{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T10:36:22Z","timestamp":1778582182784,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499040000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Heart Fail Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-017-0344-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T08:15:30Z","timestamp":1499069730000},"page":"311-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Basic Metabolic Profile in Heart Failure\u2014Marker and Modifier"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamalanathan K.","family":"Sambandam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR1","first-page":"1107","volume":"80","author":"M Wyss","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wyss M, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Creatine and creatinine metabolism. Pysiol Rev. 2000;80(3):1107\u2013213.","journal-title":"Pysiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"344_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002333","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002333","volume":"9","author":"AJ Kula","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kula AJ, Hanberg JS, Wilson FP, Brisco MA, Bellumkonda L, Jacoby D, et al. Influence of titration of neurohormonal antagonists and blood pressure reduction on renal function and decongestion in decompensated heart failure. Circ heart Failure. 2016;9(1):e002333.","journal-title":"Circ heart Failure"},{"key":"344_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.07.031","volume":"43","author":"DE Forman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Forman DE, Butler J, Wang Y, Abraham WT, O\u2019Connor CM, Gottlieb SS, et al. Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Am Coll of Cardiol. 2004;43:61\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Coll of Cardiol"},{"key":"344_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht386","volume":"7","author":"K Damman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Damman K, Valente MAE, Voors AA, O\u2019Connor CM, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL. Renal impairment, worsening renal function, and outcome in patients with heart failure: an updated meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2014;7:455\u201369.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.966242","volume":"5","author":"FA McAlister","year":"2012","unstructured":"McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Tarantini L, Squire I, Komajda M, Bayes-Genis A, et al. Renal dysfunction in patients with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction: impact of the new chronic kidney disease-epidemiology collaboration group formula. Circ Heart Failure. 2012;5(3):309\u201314.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Failure"},{"issue":"6","key":"344_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2007.03.011","volume":"13","author":"JT Heywood","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heywood JT, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Mathur VS, Wigneswaran JR, Wynne J, et al. High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118,465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database. J Card Fail. 2007;13(6):422\u201330.","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000895","volume":"7","author":"JM Testani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Testani JM, Brisco MA, Turner JM, Spatz ES, Bellumkonda L, Parikh CR, et al. Loop diuretic efficiency: a metric of diuretic responsiveness with prognostic importance in acute decompensated heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7(2):261\u2013770.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.933275","volume":"122","author":"JM Testani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Testani JM, Chen J, McCauley BD, Kimmel SE, Shannon RP. Potential effects of aggressive decongestion during the treatment of decompensated heart failure on renal function and survival. Circ. 2010;122(3):265\u201372.","journal-title":"Circ"},{"issue":"12","key":"344_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft110","volume":"15","author":"SJ Greene","year":"2013","unstructured":"Greene SJ, Gheorghiade M, Vaduganathan M, Ambrosy AP, Mentz RJ, Subacius H, et al. Haemoconcentration, renal function, and post-discharge outcomes among patients hospitalized for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from the Everest Trial. Eur J of Heart Fail. 2013;15(12):1401\u201311.","journal-title":"Eur J of Heart Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"344_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.07.241","volume":"168","author":"J Oh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oh J, Kang S-M, Hong N, Youn J-C, Han S, Jeon E-S, et al. Hemoconcentration is a good prognostic predictor for clinical outcomes in acute heart failure: data from the Korean Heart Failure (KorHF) Registry. Int J of Cardiol. 2013;168(5):4739\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J of Cardiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"344_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.12.050","volume":"61","author":"DM Van","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u2022 Van DM, Postmus D, Ponikowski P, Cleland JG, O\u2019Connor CM, Cotter G, et al. The predictive value of short-term changes in hemoglobin concentration in patients presenting with acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(19):1973\u201381. The above study performs a post hoc analysis of a large randomized controlled trial and reveals improved overall outcome with aggressive decongestion despite slight worsening in renal function with such a strategy.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"344_CR12","first-page":"82","volume":"122","author":"JM Sands","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sands JM, Blount MA, Klein JD. Regulation of renal urea transport by vasopressin. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2011;122:82\u201392.","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"344_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.12.1319","volume":"297","author":"MA Konstam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC, Grinfeld L, Maggioni AP, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA. 2007;297(12):1319\u201331.