{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:06:16Z","timestamp":1791893176607,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Gastroenterol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-018-0655-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T18:45:59Z","timestamp":1535568359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Bowel Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zhengyan","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Malcolm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9016","key":"655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91487-7","volume":"347","author":"S Glickman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Glickman S, Kamm MA. Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients. Lancet. 1996;347(9016):1651\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"46","key":"655_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i46.5035","volume":"17","author":"RA Awad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Awad RA. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury, myelomeningocele, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(46):5035\u201348.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"22","key":"655_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500164685","volume":"27","author":"JH Bloeman-Vrencken","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bloeman-Vrencken JH, Post MW, Hendriks JM, De Reus EC, De Witte LP. Health problems of persons with spinal cord injury living in the Netherlands. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27(22):1381\u20139. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638280500164685\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1997.11719494","volume":"20","author":"JA DeLisa","year":"1997","unstructured":"DeLisa JA, Kirshblum SC. A review: frustrations and needs in clinical care of spinal cord injury patients. J Spinal Cord Med. 1997;20(4):384\u201390.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215509353253","volume":"24","author":"A Emmanuel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Emmanuel A. Managing neurogenic bowel dysfunction. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(6):483\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215509353253\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/JN.S143236","volume":"2018","author":"Y Kang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang Y, Ding H, Zhou H, Wei Z, Liu L, Pan D, et al. Epidemiology of worldwide spinal cord injury: a literature review. J Neurorestoratol. 2017;2018(6):1\u20139. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JN.S143236\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Neurorestoratol"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100014530","volume":"40","author":"JC Furlan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Furlan JC, Sakakibara BM, Miller WC, Krassioukov AV. Global incidence and prevalence of traumatic spinal cord injury. Can J Neurol Sci. 2013;40(4):456\u201364.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000279335","volume":"34","author":"ME Berg Van den","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van den Berg ME, Castellote JM, Mahillo-Fernandez I, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Incidence of spinal cord injury wordlwide: a systematic review. Neuroepidemiology. 2010;34(3):184\u201392. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000279335\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"655_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S68889","volume":"6","author":"A Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh A, Tetreault L, Kalsi-Ryan S, Nouri A, Fehlings MG. Global prevalence and incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:309\u201331. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CLEP.S68889\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.55","volume":"50","author":"JW Middleton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Middleton JW, Dayton A, Walsh J, Rutkowski SB, Leong G, Duong S. Life expectancy after spinal cord injury: a 50-year study. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(11):803\u201311. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2012.55\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2166","volume":"48","author":"JJ Adriaansen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adriaansen JJ, Ruijs LE, van Koppenhagen CF, van Asbeck FW, Snoek GJ, van Kuppevelt D, et al. Secondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(10):853\u201360.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.09.004","volume":"9","author":"S Jorgensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jorgensen S, Iwarsson S, Lexell J. Secondary health conditions, activity limitations, and life satisfaction in older adults with long-term spinal cord injury. Pm & R. 2017;9(4):356\u201366.","journal-title":"Pm & R"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695","volume":"34","author":"SC Kirshblum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirshblum SC, Burns SP, Biering-Sorensen F, Donovan W, Graves DE, Jha A, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011). J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34(6):535\u201346. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.124","volume":"55","author":"SD Nielsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Nielsen SD, Faaborg PM, Christensen P, Krogh K, Finnerup NB. Chronic abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury: a follow-up study. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(3):290\u20133. Important paper describing the changes in characteristics and management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury followed for two decades.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0061-5","volume":"48","author":"C Ng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ng C, Prott G, Rutkowski S, Li Y, Hansen R, Kellow J, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in spinal cord injury: relationships with level of injury and psychologic factors. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(8):1562\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.137","volume":"47","author":"M Coggrave","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u2022 Coggrave M, Norton C, Wilson-Barnett J. Management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury: a postal survey in the United Kingdom. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(4):323\u201330. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2008.137\n                      \n                    . This study describes the long term consequences of spinal cord injury on bowel dysfunction and its management.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-014-9842-6","volume":"69","author":"Y Pan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pan Y, Liu B, Li R, Zhang Z, Lu L. Bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury: current perspectives. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014;69(3):385\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-014-9842-6\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.160112","volume":"10","author":"Z Ozisler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozisler Z, Koklu K, Ozel S, Unsal-Delialioglu S. Outcomes of bowel program in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction. Neural Regen Res. 2015;10(7):1153\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.160112\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0277","volume":"41","author":"CW Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu CW, Huang CC, Yang YH, Chen SC, Weng MC, Huang MH. Relationship between neurogenic bowel dysfunction and health-related quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(1):35\u201340.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.14","volume":"48","author":"A Krassioukov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krassioukov A, Eng JJ, Claxton G, Sakakibara BM, Shum S. Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the evidence. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(10):718\u201333. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2010.14\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.24","volume":"6","author":"N Sezer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sezer N, Akkus S, Ugurlu FG. Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World J Orthop. 2015;6(1):24\u201333. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.24\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102121","volume":"46","author":"PM Faaborg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faaborg PM, Christensen P, Finnerup NB, Laurberg S, Krogh K. The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2008;46:234\u20138.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.90","volume":"50","author":"K Furusawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Furusawa K, Tokuhiro A, Ikeda A, Tajima F, Uchida R, Tominaga T, et al. Effect of age on bowel management in traumatic central cord syndrome. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(1):51\u20136.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.07.417","volume":"96","author":"AS Burns","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burns AS, St-Germain D, Connolly M, Delparte JJ, Guindon A, Hitzig SL, et al. Phenomenological study of neurogenic bowel from the perspective of individuals living with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(1):49\u201355.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.19","volume":"55","author":"S Braaf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Braaf S, Lennox A, Nunn A, Gabbe B. Social activity and relationship changes experienced by people with bowel and bladder dysfunction following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(7):679\u201386.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.12.038","volume":"85","author":"NR Liem","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liem NR, McColl MA, King W, Smith KM. Aging with a spinal cord injury: factors associated with the need for more help with activities of daily living. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(10):1567\u201377.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"issue":"12","key":"655_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101058","volume":"38","author":"AC Lynch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lynch AC, Wong C, Anthony A, Dobbs BR, Frizelle FA. Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury: a description of bowel function in a spinal cord-injured population and comparison with age and gender matched controls. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(12):717\u201323.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.181","volume":"48","author":"CW Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu CW, Huang CC, Chen CH, Yang YH, Chen TW, Huang MH. Prediction of severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(7):554\u20139.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1344","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90408.2008","volume":"296","author":"VP Suttor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suttor VP, Ng C, Rutkowski S, Hansen R, Kellow J, Malcolm A. Colorectal responses to distension and feeding in patients with spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;296(6):G1344\u20139. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.90408.2008\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000282","volume":"39","author":"GW Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim GW, Won YH, Ko MH, Park SH, Seo JH. Ultrasonic measurement of rectal diameter and area in neurogenic bowel with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39(3):301\u20136.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"655_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1998.11719536","volume":"21","author":"SCM Consortium","year":"1998","unstructured":"Consortium SCM. Clinical practice guidelines: Neurogenic bowel management in adults with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 1998;21:248\u201393.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2005.20.4.663","volume":"20","author":"EK Kwak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kwak EK, Kim JW, Kang KS, Lee YH, Hua QH, Park TI, et al. The role of inducible nitric oxide synthase following spinal cord injury in rat. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20(4):663\u20139. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2005.20.4.663\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"655_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.76","volume":"54","author":"J Guo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guo J, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Chen B, Zhang W, et al. Electroacupuncture at Zusanli (ST36) ameliorates colonic neuronal nitric oxide synthase upregulation in rats with neurogenic bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(12):1139\u201344.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145878","volume":"11","author":"Bilgi Gungor","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022 Gungor B, Adiguzel E, Gursel I, Yilmaz B, Gursel M. Intestinal microbiota in patients with spinal cord injury. PLoS ONE [electronic resource]. 2016;11(1):e0145878. First study to explore the microbiome in the pathogenesis of neurogenic bowel dysfunction.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772315Y.0000000055","volume":"40","author":"T Patel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patel T, Milligan J, Lee J. Medication-related problems in individuals with spinal cord injury in a primary care-based clinic. J Spinal Cord Med. 2017;40(1):54\u201361. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2045772315Y.0000000055\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.011","volume":"96","author":"JJ Adriaansen","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Adriaansen JJ, van Asbeck FW, van Kuppevelt D, Snoek GJ, Post MW. Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(5):905\u201312. Long-term follow-up study of patients with spinal cord injury and exploring the changes in bowel dysfunction and management.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"655_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100851","volume":"38","author":"GI Correa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Correa GI, Rotter KP. Clinical evaluation and management of neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2000;38:301\u20138.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR38","first-page":"75","volume":"21","author":"E Ebert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ebert E. Gastrointestinal involvement in spinal cord injury: a clinical perspective. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2012;21(1):75\u201382.","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00292243","volume":"9","author":"BC Cosman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cosman BC, Eastman DA, Perkash I, Stone JM. Hemorrhoidal bleeding in chronic spinal cord injury: results of multiple banding. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1994;9(4):174\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"655_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.106","volume":"52","author":"B Sanfakioglu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanfakioglu B, Afsar SI, Yalbuzdag SA, Ustaomer K, Ayas S. Acute abdominal emergencies and spinal cord injury; our experiences: a retrospective clinical study. Spinal Cord. 2014;52:697\u2013700.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5343","volume":"35","author":"JA Inskip","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inskip JA, Lucci VM, McGrath MS, Willms R, Claydon VE. A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury: the influence of autonomic dysreflexia. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(9):1091\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"655_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52017-X","volume":"152","author":"AG Rabchevsky","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rabchevsky AG. Segmental organization of spinal reflexes mediating autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury. Prog Brain Res. 2006;152:265\u201374. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52017-X\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.10.017","volume":"90","author":"A Krassioukov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krassioukov A, Warburton DE, Teasell R, Eng JJ. A systematic review of the management of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(4):682\u201395.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"655_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503767869944","volume":"20","author":"A Krassioukov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krassioukov A, Furlan JC, Fehlings MG. Autonomic dysreflexia in acute spinal cord injury: an under-recognized clinical entity. J Neurotrauma. 2003;20:707\u201316. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/089771503767869944\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"655_CR45","first-page":"221","volume":"61","author":"K Furusawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Furusawa K, Sugiyama H, Ikeda A, Tokuhiro A, Koyoshi H, Takahashi O, et al. Autonomic dysreflexia during a bowel program in patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Acta Med Okayama. 2007;61:221\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"issue":"7643","key":"655_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39484.712616.AD","volume":"336","author":"J Dalrymple","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dalrymple J, Bullock I. Diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2008;336(7643):556\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39484.712616.AD\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.084","volume":"141","author":"BD Cash","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cash BD, Rubenstein JH, Young PE, Gentry A, Nojkov B, Lee D, et al. The prevalence of celiac disease among patients with nonconstipated irritable bowel syndrome in adults. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(4):1187\u201393.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.164","volume":"53","author":"BP Morris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morris BP, Kucchal T, Burgess AN. Colonoscopy after spinal cord injury: a case-control study. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(1):32\u20135. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2014.164\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2005.11753797","volume":"28","author":"MV Johnston","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnston MV, Diab ME, Chu BC, Kirshblum S. Preventive services and health behaviors among people with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2005;28(1):43\u201354.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"655_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04147.x","volume":"30","author":"HR Ancha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ancha HR, Spungen AM, Bauman WA, Rosman AS, Shaw S, Hunt KK, et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy and safety of routine bowel cleansing agents for elective colonoscopy in persons with spinal cord injury-a randomized prospective single-blind study. Almentary Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30:11\u20132. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04147.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Almentary Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000773","volume":"60","author":"BC Cosman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cosman BC, Cajas-Monson LC, Ramamoorthy SL. Twenty years of a veteran\u2019s spinal cord injury colorectal clinic: flexible sigmoidoscopy and multiple hemorrhoid ligation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017;60(4):399\u2013404.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2009.11753183","volume":"32","author":"SJ Hans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hans SJ, Kim CM, Lee JE, Lee TH. Colonoscopic lesions in patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32(4):404\u20137.