{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:35:00Z","timestamp":1789446900008,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Gastroenterol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-013-0314-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,30]],"date-time":"2013-01-30T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1359517562000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Update in the Management of Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Seema A.","family":"Patil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond K.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"314_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197609000-00004","volume":"55","author":"AJ Greenstein","year":"1976","unstructured":"Greenstein AJ, Janowitz HD, Sachar DB. The extra- intestinal complications of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1976;55:401\u201312.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"314_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.343","volume":"106","author":"SR Vavricka","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Vavricka SR, Brun L, Ballabeni P, et al. Frequency and risk factors for extraintestinal manifestations in the Swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:110\u20139. This study is the most recent large epidemiologic study evaluating the prevalence of EIM in IBD.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"314_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.35396","volume":"123","author":"TR Orchard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Orchard TR, Chua CN, Ahmad T, et al. Uveitis and erythema nodosum in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical features and HLA genes. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:714\u20138.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"314_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01782.x","volume":"18","author":"EA Field","year":"2003","unstructured":"Field EA, Allan RB. Oral ulceration\u2013etiopathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and management in the gastrointestinal clinic. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:949\u201362.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"314_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(10)80164-8","volume":"51","author":"RO Greer Jr","year":"1993","unstructured":"Greer Jr RO, Lindenmuth JE, Juarez T, et al. A double-blind study of topically applied 5\u00a0% amlexanox in the treatment of aphthous ulcers. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;51:243\u20138.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"314_CR6","first-page":"1116","volume":"18","author":"WH Binnie","year":"1997","unstructured":"Binnie WH, Curro FA, Khandwala A, et al. Amlexanox oral paste: a novel treatment that accelerates the healing of aphthous ulcers. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1997;18:1116\u20138.","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Dent"},{"key":"314_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e318187cc9c","volume":"87","author":"D Farhi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Farhi D, Cosnes J, Zizi N, et al. Significance of erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum in inflammatory bowel diseases: a cohort study of 2402 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2008;87:281\u201393.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"314_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weedon D. The vasculopathic reaction pattern. In: Weedon\u2019s skin pathology, 3rd ed. Elsevier Limited; 2010. p. 195.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-3485-5.00009-7"},{"key":"314_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/095466301750163518","volume":"12","author":"CC Lyon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lyon CC, Stapleton M, Smith AJ, et al. Topical tacrolimus in the management of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. J Dermatol Treat. 2001;12:13\u20137.","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"314_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.393","volume":"147","author":"L Cleach Le","year":"2011","unstructured":"Le Cleach L, Moguelet P, Perrin P, et al. Is topical monotherapy effective for localized pyoderma gangrenosum? Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:101\u20133.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"314_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.10.006","volume":"53","author":"J Reichrath","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reichrath J, Bens G, Bonowitz A, et al. Treatment recommendations for pyoderma gangrenosum: an evidence-based review of the literature based on more than 350 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:273\u201383.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"314_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.074815","volume":"55","author":"TN Brooklyn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brooklyn TN, Dunnill GS, Shetty A, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Gut. 2006;55:505\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"314_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E153","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21723","volume":"17","author":"I Cari\u00f1anos","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Cari\u00f1anos I, Barreiro-De Acosta M, Dom\u00e8nech E. Adalimumab for pyoderma gangrenosum associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17:E153\u20134. This is a study investigating a new therapy for PG.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"314_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00710-8","volume":"130","author":"DA Jabs","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jabs DA, Mudun A, Dunn JP, et al. Episcleritis and scleritis: clinical features and treatment results. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130:469\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"314_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00659-0","volume":"130","author":"DA Jabs","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jabs DA, Rosenbaum JT, Foster CS, et al. Guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders: recommendations of an expert panel. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130:492\u2013513.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"314_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahn P, Weiss M, Imundo LF, et al. Favorable response to high-dose infliximab for refractory childhood uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.005"},{"key":"314_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.103721","volume":"91","author":"S Biester","year":"2007","unstructured":"Biester S, Deuter C, Michels H, et al. Adalimumab in the therapy of uveitis in childhood. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:319\u201324.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"314_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21197","volume":"52","author":"J Braun","year":"2005","unstructured":"Braun J, Baraliakos X, Listing J, et al. Decreased incidence of anterior uveitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with the anti-tumor necrosis factor agents infliximab and etanercept. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2447\u201351.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"314_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.7.903","volume":"123","author":"EB Suhler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suhler EB, Smith JR, Wertheim MS, et al. A prospective trial of infliximab therapy for refractory uveitis: preliminary safety and efficacy outcomes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:903\u201312.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"314_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.027","volume":"118","author":"JH Kempen","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Kempen JH, Altaweel MM, Holbrook JT, et al. Randomized comparison of systemic anti-inflammatory therapy versus fluocinolone acetonide implant for intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis: the multicenter uveitis steroid treatment trial. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):1916\u201326. This study introduces a novel therapeutic agent for refractory uveitis.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"314_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200112)44:12<2728::AID-ART459>3.0.CO;2-8","volume":"44","author":"S Smale","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smale S, Natt RS, Orchard TR, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and spondyloarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:2728\u201336.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"314_CR22","first-page":"703","volume":"83","author":"EM Gravallese","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gravallese EM, Kantrowitz FG. Arthritic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988;83:703\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"314_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.228866","volume":"60","author":"L Brakenhoff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brakenhoff L, van der Heijde D, Hommes W. IBD and arthropathies: a practical approach to its diagnosis and management. Gut. 2011;60:1426\u201335.