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It also discusses whether SIBO should be redefined as part of a larger group of microbial overgrowth syndromes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies identify distinct hydrogen-, methane-, and hydrogen sulfide-associated overgrowth phenotypes, termed SIBO, intestinal methanogen overgrowth (IMO), and intestinal sulfide overproduction (ISO). SB sampling shows that these conditions involve different microbial patterns and functional activity, symptoms, and host responses. Quantitative shotgun metagenomics provides greater taxonomic and functional resolution than culture, while metatranscriptomics reveals active microbial pathways. On top of that, host transcriptomics and proteomics contribute to the better understanding of the predominant microbial effects in host cellular mechanisms in each of the distinct small bowel overgrowth types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SIBO has been increasingly identified as a disorder of microbial ecology and function rather than bacterial quantity alone. Integrating BT with SB sampling and multi-omics approaches may improve classification, clarify symptom mechanisms, and support a more individualized treatment, although standardized methods and further clinical validation remain necessary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-026-01057-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:53:41Z","timestamp":1788760421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Do Multi-Omics Approaches Improve the Diagnosis of Microbial Overgrowth Syndromes?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Juliana","family":"de Freitas Germano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0619-5115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"1057_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)91337-4","volume":"76","author":"CE King","year":"1979","unstructured":"King CE, Toskes PP. 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Cedars-Sinai has a licensing agreement with Gemelli Biotech. M.P. have equity in Gemelli Biotech. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"29"}}