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Gastroenterology 1994, 107:1103\u20131109.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"28_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12925","volume":"21","author":"EM Brunt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brunt EM: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: definition and pathology. Semin Liver Dis 2001, 21:3\u201316. A comprehensive and authoritative description of hepatic histology in NASH, which is essential to definitive diagnosis. Possible differences between histology in adults and children with NASH have not yet been determined.","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"28_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220616","volume":"22","author":"MR Teli","year":"1995","unstructured":"Teli MR, James OF, Burt AD, et al.: The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow-up study. 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This large (n=90) clinical study of NASH showed family clustering of the disease, with multiple generations involved in some families.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"28_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.25453","volume":"7","author":"M Charlton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Charlton M, Kasparova P, Weston S, et al.: Frequency of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as a cause of advanced liver disease. Liver Transpl 2001, 7:608\u2013614. In this large study NASH progressing to chronic liver failure was the indication for liver transplantation in approximately 3% of patients who underwent liver transplantation between 1993 and 1998. NASH recurred in one third of these end-stage NASH patients after the transplant.","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"28_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.24644","volume":"7","author":"J Ong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ong J, Younossi ZM, Reddy V, et al.: Cryptogenic cirrhosis and posttransplantation nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Transpl 2001, 7:797\u2013801. This retrospective review showed that patients who undergo liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis often have clinical features prior to transplant that are consistent with NAFLD and have a propensity for developing NASH in the graft after transplant.","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"28_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.23011","volume":"7","author":"MJ Contos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Contos MJ, Cales W, Sterling RK, et al.: Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after orthotopic liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2001, 7:363\u2013373. This report describes a retrospective study of patients with apparent NASH who underwent liver transplantation. Patients who underwent transplant for chronic cholestatic disease and those who underwent transplant for alcoholic liver disease were compared after the transplant. Nearly all NASH patients developed steatosis in the liver grafts over time.","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"28_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33324","volume":"35","author":"V Ratziu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ratziu V, Bonyhay L, Di Martino V, et al.: Survival, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma in obesity-related cryptogenic cirrhosis. Hepatology 2002, 35:1485\u20131493. This study of adults with NASH-associated cirrhosis demonstrated an incidence level of hepatocellular carcinoma that was similar to the incidence of cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis C.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"28_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00099-5","volume":"37","author":"M Shimada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shimada M, Hashimoto E, Taniai M, et al.: Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2002, 37:154\u2013160. Six adult patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are described. All had cirrhosis when the hepatocellular carcinoma was discovered.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"28_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00271-5","volume":"107","author":"G Marchesini","year":"1999","unstructured":"Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli-Labate AM, et al.: Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 1999, 107:450\u2013455.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"28_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80301-8","volume":"31","author":"E Tankurt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tankurt E, Biberoglu S, Ellidokuz E, et al.: Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. 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This detailed and carefully designed study comparing adults with fatty liver or NASH with slightly younger control subjects showed that insulin resistance was associated with simple fatty liver and NASH.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"28_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.28055","volume":"34","author":"V Paradis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paradis V, Perlemuter G, Bonvoust F, et al.: High glucose and hyperinsulinemia stimulate connective tissue growth factor expression: a potential mechanism involved in progression to fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2001, 34:738\u2013744. This study using liver biopsies from patients with NASH suggests that hyperglycemia and insulin are upregulated connective tissue growth factor and thus lead to fibrosis in patients with NASH.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"28_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30690","volume":"35","author":"G Pagano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pagano G, Pacini G, Musso G, et al.: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: further evidence for an etiologic association. Hepatology 2002, 35:367\u2013372. 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The correlation with waist circumference was also significant.","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"28_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.1.e13","volume":"107","author":"M Visser","year":"2001","unstructured":"Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, et al.: Low-grade systemic inflammation in overweight children. Pediatrics 2001, 107:E13. Elevated serum C-reactive protein concentrations have been associated with coronary and peripheral vascular disease in adults, as well as with obesity. This study using data from NHANESIII demonstrated elevated serum C-reactive protein in overweight individuals aged from 8 to 16 years. This study may provide evidence for an inflammatory component in the disease mechanism of childhood NASH.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"28_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70253-1","volume":"130","author":"T Decsi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Decsi T, Molnar D, Koletzko B: Reduced plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in obese boys. J Pediatr 1997, 130:653\u2013655.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"28_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70409-9","volume":"134","author":"RS Strauss","year":"1999","unstructured":"Strauss RS: Comparison of serum concentrations of alphatocopherol and beta-carotene in a cross-sectional sample of obese and nonobese children (NHANES III). 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These investigators were the first to ascribe importance to acanthosis nigricans in pediatric NASH.