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"314_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.12.002","volume":"4","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sandborn WJ, Stenson WF, Brynskov J, et al. Safety of celecoxib in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:203\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"314_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.041137","volume":"65","author":"J Zochling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. ASAS\/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:442\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"314_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06064.x","volume":"97","author":"H Herfarth","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herfarth H, Obermeier F, Andus T, et al. Improvement of arthritis and arthralgia after treatment with infliximab (Remicade) in a German prospective, open-label, multicenter trial in refractory Crohn\u2019s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2688\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"314_CR27","first-page":"2860","volume":"27","author":"K Vlam de","year":"2000","unstructured":"de Vlam K, Mielants H, Cuvelier C, et al. Spondyloarthropathy is underestimated in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and HLA association. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:2860\u20135.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"314_CR28","first-page":"1953","volume":"26","author":"J Oostveen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Oostveen J, Prevo R, den Boer J, et al. Early detection of sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance imaging and subsequent development of sacroiliitis on plain radiography. A prospective, longitudinal study. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:1953\u20138.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"314_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200006)43:6<1346::AID-ANR18>3.0.CO;2-E","volume":"43","author":"J Brandt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brandt J, Haibel H, Cornely D, et al. Successful treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody infliximab. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:1346\u201352.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"314_CR30","first-page":"1346","volume":"35","author":"DA Revicki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Revicki DA, Luo MP, Wordsworth P, et al. Adalimumab reduces pain, fatigue, and stiffness in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results from the adalimumab trial evaluating long-term safety and efficacy for ankylosing spondylitis (ATLAS). J Rheumatol. 2008;35:1346\u201353.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"314_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03756.x","volume":"96","author":"CN Bernstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Rawsthorne P, et al. The prevalence of extraintestinal diseases in inflammatory bowel disease: a population- based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1116\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"314_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00872.x","volume":"102","author":"JJ Tischendorf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tischendorf JJ, Hecker H, Kruger M, et al. Characterization, outcome, and prognosis in 273 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a single center study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:107\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"314_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.042","volume":"134","author":"E Bjornsson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bjornsson E, Olsson R, Bergquist A, et al. The natural history of small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:975\u201380.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"314_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181646713","volume":"42","author":"M Gluck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gluck M, Cantone NR, Brandabur JJ, et al. A 20-year experience with endoscopic therapy for symptomatic primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42:1032\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"314_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(01)70403-8","volume":"53","author":"AR Baluyut","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baluyut AR, Sherman S, Lehman GA, et al. Impact of endoscopic therapy on the survival of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53:308\u201312.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"314_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03690.x","volume":"96","author":"M Kaya","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaya M, Petersen BT, Angulo P, et al. Balloon dilation compared to stenting of dominant strictures in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1059\u201366.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"314_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e3282f9e239","volume":"24","author":"JR Maggs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maggs JR, Chapman RW. An update on primary sclerosing cholangitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008;24:377\u201383.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"314_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703063361003","volume":"336","author":"KD Lindor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lindor KD. Ursodiol for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mayo Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Ursodeoxycholic Acid Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:691\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"314_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.08.017","volume":"129","author":"R Olsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olsson R, Boberg KM, de Muckadell OS, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a 5-year multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:1464\u201372.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"314_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23082","volume":"50","author":"KD Lindor","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Lindor KD, Kowdley KV, Luketic VA, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2009;50:808\u201314. This study significantly impacted current practice of the treatment of PSC.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"314_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23294","volume":"51","author":"R Chapman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chapman R, Fevery J, Kalloo A, et al. Diangosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:660\u201378.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"314_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300501","volume":"30","author":"IW Graziadei","year":"1999","unstructured":"Graziadei IW, Wiesner RH, Marotta PJ, et al. Long-term results of patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 1999;30:1121\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"314_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2002.125367","volume":"56","author":"RM Soetikno","year":"2002","unstructured":"Soetikno RM, Lin OS, Heidenreich PA, et al. Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"314_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199101000-00004","volume":"213","author":"CB Rosen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rosen CB, Nagorney DM, Wiesner RH, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Surg. 1991;213:21\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"314_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000179678.13285.fa","volume":"242","author":"DJ Rea","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rea DJ, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB, et al. Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg. 2005;242:451\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"}],"container-title":["Current Gastroenterology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11894-013-0314-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11894-013-0314-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11894-013-0314-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T19:00:33Z","timestamp":1644174033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11894-013-0314-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11894-013-0314-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1522-8037","1534-312X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1522-8037","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-312X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"article-number":"314"}}