{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:13:55Z","timestamp":1790507635816,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]],"date-time":"2000-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":962409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Gastroenterol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-000-0023-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,19]],"date-time":"2007-05-19T19:46:00Z","timestamp":1179603960000},"page":"305-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Foodborne infections vectored by molluscan shellfish"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Thaddeus K.","family":"Graczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellogg J.","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"23_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199910000-00015","volume":"18","author":"J Munoz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Munoz J: Foodborne disease: seafood. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999, 18:910\u2013911.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"23_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00037-9","volume":"17","author":"BJ Wallace","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wallace BJ, Guzewich JJ, Cambridge M, et al.: Seafoodassociated outbreaks in New York, 1980-1994. Am J Prev Med 1999, 17:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"23_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.4.419","volume":"7","author":"SR Rippey","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rippey SR: Infectious diseases associated with molluscan shellfish consumption. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994, 7:419\u2013425.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"23_CR4","first-page":"309","volume":"11","author":"S Trevino","year":"1998","unstructured":"Trevino S: Fish and shellfish poisoning. Clin Lab Sci 1998, 11:309\u2013314.","journal-title":"Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"23_CR5","unstructured":"Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks: United States, 1988\u20131992. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996, 45:1\u201366."},{"key":"23_CR6","unstructured":"Multistate outbreak of viral gastroenteritis related to consumption of oysters: Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and North Carolina, 1993. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993, 42:495\u2013498."},{"key":"23_CR7","unstructured":"Viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of raw oysters: Florida, 1993. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994, 43:446\u2013449."},{"key":"23_CR8","unstructured":"Vibrio vulnificus infections associated with eating of raw oysters: Los Angeles, 1996. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996, 45:621\u2013614."},{"key":"23_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440220117015","volume":"157","author":"S McDonnell","year":"1997","unstructured":"McDonnell S, Kirkland KB, Hlady WG, et al.: Failure of cooking to prevent shellfish associated viral gastroenteritis. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:111\u2013116.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"23_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520300040034","volume":"273","author":"MA Kohn","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kohn MA, Farley TA, Ando T: An outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters: implications for maintaining safe oyster beds. JAMA 1995, 273:466\u2013471.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"23_CR11","first-page":"19","volume":"18","author":"ECD Todd","year":"1992","unstructured":"Todd ECD, Brown DJ, Rutheford M, et al.: Illness associated with seafood. Can Comm Dis Rep 1992, 18:19\u201323.","journal-title":"Can Comm Dis Rep"},{"key":"23_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00099-3","volume":"16","author":"SF Altekruse","year":"1999","unstructured":"Altekruse SF, Yang S, Timbo SS, et al.: A multi-state survey of consumer food-handling and food-consumption practices. Am J Prev Med 1999, 16:216\u2013221.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"23_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502","volume":"5","author":"PS Mead","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, et al.: Food-borne illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 1999, 5:607\u2013625. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of epidemiologic investigations. The authors have compiled and analyzed information from multiple surveillance systems of foodborne outbreaks and cases in the United States.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"23_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-43.6.435","volume":"43","author":"AHW Hauschild","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hauschild AHW, Bryan FL: Estimate of food and waterborne illnesses in Canada and United States. J Food Prot 1980, 43:435\u2013440.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"23_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-48.10.887","volume":"48","author":"DL Archer","year":"1985","unstructured":"Archer DL, Kvenberg JE: Incidence and costs of foodborne diarrheal disease in the United States. J Food Prot 1985, 48:887\u2013894.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"23_CR16","first-page":"319","volume":"106","author":"F Feldhusen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Feldhusen F: Seafood transmitted disease. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1990, 106:319\u2013325.","journal-title":"Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"23_CR17","first-page":"460","volume-title":"Microbial Foodborne Diseases: Mechanisms of Pathogenicity and Toxin-synthesis","author":"KJ Schwab","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schwab KJ, Estes MK, Atmar RL: Norwalk and other human caliciviruses: molecular characterization, epidemiology and pathogenesis. In Microbial Foodborne Diseases: Mechanisms of Pathogenicity and Toxin-synthesis. Edited by Cary JW, Linz JE, Bhatnager D. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing; 2000: 460\u2013493."},{"key":"23_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800052377","volume":"116","author":"IG Wilson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wilson IG, Moore JE: Presence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in shellfish. Epidemiol Infect 1996, 116:147\u2013153.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"23_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-99-4-558","volume":"99","author":"PA Blake","year":"1983","unstructured":"Blake PA: Vibrios on the half shell: what the walrus and carpenter didn't know. Ann Intern Med 1983, 99:558\u2013559.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"23_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420050107010","volume":"154","author":"JT Weber","year":"1994","unstructured":"Weber JT, Levine WC, Hopkins DP, et al.: Cholera in the United States, 1965-1991: risk at home and abroad. Arch Intern Med 1994, 154:551\u2013556.