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Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010, 16:112\u2013124. This article was coauthored by gastroenterologists from around the world and presents an approach to diagnosing and treating IBD from the perspective of different socioeconomic jurisdictions. The authors refer to this as a \u201ccascades\u201d approach, in which different tiers of approaches are based on different resources.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"144_CR2","unstructured":"Baumgart DC, Bernstein CN, Abbas Z, et al.: IBD around the world: comparing the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment: proceedings of the World Digestive Health Day 2010\u2014inflammatory bowel disease task force meeting. 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This paper review provides a resource of all reports of IBD epidemiology, and shows the trend in the rise of Crohn\u2019s disease relative to UC among children in most nations, particularly in the developed world.","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21349"},{"key":"144_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.122143","volume":"57","author":"CN Bernstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"\u2022 Bernstein CN, Shanahan F: Disorders of a modern lifestyle; reconciling the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2008, 57:1185\u20131191. This report summarizes trends in the epidemiology of IBD and what clues these trends present toward discerning disease etiology.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"144_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32832bfe05","volume":"22","author":"NN Salkic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salkic NN, Pavlocik-Salic N, Gegic A, et al.: Ulcerative colitis in the Tuzla region of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1995 and 2006: epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010, 22:346\u2013353.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"144_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x","volume":"160","author":"H Okada","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2022 Okada H, Kuhn C, Freillet H, Bach JF: The hygiene hypothesis for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update. Clin Exp Immunol 2010, 160:1\u20139. This report updates concepts regarding the hygiene hypothesis as a central underpinning toward the increase in chronic immune diseases.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"144_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00526.x","volume":"59","author":"M Masoli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R: The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 2004, 59:469\u2013478.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"144_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.059","volume":"134","author":"RB Sartor","year":"2008","unstructured":"\u2022 Sartor RB: Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2008,134:577\u2013594. This article reviews the evidence for gut dysbiosis in IBD.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"144_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082779","volume":"206","author":"M Fumagalli","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Fumagalli M, Pozzoli U, Cagliani R, et al.: Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions. J Exp Med 2010, 206:1395\u20131408. This article describes a complex study using two large, publically available databases: one that records the micro- and macropathogen environments affecting humans in several countries; and a second that records the patterns of single nucleotide polymorphisms in humans worldwide. Associating these two databases, the investigators determined that the presence of high richness of helminthes, in particular, exerted pressure on the evolution of genetic changes in several interleukin loci. The conclusion was that microbial environments led to genetic changes that ultimately could produce aberrant inflammatory cytokines leading to chronic immune diseases (eg, IBD).","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"144_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Shaw S, Blanchard JF, Bernstein CN: Association between the use of antibiotics in the first year of life and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2010, in press. In this study, a population-based database of patients with IBD and matched controls was used to show that children diagnosed with IBD before age 8 were more likely than matched controls to have used antibiotics within the first year of life.","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.398"},{"key":"144_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105","volume":"105","author":"H Sokol","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, et al.: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. 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However, this same finding was evident in patients with infectious colitis, suggesting that a reduction in these organisms may be secondary to reduced protection of the gut mucosa from different causes.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"144_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.04.001","volume":"137","author":"KO Gradel","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Gradel KO, Nielsen HL, Schonheyder HC, et al.: Increased short- and long-term risk of inflammatory bowel disease after Salmonella or Campylobacter gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology 2009, 137:495\u2013501. In two Danish counties, persons exposed to Salmonella and Campylobacter gastroenteritis identified in laboratory registries were compared with matched unexposed individuals (average follow-up of 7.5\u00a0years). The hazard ratio of first-time diagnosis of IBD among exposed to unexposed persons was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.4\u20132.6), if the first year after exposure was excluded. The hazard ratios were similarly increased for Crohn\u2019s disease and UC. Because these were hospitalized patients with infectious gastroenteritis who ultimately presented with IBD, it is unknown if the risk of milder or subclinical infectious gastroenteritis at inducing IBD might be different. 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This study unequivocally documents that appendicitis is associated with a reduction in incidence of UC, but that merely having an appendectomy (if the appendix is uninflamed) does not. Therefore, it is not that a proinflammatory effect of a normal appendix leads to UC, but rather that the presence and removal of an inflamed appendix is protective.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"144_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.140","volume":"105","author":"CN Bernstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Bernstein CN, Singh S, Graff LA, et al.: A prospective population-based study of triggers of symptomatic flares in IBD. Am J Gastroenterol 2010, 105:1994\u20132002. This article describes a population-based study in which subjects with IBD mailed in questionnaires every 3\u00a0months for 1\u00a0year, describing their symptoms, use of nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs or antibiotics, and experience of nonintestinal infections or stress. 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