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-017-0025-3","volume":"56","author":"Brandon J. Teng","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 Teng BJ, Song SH, Svircev JN, Dominitz JA, Burns SP. Colorectal cancer screening in patients with spinal cord injury yields similar results to the general population with an effective bowel preparation: a retrospective chart audit. Spinal Cord. 2018;56(3):226\u201331. doi:\n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-017-0025-3\n                      \n                    . This paper describes the use of magnesium citrate with polyethylene glycol and electrolyte colonic lavage as an alternative bowel preparation regimen to improve polyp detection rate in patients with spinal cord injury.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000284","volume":"49","author":"MA Korsten","year":"2015","unstructured":"Korsten MA, Spungen AM, Radulovic M, Rosman AS, Hunt KK, Galea MD, et al. Neostigmine administered with moviprep improves bowel preparation for elective colonoscopy in patients with spinal cord injury: a randomized study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;49(9):751\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000256","volume":"38","author":"BL Lyons","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lyons BL, Korsten MA, Spungen AM, Radulovic M, Rosman AS, Hunt KK, et al. Comparison between pulsed irrigation enhanced evacuation and polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution for bowel preparation prior to elective colonoscopy in veterans with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2015;38(6):805\u201311. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000256\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"655_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.67","volume":"54","author":"Y Mazor","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022 Mazor Y, Jones M, Andrews A, Kellow JE, Malcolm A. Anorectal biofeedback for neurogenic bowel dysfunction in incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(12):1132\u20138. This paper describes the effectiveness of anorectal biofeedback therapy in incomplete spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.478","volume":"106","author":"K Tantiphlachiva","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Tantiphlachiva K, Attaluri A, Valestin J, Yamada T, Rao S. Translumbar and transsacral motor evoked potentials: a novel test for spino-anorectal neuropathy in spinal cord injury. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(5):907\u201314. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2010.478\n                      \n                    . This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a novel diagnostic tool (translumbar and transacral motor evoked potentials) in delineating spinal cord lesions.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000299","volume":"26","author":"RA Gor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gor RA, Katorski JR, Elliott SP. Medical and surgical management of neurogenic bowel. Curr Opin Urol. 2016;26(4):369\u201375. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000299\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"key":"655_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Coggrave M, Norton C. Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD002115. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002115.pub4\n                      \n                    . A Cochrane Systematic Review on management of fecal incontinence and constipation in patients with central neurological diseases.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002115.pub4"},{"key":"655_CR60","unstructured":"Council NHaMR. Dietary guidelines for Australian Adults. Commonwealth of Australia 2003. \n                      https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/_files_nhmrc\/publications\/attachments\/n33.pdf\n                      \n                    . 2018."},{"key":"655_CR61","volume-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome in adults: diagnosis and management","author":"Institute N","year":"2008","unstructured":"Institute N. Irritable bowel syndrome in adults: diagnosis and management 2008."},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-015-1402-6","volume":"20","author":"S Takano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Takano S, Sands DR. Influence of body posture on defecation: a prospective study of \u201cthe thinker\u201d position. Techniques in coloproctology. 2016;20(2):117\u201321. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-015-1402-6\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Techniques in coloproctology"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/RNJ.00024","volume":"37","author":"C Pardee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pardee C, Bricker D, Rundquist J, MacRae C, Tebben C. Characteristics of neurogenic bowel in spinal cord injury and perceived quality of life. Rehabil Nurs. 2012;37(3):128\u201335. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/RNJ.00024\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Rehabil Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.004","volume":"98","author":"M Hwang","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 Hwang M, Zebracki K, Vogel LC. Long-term outcomes and longitudinal changes of neurogenic bowel management in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(2):241\u20138. This study demonstrated that patients who used digital rectal stimulation were less likely to experience prolongation in duration of bowel regimen over time.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR65","first-page":"292","volume":"81","author":"A Shafik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shafik A. Recto-colic reflex: role in the defecation mechanism. Int Surg. 1996;81(3):292\u20134.","journal-title":"Int Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.45","volume":"52","author":"PM Faaborg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faaborg PM, Christensen P, Krassioukov A, Laurberg S, Frandsen E, Krogh K. Autonomic dysreflexia during bowel evacuation procedures and bladder filling in subjects with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(6):494\u20138.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR67","first-page":"90","volume":"64","author":"TJ Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu TJ, Lin CC, Wang HH. The effectiveness of abdominal massage on neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Hu Li Tsa Chih - Journal of Nursing. 2017;64(1):90\u20137.","journal-title":"Hu Li Tsa Chih - Journal of Nursing"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.101","volume":"52","author":"TW Janssen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janssen TW, Prakken ES, Hendriks JM, Lourens C, van der Vlist J, Smit CA. Electromechanical abdominal massage and colonic function in individuals with a spinal cord injury and chronic bowel problems. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(9):693\u20136.