{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:12:52Z","timestamp":1788336772507,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Gastroenterol Rep"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-026-01055-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:16:31Z","timestamp":1788333391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in the Aging Population: A Narrative Review of Pathophysiological Synergy, Diagnostic Challenges, and Tailored Management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koji","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terunao","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Sakuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidehiro","family":"Kamezaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1055_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","volume":"78","author":"ME Rinella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, Francque SM, Sanyal AJ, Kanwal F, et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology. 2023;78:1966\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1055_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.02.007","volume":"35","author":"L Miao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miao L, Targher G, Byrne CD, Cao YY, Zheng MH. Current status and future trends of the global burden of MASLD. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2024;35:697\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2024.02.007.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1055_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000323","volume":"77","author":"ME Rinella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, Barb D, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77:1797\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000323.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1055_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","volume":"67","author":"C Estes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Estes C, Razavi H, Loomba R, Younossi Z, Sanyal AJ. Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease. Hepatology. 2018;67:123\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.29466.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1055_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56910-x","volume":"16","author":"GBD 2019 Acute and Chronic Care Collaborators","year":"2025","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Acute and Chronic Care Collaborators. Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Nat Commun. 2025;16:4235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-56910-x.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1055_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20808-y","volume":"24","author":"C Tong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tong C, Xue Y, Wang W, Chen X. Advanced liver fibrosis, but not MASLD, is associated with accelerated biological aging: a population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:3293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20808-y.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1055_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.12.002","volume":"20","author":"MH Le","year":"2022","unstructured":"Le MH, Yeo YH, Li X, Li J, Zou B, Wu Y, et al. 2019 global NAFLD prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20:2809\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.12.002.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1055_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0325961","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325961","volume":"20","author":"S Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang S, Hu W, Fang T. The global impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (including cirrhosis) in the elderly from 1990 to 2021 and future projections of disease burden. PLoS ONE. 2025;20:e0325961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325961.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1055_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.07.028","volume":"57","author":"EM Koehler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koehler EM, Schouten JN, Hansen BE, van Rooij FJ, Hofman A, Stricker BH, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the elderly: results from the Rotterdam study. J Hepatol. 2012;57:1305\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.07.028.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1055_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30626","volume":"70","author":"A Lonardo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Ballestri S, Fairweather D, Win S, Than TA, et al. Sex differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: state of the art and identification of research gaps. Hepatology. 2019;70:1457\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30626.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1055_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174550572513768","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057251376883","volume":"21","author":"P Jancova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jancova P, Ismail K, Vistejnova L. Relationship between MASLD and women\u2019s health: a review. Womens Health (Lond). 2025;21:17455057251376883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17455057251376883.","journal-title":"Womens Health (Lond)"},{"key":"1055_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-025-01865-y","volume":"25","author":"M Elsabaawy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elsabaawy M, Ragab A, Abd-Elrazek A, Atef M, Naguib M. Sarcopenic visceral obesity in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Clin Exp Med. 2025;25:316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10238-025-01865-y.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"1055_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.04.014","volume":"129","author":"LA Adams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:113\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.04.014.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1055_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061161","volume":"10","author":"R Pais","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pais R, Maurel T. Natural history of NAFLD. J Clin Med. 2021;10:1161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10061161.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1055_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-166","volume":"14","author":"S Haflidadottir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haflidadottir S, Jonasson JG, Norland H, Einarsdottir SO, Kleiner DE, Lund SH, et al. Long-term follow-up and liver-related death rate in patients with non-alcoholic and alcoholic related fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14:166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-230X-14-166.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1055_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20776","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.20776","volume":"13","author":"M Parameswaran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parameswaran M, Hasan HA, Sadeque J, Jhaveri S, Avanthika C, Arisoyin AE, et al. Factors that predict the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Cureus. 2021;13:e20776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.20776.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1055_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1637","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00951.2024","volume":"328","author":"MS Kuchay","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kuchay MS, Choudhary NS, Ramos-Molina B. Pathophysiological underpinnings of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2025;328:C1637\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00951.2024.