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This review examines fermented durian tempoyak as a culturally relevant, probiotic-rich traditional food with potential application in CRC prevention through gut microbiome modulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dysbiosis may promote CRC through disruption of gut barrier integrity, chronic mucosal inflammation, immune dysregulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage, and altered microbial metabolism leading to carcinogenic metabolites such as secondary bile acids and hydrogen sulphide. Tempoyak commonly contains lactic acid bacteria, particularly\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , as well as\n                      <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus fermentum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Levilactobacillus brevis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Preclinical evidence suggests that related LAB strains can attenuate NF-\u03baB, MAPK, STAT3, IL-17, and COX-2-associated inflammatory pathways, reduce immune-cell infiltration and oxidative stress, restore mucus and tight junction proteins, modulate bile acid metabolism, and reduce tumor burden in CRC or colitis-associated CRC models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence supports the mechanistic plausibility of tempoyak-associated LABs as microbiome-based agents for CRC chemoprevention. However, direct evidence using tempoyak-derived strains remains limited, and translation is constrained by strain-specific effects, microbial variability, sensory acceptability, safety and standardisation issues, and uncertain LAB viability after cooking. Future studies should prioritise strain characterisation, starter culture standardisation, probiotic stabilisation strategies, CRC-specific preclinical models, and well-designed human trials in high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-026-01043-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T11:42:11Z","timestamp":1778154131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fermented Durian Tempoyak as a Source of Probiotics for Colorectal Cancer Prevention through Gut Microbiome Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8577-7632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wing Soon","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2225-7678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy Choon-Si","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7738-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca Shin-Yee","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1006-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bey Hing","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1043_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. 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