{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T23:54:06Z","timestamp":1772582046076,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Gastroenterol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-025-01011-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T21:57:46Z","timestamp":1762120666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions: A Primer for Gastroenterologists"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Brennan","family":"Gioe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waqar","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1011_CR1","first-page":"343","volume":"94","author":"C Fenger","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fenger C, Nielsen VT. Intraepithelial neoplasia in the anal canal. The appearance and relation to genital neoplasia. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A. 1986;94(5):343\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3766143\/","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A"},{"issue":"10","key":"1011_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.LGT200570","volume":"136","author":"TM Darragh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Thomas Cox J, Heller DS, Henry MR, Luff RD, et al. The lower anogenital squamous terminology standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2012;136(10):1266\u201397. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22742517\/","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1011_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01390","volume":"41","author":"H Damgacioglu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Damgacioglu H, Lin YY, Ortiz AP, Wu CF, Shahmoradi Z, Shyu SS, et al. State variation in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus incidence and mortality, and association with HIV\/AIDS and smoking in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(6):1228\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.22.01390.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1011_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz219","volume":"112","author":"AA Deshmukh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deshmukh AA, Suk R, Shiels MS, Sonawane K, Nyitray AG, Liu Y, et al. Recent trends in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus incidence and mortality in the United States, 2001\u20132015. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019;112(8):829. Available from: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7825484\/","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"1011_CR5","unstructured":"Anal Cancer \u2014 Cancer Stat Facts [Internet]. [Available from: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/anus.html]"},{"issue":"4","key":"1011_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30716","volume":"141","author":"C de Martel","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017;141(4):664\u201370. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28369882\/","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"1011_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30653-9","volume":"18","author":"C Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin C, Franceschi S, Clifford GM. Human papillomavirus types from infection to cancer in the anus, according to sex and HIV status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(2):198\u2013206. Available from: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/action\/showFullText?pii=S1473309917306539","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"1011_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e531","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00108-9","volume":"8","author":"F Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei F, Gaisa MM, D\u2019Souza G, Xia N, Giuliano AR, Hawes SE, et al. Epidemiology of anal human papillomavirus infection and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 29 900 men according to HIV status, sexuality, and age: a collaborative pooled analysis of 64 studies. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(9):e531\u201343. Available from: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/action\/showFullText?pii=S2352301821001089","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"7","key":"1011_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1012","volume":"54","author":"MJ Silverberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silverberg MJ, Lau B, Justice AC, Engels E, Gill MJ, Goedert JJ, et al. Risk of anal cancer in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals in North America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(7):1026\u201334. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22291097\/","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1011_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"Y Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi Y, Loutfy M, Remis RS, Liu J, Rebbapragada A, Huibner S, et al. HPV genotyping and risk factors for anal high-risk HPV infection in men who have sex with men from Toronto, Canada. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1\u201310. Available from: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-84079-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1011_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fracella M, Oliveto G, Roberto P, Cinti L, Gentile M, Coratti E, et al. The Epidemiology of Anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-positive and hiv-negative women and men: a ten-year retrospective observational study in Rome (Italy). Pathogens. 2024;13(2) Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38392901\/","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020163"},{"issue":"13","key":"1011_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000181012.62385.4a","volume":"19","author":"JM Palefsky","year":"2005","unstructured":"Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Efirdc JT, Da Costa M, Jay N, Berry JM, et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2005;19(13):1407\u201314. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16103772\/","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"issue":"1","key":"1011_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa781","volume":"73","author":"HK Larsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Larsen HK, H\u00e6dersdal M, Thomsen LT, Hertzum-Larsen R, Lok TT, Bonde J, et al. Risk of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions among renal transplant recipients compared with immunocompetent controls. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(1):21\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32544223\/","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1011_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70103-7","volume":"9","author":"MR McCredie","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCredie MR, Sharples KJ, Paul C, Baranyai J, Medley G, Jones RW, et al. Natural history of cervical neoplasia and risk of invasive cancer in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(5):425\u201334. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18407790\/","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1011_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001219","volume":"61","author":"GC Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee GC, Kunitake H, Milch H, Savitt LR, Stafford CE, Bordeianou LG, et al. What is the risk of anal carcinoma in patients with anal intraepithelial neoplasia III? Dis Colon Rectum. 2018;61(12):1350. Available from: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6219933\/","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"12","key":"1011_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001180","volume":"61","author":"LC Cajas-Monson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cajas-Monson LC, Ramamoorthy SL, Cosman BC. Expectant management of high-grade anal dysplasia in people with HIV: long-term data. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018;61(12):1357\u201363. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30346366\/","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"14","key":"1011_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283633111","volume":"27","author":"WWY Tong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tong WWY, Jin F, McHugh LC, Maher T, Sinclair B, Grulich AE, et al. Progression to and spontaneous regression of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected and uninfected men. AIDS. 2013;27(14):2233\u201343. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24157904\/","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"1011_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34850","volume":"154","author":"EA Stier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stier EA, Clarke MA, Deshmukh AA, Wentzensen N, Liu Y, Poynten IM, et al. International Anal Neoplasia Society\u2019s consensus guidelines for anal cancer screening. Int J Cancer. 2024;154(10):1694\u2013702. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38297406\/","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"24","key":"1011_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201048","volume":"386","author":"JM Palefsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palefsky JM, Lee JY, Jay N, Goldstone SE, Darragh TM, Dunlevy HA, et al. Treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions to prevent anal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(24):2273\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2201048.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1011_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa801","volume":"224","author":"MM Gaisa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaisa MM, Sigel KM, Deshmukh AA, Lenskaya V, Chan CA, Silvera R, et al. Comparing anal cancer screening algorithms using cytology and human papillomavirus DNA testing in 3 high-risk populations. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(5):881. Available from: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8408769\/","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1011_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-019-02133-4","volume":"24","author":"T Chittleborough","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chittleborough T, Tapper R, Eglinton T, Frizelle F. Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: an update and proposed management algorithm. Tech Coloproctol. 2020;24(2):95\u2013103. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31834554\/","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1011_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053283","volume":"94","author":"AG Nyitray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nyitray AG, Hicks JT, Hwang LY, Baraniuk S, White M, Millas S, et al. A phase II clinical study to assess the feasibility of self and partner anal examinations to detect anal canal abnormalities including anal cancer. Sex Transm Infect. 2018;94(2):124\u201330. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28835533\/","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"1011_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"32","author":"RV Siddharthan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siddharthan RV, Lanciault C, Tsikitis L. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia: diagnosis, screening, and treatment. Ann Gastroenterol. 2019;32(2):1\u20137. Available from: https:\/\/www.annalsgastro.gr\/","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1011_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240019","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0019","volume":"7","author":"GM Barnell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barnell GM, Schechter MS. Anal cancer screening and prevention\u2014a new era, limited by access to high-resolution anoscopy. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(3):e240019. Available from: https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2815657","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"1011_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/S00384-020-03740-6","volume":"36","author":"DRL Brogden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brogden DRL, Walsh U, Pellino G, Kontovounisios C, Tekkis P, Mills SC. Evaluating the efficacy of treatment options for anal intraepithelial neoplasia: a systematic review. Int J Color Dis. 2021;36(2):213\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00384-020-03740-6.","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"1011_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burgos J, Curran A, Garcia J, Campany D, Descalzo V, Suanzes P, Navarro J, Planas B, Sanchiz M, Landolfi S, Dinares C, Hern\u00e1ndez-Losa J, Falc\u00f3 V. Effectiveness of electrocautery, topical cidofovir, and topical sinecatechins for the treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in persons with human immunodeficiency virus: an open-label, randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2025; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/CID\/CIAF086.","DOI":"10.1093\/CID\/CIAF086"},{"issue":"8","key":"1011_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1445-2197.2006.03837.X","volume":"76","author":"AJM Watson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Watson AJM, Smith BB, Whitehead MR, Sykes PH, Frizelle FA. Malignant progression of anal intra-epithelial neoplasia. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76(8):715\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1445-2197.2006.03837.X.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1011_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70067-6","volume":"14","author":"O Richel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Richel O, de Vries HJC, van Noesel CJM, Dijkgraaf MGW, Prins JM. Comparison of imiquimod, topical fluorouracil, and electrocautery for the treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(4):346\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70067-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"17","key":"1011_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMOA1010971","volume":"365","author":"JM Palefsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Palefsky JM, Giuliano AR, Goldstone S, Moreira ED, Aranda C, Jessen H, et al. HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(17):1576\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMOA1010971.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1011_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1093\/CID\/CIY274","volume":"67","author":"TJ Wilkin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilkin TJ, Chen H, Cespedes MS, Leon-Cruz JT, Godfrey C, Chiao EY, Bastow B, Webster-Cyriaque J, Feng Q, Dragavon J, Coombs RW, Presti RM, Saah A, Cranston RD. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults aged 27 years or older: AIDS clinical trials group protocol A5298. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(9):1339\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/CID\/CIY274.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1011_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000058","volume":"57","author":"SE Goldstone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldstone SE, Johnstone AA, Moshier EL. Long-term outcome of ablation of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: recurrence and incidence of cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(3):316\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000058.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"}],"container-title":["Current Gastroenterology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11894-025-01011-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11894-025-01011-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11894-025-01011-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T23:01:39Z","timestamp":1772578899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11894-025-01011-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11894-025-01011-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1522-8037","1534-312X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1522-8037","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-312X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"71"}}