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1055_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.02.014","volume":"65","author":"M Mota","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mota M, Banini BA, Cazanave SC, Sanyal AJ. Molecular mechanisms of lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2016;65:1049\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.02.014.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1055_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.10.031","volume":"58","author":"A Aravinthan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aravinthan A, Scarpini C, Tachtatzis P, Verma S, Penrhyn-Lowe S, Harvey R, et al. Hepatocyte senescence predicts progression in non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2013;58:549\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.10.031.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1055_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100301","volume":"3","author":"AS Meijnikman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meijnikman AS, Herrema H, Scheithauer TPM, Kroon J, Nieuwdorp M, Groen AK. Evaluating causality of cellular senescence in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JHEP Rep. 2021;3:100301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100301.","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"1055_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15691","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15691","volume":"8","author":"M Ogrodnik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogrodnik M, Miwa S, Tchkonia T, Tiniakos D, Wilson CL, Lahat A, et al. Cellular senescence drives age-dependent hepatic steatosis. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms15691.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1055_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1396.003","volume":"1114","author":"DG LE Couteur","year":"2007","unstructured":"LE Couteur DG, Cogger VC, McCuskey RS, DE Cabo R, Smedsr\u00f8d B, Sorensen KK, et al. Age-related changes in the liver sinusoidal endothelium: a mechanism for dyslipidemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1114:79\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1396.003.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1055_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70108","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.70108","volume":"78","author":"R Liu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Liu R, Zhou Y, Wei C, Wang X, Hao H, Wang L, et al. Sleep deprivation exacerbates high-fat diet-induced obesity and MAFLD through melatonin reduction mediated NF-\u03baB activation. J Pineal Res. 2026;78:e70108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpi.70108.","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"1055_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","volume":"48","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruy\u00e8re O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afy169.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"1055_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10333-8","volume":"16","author":"NB Ha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ha NB, Lai JC. The bidirectional relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and sarcopenia. Hepatol Int. 2022;16:489\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-022-10333-8.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"1055_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925690","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.925690","volume":"13","author":"R Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie R, Xiao M, Li L, Ma N, Liu M, Huang X, et al. Association between SII and hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis: a population-based study. Front Immunol. 2022;13:925690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.925690.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1055_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422499","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1422499","volume":"11","author":"M Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen M, Liu J, Xia X, Wang Y, Zheng H. Causal relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and sarcopenia: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024;11:1422499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1422499.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1055_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94766","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.94766","volume":"17","author":"H Hussaini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hussaini H, Woreta F, Sarah O, Fadeyi O, Mohammed Abdul RH, Chaudhary S, et al. Association between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2025;17:e94766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.94766.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1055_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.019","volume":"66","author":"BK Koo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koo BK, Kim D, Joo SK, Kim JH, Chang MS, Kim BG, et al. Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and significant fibrosis. J Hepatol. 2017;66:123\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.019.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1055_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.12.034","volume":"20","author":"I Graupera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Graupera I, Thiele M, Serra-Burriel M, Caballeria L, Roulot D, Wong GL, et al. Low accuracy of FIB-4 and NAFLD fibrosis scores for screening for liver fibrosis in the population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20:2567\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.12.034.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1055_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324243","volume":"71","author":"FE M\u00f3zes","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00f3zes FE, Lee JA, Selvaraj EA, Jayaswal ANA, Trauner M, Boursier J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for advanced fibrosis in patients with NAFLD: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Gut. 2022;71:1006\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324243.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"1055_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.453","volume":"112","author":"S McPherson","year":"2017","unstructured":"McPherson S, Hardy T, Dufour JF, Petta S, Romero-Gomez M, Allison M, et al. Age as a Confounding Factor for the Accurate Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Advanced NAFLD Fibrosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(5):740\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2016.453.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1055_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00881-8","volume":"45","author":"A Drolz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drolz A, Wolter S, Wehmeyer MH, Piecha F, Horvatits T, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, et al. Performance of non-invasive fibrosis scores in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with and without morbid obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021;45:2197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-021-00881-8.