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"23_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1086\/515367","volume":"178","author":"RL Shapiro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shapiro RL, Altekruse S, Hutwagner L, et al.: The role of Gulf Coast oyster harvested in warmer months in Vibrio vulnificus in the United States, 1988-1996. J Inf Dis 1998, 178:752\u2013759.","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"key":"23_CR22","first-page":"536","volume":"80","author":"WG Hlady","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hlady WG, Mullen RC, Hopkins RS: Vibrio vulnificus from raw oysters: leading cause of reported deaths from foodborne illnesses in Florida. J Fla Med Assoc 1993, 80:536\u2013538.","journal-title":"J Fla Med Assoc"},{"key":"23_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-51.3.218","volume":"51","author":"GP Richards","year":"1988","unstructured":"Richards GP: Microbial purification of shellfish: a review of depuration and relaying. J Food Prot 1988, 51:218\u2013251.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"23_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.55.6.1386-1390.1989","volume":"55","author":"UF Power","year":"1989","unstructured":"Power UF, Collins JK: Differential depuration of poliovirus, Escherichia coli, and a coliphage by the common mussel, Mytilis edulis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989, 55:1386\u20131390.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"23_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-61.12.1674","volume":"61","author":"KJ Schwab","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schwab KJ, Neil FH, Estes MK, et al.: Distribution of Norwalk virus within shellfish following bioaccumulation and subsequent depuration by detection using RT-PCR. J Food Prot 1998, 61:1674\u20131680.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"23_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.1.213-218.2000","volume":"66","author":"KJ Schwab","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schwab KJ, Neil FH, Fankhauser RL, et al.: Development of method to detect Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hepatitis A in delicatessen foods: application to a food-borne NLV outbreak. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000, 66:213\u2013218. This paper describes development of molecular techniques that can be used in epidemiologic investigations of this nature.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"23_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-55.8.649","volume":"55","author":"GN Stelma","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stelma GN, McCabe LJ: Nonpoint pollution from animal sources and shellfish sanitation. J Food Prot 1992, 55:649\u2013656.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"23_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.3.1070-1074.1998","volume":"64","author":"R Fayer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fayer R, Graczyk TK, Lewis EJ, et al.: Survival of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the Chesapeake Bay. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64:1070\u20131074.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"23_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990513","volume":"5","author":"R Fayer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fayer R, Lewis EJ, Trout JM, et al.: Cryptosporidium parvum identification in oysters from commercial harvesting sites in the Chesapeake Bay. Emerg Infect Dis 1999, 5:706\u2013710. First report of Cryptosporidium parvum contamination in commercially harvested oysters. Molecular characteristics of the pathogen are included.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"23_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050590","volume":"85","author":"TK Graczyk","year":"1999","unstructured":"Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Lewis EJ, et al.: Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the Chesapeake Bay. Parasitol Res 1999, 85:518\u2013521.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"23_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01076-4","volume":"13","author":"TK Graczyk","year":"1997","unstructured":"Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Cranfield MR: Zoonotic potential of cross-transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum: implications for waterborne cryptosporidiosis. Parasitol Today 1997, 13:348\u2013351.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"23_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1999.3981","volume":"82","author":"TK Graczyk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Jenkins MC, et al.: Susceptibility of the Chesapeake Bay to environmental contamination with Cryptosporidium parvum. Environ Res 2000, 82:106\u2013112. This paper provides comprehensive descriptions of environmental point- and non-point sources of C. parvum in the Chesapeake Bay region and describes the ways in which the Bay is contaminated with this zoonotic protozoan pathogen.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"23_CR33","first-page":"265","volume":"82","author":"TK Graczyk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graczyk TK, Evans BM, Shiff CJ, et al.: Environmental and geographical factors contributing to contamination of watershed with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Environ Res 2000, 82:265\u2013271.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"23_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.18.1.135","volume":"18","author":"JB Rose","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rose JB: Environmental ecology of Cryptosporidium and public health implications. Ann Rev Public Health 1997, 18:135\u2013161.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Public Health"},{"key":"23_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(96)00996-8","volume":"30","author":"CP Gerba","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gerba CP, Rose JB, Haas CN: Sensitive population: who is at the greatest risk? Int J Food Microbiol 1996, 30:113\u2013123.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Current Gastroenterology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11894-000-0023-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11894-000-0023-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11894-000-0023-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T05:32:52Z","timestamp":1587533572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11894-000-0023-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]}},"alternative-id":["23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11894-000-0023-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1522-8037","1534-312X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1522-8037","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-312X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]}}}