving vertical sleeve gastrectomy (INNOVATE-VSG): clinical trial study protocol. Obes Surg. 2025;35(3):1063\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-025-07675-1.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"1617_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-025-08362-x","author":"A Th\u00e1 Nassif","year":"2025","unstructured":"Th\u00e1 Nassif A, Th\u00e1 Nassif L, Nassif LS, Th\u00e1 de Oliveira E, Parmar C, Coutinho Teixeira de Freitas A. Evaluation of clinical score, esophageal manometry and pH monitoring before and after conversion from sleeve gastrectomy to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. Obes Surg. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-025-08362-x.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1617_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9610(05)80673-7","volume":"166","author":"GL Dunnington","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dunnington GL, DeMeester TR. Outcome effect of adherence to operative principles of Nissen fundoplication by multiple surgeons. The Department of Veterans Affairs Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Study Group. Am J Surg. 1993;166(6):654\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9610(05)80673-7.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1617_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14104-x","volume":"15","author":"R Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee R, Mittal RK, Chang KJ, Nguyen NT. Nature of antireflux barrier formed by Nissen fundoplication surgery. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):34047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-14104-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"1617_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2023.12.007","volume":"20","author":"JH Loo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Loo JH, Chue KM, Lim CH, Toh BC, Kariyawasam GMD, Ong LWL, et al. Effectiveness of sleeve gastrectomy plus fundoplication versus sleeve gastrectomy alone for treatment of patients with severe obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2024;20(6):532\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soard.2023.12.007.","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"}],"container-title":["Current Diabetes Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11892-025-01617-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11892-025-01617-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11892-025-01617-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:17:38Z","timestamp":1781630258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11892-025-01617-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-025-01617-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-0829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1539-0829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is a review article which reports previously published human studies and animal experiments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}},{"value":"JT and RKM declare no competing interests. KMG serves as a section editor for this journal, but took no part in the peer-review process for this article. NTN received honorarium as speaker from Merit Medical.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}