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"1055_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3529-8","volume":"60","author":"GB Goh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goh GB, Pagadala MR, Dasarathy J, Unalp-Arida A, Pai RK, Yerian L, et al. Age impacts ability of aspartate-alanine aminotransferase ratio to predict advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60:1825\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-015-3529-8.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"1055_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0892","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000892","volume":"10","author":"MA Ibrahim","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ibrahim MA, Ramadan N, Mohamed IB, Ankoma-Sey C, Fares S, Elsheikh M, et al. Clinical outcomes in MetALD compared with ALD in patients referred for liver transplant evaluation. Hepatol Commun. 2026;10:e0892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000892.","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"1055_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs044","volume":"14","author":"I Hopper","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hopper I, Kemp W, Porapakkham P, Sata Y, Condon E, Skiba M, et al. Impact of heart failure and changes to volume status on liver stiffness: non-invasive assessment using transient elastography. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:621\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs044.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"1055_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573841","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1573841","volume":"12","author":"J Cheung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheung J, Cheung BM, Yiu KH, Tse HF, Chan YH. Role of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in atrial fibrillation and heart failure: molecular and clinical aspects. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2025;12:1573841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1573841.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"1055_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000861","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2021-000861","volume":"9","author":"S Naimimohasses","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naimimohasses S, O\u2019Gorman P, McCormick E, Ferguson D, Monaghan A, McGrath M, et al. Prevalence of frailty in patients with non-cirrhotic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2022;9:e000861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgast-2021-000861.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1055_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.011","volume":"76","author":"EM Brunt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brunt EM, Clouston AD, Goodman Z, Guy C, Kleiner DE, Lackner C, et al. Complexity of ballooned hepatocyte feature recognition: defining a training atlas for artificial intelligence-based imaging in NAFLD. J Hepatol. 2022;76:1030\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.011.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1055_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330595","volume":"73","author":"G Targher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Targher G, Byrne CD, Tilg H. MASLD: a systemic metabolic disorder with cardiovascular and malignant complications. Gut. 2024;73:691\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330595.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1055_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02434-5","volume":"23","author":"H Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng H, Sechi LA, Navarese EP, Casu G, Vidili G. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and cardiovascular risk: a comprehensive review. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02434-5.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1055_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61272-X","volume":"376","author":"VG Athyros","year":"2010","unstructured":"Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Gossios TD, Griva T, Anagnostis P, Kargiotis K, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Lancet. 2010;376:1916\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61272-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1055_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.01.057","volume":"21","author":"B Zou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zou B, Odden MC, Nguyen MH. Statin use and reduced hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21:435\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.01.057.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1055_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.11.010","volume":"78","author":"V Ajmera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ajmera V, Cepin S, Tesfai K, Hofflich H, Cadman K, Lopez S, et al. A prospective study on the prevalence of NAFLD, advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in people with type 2 diabetes. J Hepatol. 2023;78:471\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.11.010.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1055_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26752-0","volume":"15","author":"S Sethasine","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sethasine S, Trakarnvanich T, Ruamtawee W, Treerasoradaj N, Susantitaphong P. Association of noninvasive tests of liver fibrosis with chronic kidney disease in MASLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2025;15:42681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-26752-0.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1055_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.108998","volume":"39","author":"L Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu L, Deng Y, Yang L, Wang M, Lai Y. Comparison of efficacy and safety of pioglitazone and SGLT2 inhibitors in treating Asian patients in MASLD associated with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. J Diabetes Complications. 2025;39:108998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.108998.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"1055_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14010044","volume":"14","author":"M Jamalinia","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jamalinia M, Weiskirchen R, Lonardo A. Liver fibrosis and the risks of impaired cognition and dementia: mechanisms, evidence, and clinical implications. Med Sci (Basel). 2026;14:44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci14010044.","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"1055_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12835","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012835","volume":"97","author":"HJ Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen HJ, Yang HY, Hsueh KC, Shen CC, Chen RY, Yu HC, et al. Increased risk of osteoporosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Med (Baltim). 2018;97:e12835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000012835.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"1055_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.005","volume":"149","author":"E Vilar-Gomez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, Torres-Gonzalez A, Gra-Oramas B, Gonzalez-Fabian L, et al. Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:367\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.005.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1055_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S295524","volume":"16","author":"SA Alqahtani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alqahtani SA, Schattenberg JM. NAFLD in the elderly. Clin Interv Aging. 