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"19","key":"344_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2581","volume":"290","author":"DS Lee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee DS, Austin PC, Rouleau JL, Liu PP, Naimark D, Tu JV. Predicting mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure: derivation and validation of a clinical model. JAMA. 2003;290(19):2581\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"344_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2007.02.005","volume":"13","author":"G Filippatos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Filippatos G, Rossi J, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stough WG, Ouyang J, Shin DD, et al. Prognostic value of blood urea nitrogen in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: insights from the Acute and Chronic Therapeutic Impact of a Vasopressin Antagonist in Chronic Heart Failure (ACTIV in CHF) study. J Card Fail. 2007 Jun;13(5):360\u20134.","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"344_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.107.746933","volume":"1","author":"L Klein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klein L, Massie BM, Leimberger JD, O\u2019Connor CM, Pi\u00f1a IL, Adams KF, et al. Admission or changes in renal function during hospitalization for worsening heart failure predict postdischarge survival: results from the Outcomes of a prospective Trial of Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic Heart Failure (OPTIME-CHF). Circ Heart Fail. 2008 May;1(1):25\u201333.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."},{"issue":"4","key":"344_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.01.052","volume":"58","author":"JM Testani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Testani JM, Cappola TP, Brensinger CM, Shannon RP, Kimmel SE. Interaction between loop diuretic-associated mortality and blood urea nitrogen concentration in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(4):375\u201382.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"344_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103712","volume":"37","author":"IS Edelman","year":"1958","unstructured":"Edelman IS, Leibman J, O\u2019meara MP, Birkenfeld LW. Interrelations between serum sodium concentration, serum osmolarity and total exchangeable sodium, total exchangeable potassium and total body water. J Clin Invest. 1958;37(9):1236\u201356.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"344_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.12.010","volume":"65","author":"FH Verbrugge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verbrugge FH, Steels P, Grieten L, Nijst P, Tang WHW, Mullens W. Hyponatremia in acute decompensated heart failure: depletion versus dilution. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(5):480\u201392.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-004-0281-3","volume":"8","author":"MK Nguyen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nguyen MK, Kurtz I. Role of potassium in hypokalemia-induced hyponatremia: lessons learned from the Edelman equation. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2004;8(2):98\u2013102.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"344_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl542","volume":"28","author":"M Gheorghiade","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gheorghiade M, Abraham WT, Albert NM, Gattis Stough W, Greenberg BH, O\u2019Connor CM, et al. Relationship between admission serum sodium concentration and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure: an analysis from the OPTIMIZE-HF registry. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(8):980\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"19","key":"344_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000165065.82609.3D","volume":"111","author":"L Klein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klein L, O\u2019Connor CM, Leimberger JD, Gattis-Stough W, Pi\u00f1a IL, Felker GM, et al. Lower serum sodium is associated with increased short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with worsening heart failure: results from the Outcomes of a Prospective Trial of Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic Heart Failure (OPTIME-CHF) study. Circulation. 2005;111(19):2454\u201360.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.03.020","volume":"173","author":"S Gandhi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gandhi S, Mosleh W, Myers RBH. Hypertonic saline with furosemide for the treatment of acute congestive heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173(2):139\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"344_CR24","first-page":"207","volume":"80","author":"CP Hayes","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hayes CP, McLeod ME, Robinson RR. An extrarenal mechanism for the maintenance of potassium balance in severe chronic renal failure. Trans Assoc Am Phys. 1967;80:207\u201316.","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"344_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001104","volume":"7","author":"O Vardeny","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vardeny O, Claggett B, Anand I, Rossignol P, Desai AS, Zannad F, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes related to hypo- and hyperkalemia in patients with severe heart failure treated with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7(4):573\u20139.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."},{"issue":"10","key":"344_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007070792","volume":"18","author":"C-L Huang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huang C-L, Kuo E. Mechanism of hypokalemia in magnesium deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(10):2649\u201352.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"344_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.08.078","volume":"118","author":"S Hoss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoss S, Elizur Y, Luria D, Keren A, Lotan C, Gotsman I. Serum potassium levels and outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(12):1868\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2015.06.003","volume":"170","author":"K Salah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salah K, Pinto YM, Eurlings LW, Metra M, Stienen S, Lombardi C, et al. Serum potassium decline during hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure is a predictor of 6-month mortality, independent of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels: an individual patient data analysis. Am Heart J. 2015;170(3):531\u201342.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"15","key":"344_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.15.1510","volume":"98","author":"J Nolan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nolan J, Batin PD, Andrews R, Lindsay SJ, Brooksby P, Mullen M, et al. Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure: results of the United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UK-heart). Circulation. 1998;98(15):1510\u20136.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"344_CR30","unstructured":"WWEIA Data Tables: USDA ARS. [Internet]. [cited 2017Apr24]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md\/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center\/food-surveys-research-group\/docs\/wweia-data-tables\/ ."},{"issue":"7","key":"344_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq502","volume":"32","author":"B Pitt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pitt B, Anker SD, Bushinsky DA, Kitzman DW, Zannad F, Huang I-Z, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of RLY5016, a polymeric potassium binder, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic heart failure (the PEARL-HF) trial. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(7):820\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"10","key":"344_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.402","volume":"17","author":"B Pitt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pitt B, Bakris GL, Bushinsky DA, Garza D, Mayo MR, Stasiv Y, et al. Effect of patiromer on reducing serum potassium and preventing recurrent hyperkalaemia in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease on RAAS inhibitors. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17(10):1057\u201365.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"344_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Hanberg JS, Rao V, Ter Maaten JM, Laur O, Brisco MA, Perry Wilson F, et al. Hypochloremia and diuretic resistance in heart failure: mechanistic insights. Circ Heart Fail. 2016; 9(8). The above analysis provides the most complete description to date of the hypochloremic heart failure patient phenotype.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003180"},{"issue":"4","key":"344_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2015.06.016","volume":"31","author":"H Gomez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gomez H, Kellum JA. Understanding acid base disorders. Crit Care Clin. 2015;31(4):849\u201360.","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"344_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.007","volume":"66","author":"JL Grodin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grodin JL, Simon J, Hachamovitch R, Wu Y, Jackson G, Halkar M, et al. Prognostic role of serum chloride levels in acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(6):659\u201366.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"344_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002453","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002453","volume":"9","author":"JL Grodin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grodin JL, Verbrugge FH, Ellis SG, Mullens W, Testani JM, Tang WHW. Importance of abnormal chloride homeostasis in stable chronic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9(1):e002453.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"344_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ter Maaten JM, Damman K, Hanberg JS, Givertz MM, Metra M, O\u2019Connor CM, et al. Hypochloremia, diuretic resistance, and outcome in patients with acute heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2016; 9(8).","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003109"},{"issue":"6","key":"344_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.477","volume":"18","author":"JM Testani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Testani JM, Hanberg JS, Arroyo JP, Brisco MA, Ter Maaten JM, Wilson FP, et al. Hypochloraemia is strongly and independently associated with mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18(6):660\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"344_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.09.014","volume":"119","author":"JL Grodin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grodin JL, Sun J-L, Anstrom KJ, Chen HH, Starling RC, Testani JM, et al. Implications of serum chloride homeostasis in acute heart failure (from ROSE-AHF). Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(1):78\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"344_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8458","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802966105","volume":"105","author":"J Ponce-Coria","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ponce-Coria J, San-Cristobal P, Kahle KT, Vazquez N, Pacheco-Alvarez D, de Los HP, et al. Regulation of NKCC2 by a chloride-sensing mechanism involving the WNK3 and SPAK kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(24):8458\u201363.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"344_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014050470","volume":"26","author":"S Baz\u00faa-Valenti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baz\u00faa-Valenti S, Ch\u00e1vez-Canales M, Rojas-Vega L, Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez X, V\u00e1zquez N, Rodr\u00edguez-Gama A, et al. The effect of WNK4 on the Na+-Cl- cotransporter is modulated by intracellular chloride. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(8):1781\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"344_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113061","volume":"80","author":"JH Galla","year":"1987","unstructured":"Galla JH, Bonduris DN, Luke RG. Effects of chloride and extracellular fluid volume on bicarbonate reabsorption along the nephron in metabolic alkalosis in the rat. Reassessment of the classical hypothesis of the pathogenesis of metabolic alkalosis. J Clin Invest. 1987;80(1):41\u201350.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["Current Heart Failure Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11897-017-0344-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11897-017-0344-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11897-017-0344-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]],"date-time":"2019-09-28T06:28:57Z","timestamp":1569652137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11897-017-0344-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11897-017-0344-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-9530","1546-9549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-9530","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-9549","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]}}}