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.166","volume":"48","author":"MJ Coggrave","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Coggrave MJ, Norton C. The need for manual evacuation and oral laxatives in the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial of a stepwise protocol. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(6):504\u201310. This randomized controlled trial demonstrates the increasing need for pharmalogical treatment for bowel dysfunction in SCI as time from injury increases.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"655_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb07203.x","volume":"43","author":"LJ Cheskin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cheskin LJ, Kamal N, Crowel MD, Schuster MM, Whitehead WE. Mechanisms of constipation in older persons and effects of fiber compared with placebo. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:666\u20139. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb07203.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1998.00336.x","volume":"12","author":"McRorie","year":"1998","unstructured":"McRorie JW, Daggy BP, Morel JG, Diersing PS, Miner PB, Robinson M. Psyllium is superior to docusate sodium for treatment of chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998;12:491\u2013497. doi:\n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1998.00336.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.187","volume":"109","author":"AD Ford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ford AD, Moayyedi BE, Lacy BE, Lembo AJ, Saito YA, Schiller LR, et al. American college of gastroenterology monograph on the management of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(1):S2\u2013S26.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"655_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00433.x","volume":"9","author":"W Ashraf","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ashraf W, Park F, Lof J, Quigley EMM. Effects of psyllium therapy on stool characteristics, colon transit and anorectal function in chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1995;9:639\u201347. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00433.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm15185","volume":"22","author":"JE Shin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shin JE, Jung H, Lee TH, Jo Y, Lee H, Song KH, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic functional constipation in Korea, 2015 revised edition. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;22(3):383\u2013411. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5056\/jnm15185\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120617","volume":"12","author":"W Ashraf","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ashraf W, Pfeiffer RF, Park F, Lof J, Quigley EMM. Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: objective assessment and response to psyllium. Mov Disord. 1997;12(6):946\u201351.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"655_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000599","volume":"59","author":"IM Paquette","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paquette IM, Varma M, Ternent C, Melton-Meaux G, Rafferty JF, Feingold D, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons\u2019 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59:479\u201392. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000599\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"655_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL. Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;7(7):CD007570. doi:\n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007570.pub2\n                      \n                    .","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007570.pub2"},{"key":"655_CR78","unstructured":"Coggrave M, Mills P, Willms R, Eng JJ. Bowel dysfunction and management following spinal cord injury Vancouver 2014."},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90128-3","volume":"78","author":"JG House","year":"1997","unstructured":"House JG, Stiens SA. Pharmacologically initiated defecation for persons with spinal cord injury: effectiveness of three agents. Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(10):1062\u20135. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90128-3\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"655_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2011.04.100272","volume":"24","author":"L Leung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leung L, Riutta T, Kotecha J, Rosser W. Chronic constipation: an evidence-based review. J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24:436\u201351.","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.41","volume":"105","author":"S Muller-Lissner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Muller-Lissner S, Kamm MA, Wald A, Hinkel U, Koehler U, Rochter E, et al. multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sodium picosulfate in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(4):897\u2013903. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2010.41\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"36","key":"655_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i36.4994","volume":"18","author":"A Bove","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bove A, Bellini M, Battaglia E, Bocchini R, Gambaccini D, Bove V, et al. Consensus statement AIGO\/SICCR diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation and obstructed defecation (part II: treatment). World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(36):4994\u20135013. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v18.i36.4994\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"22","key":"655_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800670","volume":"358","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Camilleri M, Kerstens R, Rykx A, Vandeplassche L. A placebo-controlled trial of prucalopride for severe chronic constipation. N Eng J Med. 2008;358(22):2344\u201354.","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"655_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.21166","volume":"120","author":"EP Bouras","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bouras EP, Camilleri M, Burton DD, Thomforde G, McKinzie S, Zinsmeister AR. Prucalopride accelerates gastrointestinal and colonic transit in patients with constipation without a rectal evacuation disorder. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:354\u201360. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/gast.2001.21166\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202317316060","volume":"37","author":"K Krogh","year":"2002","unstructured":"\u2022 Krogh K, Jensen MB, Gandrup P, Laurberg S, Nilsson J, Kerstens R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of prucalopride in patients with constipation due to spinal cord injury. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002;37(4):431\u20136. This randomized controlled trial demonstrated multiple benefits with the use of prucalopride in spinal cord injury patients.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"655_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-1068-x","volume":"55","author":"CF Barish","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barish CF, Drossman D, Johanson JF, Ueno R, et al. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55:1090\u20137.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"655_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01524.x","volume":"103","author":"JF Johanson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johanson JF, Morton D, Geenen J, Ueno R. Multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lubiprostone, a locally-acting type-2 chloride channel activator, in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:170\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.01.015","volume":"91","author":"Fan Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li F, Fu T, Tong W, Liu B, Li C, Gao Y et al. Lubiprostone is effective in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc 2016;91(4):456\u2013468. doi: \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.01.015\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"key":"655_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01668.x","volume":"23","author":"S Fukudo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fukudo S, Hongo M, Kaneko H, Ueno R. Efficacy and safety of oral lubiprostone in constipated patients with or without irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled and dose-finding study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;23:544\u201350. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01668.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"7653","key":"655_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39500.677199.AE","volume":"336","author":"HJ Schunemann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Jaeschke R, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies. BMJ. 2008;336(7653):1106\u201310.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"20","key":"655_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010631","volume":"97","author":"M Forootan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forootan M, Bagheri N, Darvishi M. Chronic constipation: a review of literature. Medicine. 2018;97(20):e10631. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000010631\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.16994","volume":"315","author":"A Wald","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wald A. Constipation: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 2016;315(2):185\u201391.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2014.6708","volume":"25","author":"Z Yi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yi Z, Jie C, Wenyi Z, Bin X, Hongzhu J. Comparison of efficacies of vegetable oil based and polyethylene glycol based bisacodyl suppositories in treating patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2014;25(5):488\u201392.","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.17925\/ENR.2016.11.02.109","volume":"11","author":"L Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar L, Athanasakos E, Emmanuel AV. Evaluation and treatment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction-a review. Eur Neurol Rev. 2016;11(2):109\u201315. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17925\/ENR.2016.11.02.109\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Eur Neurol Rev"},{"key":"655_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.74","volume":"109","author":"A Emmanuel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Emmanuel A, Cools M, Vandeplassche L, Kerstens R. Prucalopride improves bowel function and colonic transit time in patients with chronic constipation: an integrated analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:887\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41587.x","volume":"100","author":"MA Korsten","year":"2005","unstructured":"Korsten MA, Rosman AS, Ng A, Cavusoglu E, Spungen AM, Radulovic M, et al. Infusion of neostigmine-glycopyrrolate for bowel evacuation in persons with spinal cord injury. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(7):1560\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640616663439","volume":"5","author":"K Krogh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krogh K, Chiarioni G, Whitehead W. Management of chronic constipation in adults. United European Gastroenterol J. 2016;5(4):465\u201372. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050640616663439\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.254","volume":"107","author":"WD Chey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Lavins BJ, Shiff SJ, Kurtz CB, Currie MG, et al. Linaclotide for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(11):1702\u201312. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2012.254\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s11884-016-0390-3","volume":"11","author":"L Martinez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martinez L, Neshatian L, Khavari R. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with neurogenic bladder. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016;11(4):334\u201340. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11884-016-0390-3\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.5","volume":"48","author":"A Emmanuel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Emmanuel A. Review of the efficacy and safety of transanal irrigation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(9):664\u201373.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.purol.2012.04.010","volume":"22","author":"M Fourtassi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fourtassi M, Charvier K, Hajjioui A, Have L, Rode G. Transanal irrigation for bowel and anorectal management in spinal cord-injured patients. Prog Urol. 2012;22(8):467\u201374.","journal-title":"Prog Urol"},{"key":"655_CR102","unstructured":"Excellence NIfHaC. Peristeen transanal irrigation system for managing bowel dysfunction in: medical technologies guidance (MTG36). 2018."},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.171","volume":"51","author":"HR Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim HR, Lee BS, Lee JE, Shin HI. Application of transanal irrigation for patients with spinal cord injury in South Korea: a 6-month follow-up study. Spinal Cord. 2013;51(5):389\u201394.