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"28_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2000.tb139299.x","volume":"173","author":"ND Manton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Manton ND, Lipsett J, Moore DJ, et al.: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in children and adolescents. Med J Aust 2000, 173:476\u2013479. A clinical study of 17 children with NASH from Australia, all of whom underwent liver biopsy. It shows the range of findings in childhood NAFLD and examines a number of possible treatments.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"28_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01959.x","volume":"95","author":"N Kocak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kocak N, Yuce A, Gurakan F, Ozen H: Obesity: a cause of steatohepatitis in children. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95:1099\u20131100. A very brief description of NASH in Turkish children.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"28_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200210000-00006","volume":"14","author":"P Sathya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sathya P, Martin S, Alvarez F: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2002, 14:593\u2013600. Information regarding 27 children with NAFLD is included along with a comprehensive but uncritical review of NASH.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"28_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06003.x","volume":"97","author":"JP Molleston","year":"2002","unstructured":"Molleston JP, White F, Teckman J, Fitxgerald JF: Obese children with steatohepatitis can develop cirrhosis in childhood. Am Gastroenterol 2002, 97:2460\u20132462. This double case report specifically shows that pediatric NASH can lead to cirrhosis.","journal-title":"Am Gastroenterol"},{"key":"28_CR38","first-page":"727","volume":"136","author":"RS Strauss","year":"2000","unstructured":"Strauss RS, Barlow SE, Dietz WH: Prevalence of abnormal serum aminotransferase values in overweight and obese adolescents. J Pediatr 2000, 136:727\u2013733. Data on serum aminotransferase levels in 2450 children from the NHANESIII study showed that 6% of overweight adolescents and 10% of obese adolescents had elevated serum ALT. Other findings included elevated glycolated hemoglobin, hypertriglyceridemia, and lower serum levels of antioxidants.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"28_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)26774-7","volume":"136","author":"P Vajro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vajro P, Franzese A, Valerio G, et al.: Lack of efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of liver abnormalities in obese children. J Pediatr 2000, 136:739\u2013743. A small but carefully designed randomized, controlled three-arm trial comparing weight reduction diet, ursodiol alone, and diet plus ursodiol as treatment for children with NAFLD.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"28_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.154.9.947","volume":"154","author":"LE Spieth","year":"2000","unstructured":"SpiethLE, Harnish JD, Lenders CM, et al.: A low-glycemic index diet in the treatment of pediatric obesity. 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A comprehensive review of the glycemic index and the physiologic rationale for the low-glycemic index diet.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"28_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801838","volume":"25","author":"GS Goldfield","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goldfield GS, Epstein LH, Kilanowski CK, et al.: Cost-effectiveness of group and mixed family-based treatment for childhood obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001, 25:1843\u20131849. A randomized trial examining individualized plus group treatment versus group treatment alone in a behavioral family-based treatment program to deal with obesity. This study found that the group format was more effective in achieving greater weight loss and reducing costs than the individualized and group approach combined.","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"28_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)05040-X","volume":"136","author":"JE Lavine","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lavine JE. Vitamin E treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children: a pilot study. J Pediatr 2000, 136:734\u2013738. A small uncontrolled study of oral vitamin E as treatment for pediatric NASH that showed improved serum aminotransferase levels with vitamin E administration and relapse to abnormal serum aminotransferase levels in selected children who stopped taking it.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"28_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06042-1","volume":"358","author":"G Marchesini","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, et al.: Metformin in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Lancet 2001, 358:893\u2013894. An open-label uncontrolled treatment trial of metformin plus weightloss diet in 20 consecutive adult patients with NASH (of whom six refused the drug and were followed as control subjects). In the patients treated with metformin, serum ALT decreased significantly and liver size diminished over the 4-month treatment period. A proper randomized, controlled trial is needed to assess this treatment modality completely.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"28_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2002.00013.x","volume":"19","author":"T Hermanns-Le","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hermanns-Le T, Hermanns JF, Pierard GE: Juvenile acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance. Pediatr Dermatol 2002, 19:12\u201314. A recent report of three obese adolescents with acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance with whom various treatment interventions were used.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"28_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2001.28078","volume":"50","author":"JP Kay","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kay JP, Alemzadeh R, Langley G, et al.: Beneficial effects of metformin in normoglycemic morbidly obese adolescents. Metabolism 2001, 50:1457\u20131461. This randomized, controlled trial of a low-calorie diet alone compared with the same diet plus metformin in obese adolescents (BMI>30) showed that the metformin plus diet strategy led to significantly greater weight loss than diet alone.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"28_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.1.89","volume":"25","author":"KL Jones","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jones KL, Arslanian S, Peterokova VA, et al.: Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:89\u201394. This trial examined the safety and efficacy of metformin in 82 children with type 2 diabetes mellitus.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"28_CR48","first-page":"373","volume":"15","author":"LG Nardo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nardo LG, Rai R: Metformin therapy in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: endocrine, metabolic and reproductive effects. 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Metformin treatment was tolerated well.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"28_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12931","volume":"21","author":"P Angulo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Angulo P, Lindor KD: Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver: present and emerging therapies. Semin Liver Dis 2001, 21:81\u201388. 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