2021;16:1633\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S295524.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"1055_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091813","volume":"14","author":"CM Mascar\u00f3","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mascar\u00f3 CM, Bouzas C, Montemayor S, Casares M, Llompart I, Ugarriza L, et al. Effect of a six-month lifestyle intervention on the physical activity and fitness status of adults with NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. Nutrients. 2022;14:1813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14091813.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1055_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70044","volume":"61","author":"S Tsitsou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsitsou S, Bali T, Adamantou M, Saridaki A, Poulia KA, Karagiannakis DS, et al. Effects of a 12-week Mediterranean-type time-restricted feeding protocol in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomised controlled trial\u2014the \u2018CHRONO-NAFLD Project\u2019. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2025;61:1290\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.70044.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1055_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041778","volume":"26","author":"AG Devasia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Devasia AG, Ramasamy A, Leo CH. Current therapeutic landscape for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:1778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26041778.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1055_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","volume":"390","author":"SA Harrison","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harrison SA, Bedossa P, Guy CD, Schattenberg JM, Loomba R, Taub R, et al. A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of resmetirom in NASH with liver fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:497\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1055_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028395","volume":"384","author":"PN Newsome","year":"2021","unstructured":"Newsome PN, Buchholtz K, Cusi K, Linder M, Okanoue T, Ratziu V, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneous semaglutide in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1113\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2028395.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1055_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2401943","volume":"391","author":"R Loomba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, Vuppalanchi R, Boursier J, Bugianesi E, et al. Tirzepatide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis with liver fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:299\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2401943.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1055_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2024.100018","volume":"77","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang X, Lau HC, Yu J. Pharmacological treatment for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and related disorders: current and emerging therapeutic options. Pharmacol Rev. 2025;77:100018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmr.2024.100018.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"1055_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.04.049","volume":"75","author":"R Pinyol","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinyol R, Torrecilla S, Wang H, Montironi C, Piqu\u00e9-Gili M, Torres-Martin M, et al. Molecular characterisation of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol. 2021;75:865\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.04.049.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1055_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101833","volume":"84","author":"Y He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He Y, Su Y, Duan C, Wang S, He W, Zhang Y, et al. Emerging role of aging in the progression of NAFLD to HCC. Ageing Res Rev. 2023;84:101833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101833.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"1055_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S400231","volume":"10","author":"Y Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao Y, Zhu R, Dong J, Li Z. Pathogenesis of NAFLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma: an up-to-date review. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2023;10:347\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JHC.S400231.","journal-title":"J Hepatocell Carcinoma"},{"key":"1055_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"goaf018","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goaf018","volume":"13","author":"K Mi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mi K, Ye T, Zhu L, Pan CQ. Risk-stratified hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in non-cirrhotic patients with MASLD. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2025;13:goaf018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gastro\/goaf018.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf)"},{"key":"1055_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","volume":"81","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL)","year":"2024","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol. 2024;81:492\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1055_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6107","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176107","volume":"14","author":"R Sasaki-Tanaka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sasaki-Tanaka R, Abe H, Yoshida T, Watanabe Y, Kimura N, Yokoo T, et al. Carbon-ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and future prospects: a narrative review. J Clin Med. 2025;14:6107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14176107.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1055_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050830","volume":"13","author":"L Valenzuela-Vallejo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valenzuela-Vallejo L, Sanoudou D, Mantzoros CS. Precision medicine in fatty liver disease\/non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pers Med. 2023;13:830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13050830.","journal-title":"J Pers Med"}],"container-title":["Current Gastroenterology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11894-026-01055-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11894-026-01055-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11894-026-01055-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:16:32Z","timestamp":1788333392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11894-026-01055-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11894-026-01055-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-312X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-312X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article is a narrative review based on previously published studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Ethics approval and informed consent were therefore not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors did not use generative artificial intelligence in the preparation of this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of Generative AI","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human and Animal Rights","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"For this type of study, formal consent is not required.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"28"}}