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"655_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloysius MM, Bauman WA, Radulovic M, Cummings T, Sabiev A, Spungen AM et al. Selecting spinal cord injury patients for structured biofeedback therapy to improve anorectal function [abstract]. Digestive Diseases Week Washington, DC 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(18)32032-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2004.01.0095","volume":"41","author":"MA Korsten","year":"2004","unstructured":"Korsten MA, Fajardo NR, Rosman AS, Creasey GH, Spungen AM, Bauman WA. Difficulty with evacuation after spinal cord injury: colonic motility during sleep and effects of abdominal wall stimulation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41(1):95\u2013100.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.18215","volume":"82","author":"Vernon W. Lin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lin VW, Nino-Murcia M, Frost F, Wolfe V, Hsiao I, Perkash I. Functional magnetic stimulation of the colon in persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82(2):167\u2013173. doi:\n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/apmr.2001.18215\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"655_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/563294","volume":"563294","author":"J Worsoe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Worsoe J, Rasmussen MM, Christensen P, Krogh K. Neurostimulation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013;563294:1\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/563294\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.2","volume":"53","author":"MM Rasmussen","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u2022 Rasmussen MM, Kutzenberger J, Krogh K, Zepke F, Bodin C, Domurath B, et al. Sacral anterior root stimulation improves bowel function in subjects with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(4):297\u2013301. A study showing effectiveness of sacral anterior nerve root stimulation in the management of bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234555","volume":"44","author":"E Ganio","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ganio E, Luc AR, Clerico G, Trompetto M, Matzel KE. Sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of fecal incontinence: a novel approach for intractable fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44(5):619\u201331.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"655_CR110","first-page":"9860281","volume":"2016","author":"J Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng J, Wang X, Guo J, Yang Y, Zhang W, Xie B, et al. Effects of Electroacupuncture on the daily rhythmicity of intestinal movement and circadian rhythmicity of colonic Per2 expression in rats with spinal cord injury. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:9860281.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2102-149","volume":"21","author":"Z Khazaeipour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khazaeipour Z, Taheri-Otaghsara S, Naghdi M. Depression following spinal cord injury: its relationship to demographic and socioeconomic indicators. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2015;21(2):149\u201355. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1310\/sci2102-149\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0732-x","volume":"50","author":"M Poirier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poirier M, Abcarian H, Nelson R. Malone antegrade continent enema: an alternative to resection in severe defecation disorders. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50(1):22\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5781","volume":"94","author":"JC Furlan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Furlan JC, Urbach DR, Fehlings MG. Optimal treatment for severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction after chronic spinal cord injury: a decision analysis. Br J Surg. 2007;94(9):1139\u201350.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.223","volume":"53","author":"P H Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith PH, Decter RM. Antegrade continence enema procedure: impact on quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2014;53:213\u2013215.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.66","volume":"50","author":"MJ Coggrave","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coggrave MJ, Ingram RM, Gardner BP, Norton CS. The impact of stoma for bowel management after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(11):848\u201352.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"655_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101119","volume":"39","author":"AC Lynch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lynch AC, Anthony A, Dobbs BR, Frizelle FA. bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2001;39:193\u2013203.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21616","volume":"37","author":"DZ Bliss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bliss DZ, Savik K, Hans-Joachim GJ, Whitebird R, Lowry A, Sheng X. Dietary fibre supplementation for faecal incontinence: a randomised clinical trial. Res Nurs Health. 2014;37(5):3667\u2013378. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nur.21616\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"655_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.06.004","volume":"131","author":"P Christensen","year":"2006","unstructured":"\u2022 Christensen P, Bazzocchi G, Coggrave M, Abel R, Hultling C, Krogh K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management in spinal cord-injured patients. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:738\u201347. Randomized controlled trial of transanal irrigation in the management of fecal incontinence in those with spinal cord injuries.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"655_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100991","volume":"38","author":"P Christensen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christensen P, Kvitzau B, Krogh K, Buntzen S, Laurberg S. Neurogenic colorectal dysfunction-use of new antegrade and retrograde wash-out methods. Spinal Cord. 2000;38:255\u201361.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"}],"container-title":["Current Gastroenterology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11894-018-0655-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11894-018-0655-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11894-018-0655-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T19:40:51Z","timestamp":1567021251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11894-018-0655-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11894-018-0655-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1522-8037","1534-312X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1522-8037","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-312X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"James Middleton and Zhenguan Qi declare no conflict of interest. Allison Malcolm reports grants from National Health and Medical Council of Australia, during the conduct of the study and personal fees as a consultant from Allergon Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"47"}}