{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:12:31Z","timestamp":1790759551223,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Heart Fail Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-020-00496-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T02:02:16Z","timestamp":1605319336000},"page":"333-340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Stages of CS: Clinical and Translational Update"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Baran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob C.","family":"Jentzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"496_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 van Diepen S, Katz JN, Albert NM, Henry TD, Jacobs AK, Kapur NK, et al. Contemporary management of cardiogenic Shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;136(16):e232\u2013e68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000000525Important scientific statement from AHA laying groundwork for Shock Centers and the importance of hub and spoke approaches to cardiogenic shock.","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000525"},{"key":"496_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(9):625\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm199908263410901Seminal study of revascularization in cardiogenic shock which is the last trial to demonstrate improvements in outcome. Note that the primary endpoint was not met, but a secondary was met at 6 months.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199908263410901"},{"key":"496_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022 Thiele H, Jobs A, Ouweneel DM, Henriques JPS, Seyfarth M, Desch S, et al. Percutaneous short-term active mechanical support devices in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(47):3523\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx363Meta-analysis of the existing randomized trials of percutaneous MCS devices. None improves mortality.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx363"},{"key":"496_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022 Killip T 3rd, Kimball JT. Treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit. A two year experience with 250 patients. Am J Cardiol. 1967;20(4):457\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9149(67)90023-9Original and still occasionally used classification of post myocardial infarction patients with shock.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(67)90023-9"},{"key":"496_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, Ferenc M, Olbrich HG, Hausleiter J, et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (IABP-SHOCK II): final 12 month results of a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet (London, England). 2013;382(9905):1638\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(13)61783-312 month results of the IABP versus medical therapy in post-MI shock.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(13)61783-3"},{"key":"496_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Thiele H, Akin I, Sandri M, Fuernau G, de Waha S, Meyer-Saraei R, et al. PCI strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(25):2419\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1710261Results of the CULPRIT-Shock trial which showed that PCI of the culprit vessel resulted in lower mortality than multivessel PCI.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710261"},{"key":"496_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, Ferenc M, Olbrich HG, Hausleiter J, et al. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(14):1287\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1208410Landmark trial of IABP versus medical therapy in post-MI shock.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208410"},{"key":"496_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022 Lawler PR, Mehra MR. Advancing from a \"hemodynamic model\" to a \"mechanistic disease-modifying model\" of cardiogenic shock. J Heart Lung Transplant : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2018;37(11):1285\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healun.2018.07.009Interesting perspective piece regarding a phenotypic classification of shock.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2018.07.009"},{"key":"496_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022 Esposito M, Kapur N. Acute mechanical circulatory support for cardiogenic shock: the ?Door to support? Time [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. 2017;6(737). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.11150.1. Perspective paper discussing the rationale for primary rapid ventricular unloading as opposed simply minimizing door to balloon time.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11150.1"},{"issue":"7","key":"496_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28307","volume":"93","author":"MB Basir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Basir MB, Kapur NK, Patel K, Salam MA, Schreiber T, Kaki A, et al. Improved outcomes associated with the use of shock protocols: updates from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2019;93(7):1173\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccd.28307.","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions"},{"key":"496_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2020.04.039","volume":"21","author":"MB Basir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Basir MB. Beyond the coronary arteries, should we be shifting our focus to mechanical circulatory support in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock? Cardiovas Revasc Med : including molecular interventions. 2020;21:849\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carrev.2020.04.039.","journal-title":"Cardiovas Revasc Med : including molecular interventions"},{"key":"496_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022 Kapur NK, Davila CD. Timing, timing, timing: the emerging concept of the \u2018door to support\u2019 time for cardiogenic shock. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(47):3532\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx406Perspective regarding the idea that earlier mechanical support may improve outcomes even more than rapid coronary revascularization by percutaneous intervention. (similar to Esposito and Kapur above).","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx406"},{"key":"496_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Harjola VP, Lassus J, Sionis A, Kober L, Tarvasmaki T, Spinar J, et al. Clinical picture and risk prediction of short-term mortality in cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17(5):501\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.260 This paper discusses the CARDSHOCK risk score in cardiogenic shock along with validation.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.260"},{"key":"496_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Poss J, Koster J, Fuernau G, Eitel I, de Waha S, Ouarrak T, et al. Risk stratification for patients in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(15):1913\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.027The IAB SHOCK-II risk score is described along with validation.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.027"},{"key":"496_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022 Sleeper LA, Reynolds HR, White HD, Webb JG, Dzav\u00edk V, Hochman JS. A severity scoring system for risk assessment of patients with cardiogenic shock: a report from the SHOCK Trial and Registry. Am Heart J. 2010;160(3):443\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.06.024The SHOCK trial risk score is described. It did not achieve widespread use.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.06.024"},{"key":"496_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Baran DA, Grines CL, Bailey S, Burkhoff D, Hall SA, Henry TD, et al. SCAI clinical expert consensus statement on the classification of cardiogenic shock: This document was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in April 2019. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2019;94(1):29\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccd.28329SCAI Shock Classification document giving guidelines for assessing the new SCAI Shock stage.","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28329"},{"issue":"23","key":"496_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1974.tb93707.x","volume":"2","author":"MF O'Rourke","year":"1974","unstructured":"O'Rourke MF, Chang VP. The \u201cpre-shock\u201d stage of massive myocardial infarction. Results of treatment with arterial counterpulsation. Med J Aust. 1974;2(23):841\u20135.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"3","key":"496_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12417","volume":"6","author":"A Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer A, Burkhoff D, Bauersachs J. Haemodynamic simulation and the effect of early left ventricular unloading in pre-shock acute coronary syndrome. ESC heart failure. 2019;6(3):457\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.12417.","journal-title":"ESC heart failure"},{"key":"496_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Jentzer JC, van Diepen S, Barsness GW, Henry TD, Menon V, Rihal CS, et al. Cardiogenic shock classification to predict mortality in the cardiac intensive care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(17):2117\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.077First validation of the SCAI Shock Stage classification with more than 10,000 intensive care unit patients in a retrospective study.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.077"},{"key":"496_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2019.10.012","volume":"219","author":"JC Jentzer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jentzer JC, Baran DA, van Diepen S, Barsness GW, Henry TD, Naidu SS, et al. Admission Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention shock stage stratifies post-discharge mortality risk in cardiac intensive care unit patients. Am Heart J. 2020;219:37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2019.10.012.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"496_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Jentzer JC, Henry TD, Barsness GW, Menon V, Baran DA, Van Diepen S. Influence of cardiac arrest and SCAI shock stage on cardiac intensive care unit mortality. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv: official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccd.28854Further analysis of a 10,000 patient intensive care unit population examining the potent effect of a cardiac arrest (however brief).","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28854"},{"key":"496_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022 Schrage B, Dabboura S, Yan I, Hilal R, Neumann JT, S\u00f6rensen NA, et al. Application of the SCAI classification in a cohort of patients with cardiogenic shock. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccd.28707Second retrospective validation of the SCAI Shock Classification in 1000 patients at a single center.","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28707"},{"key":"496_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022 Hanson ID, Tagami T, Mando R, Kara Balla A, Dixon SR, Timmis S, Almany S, Naidu SS, Baran D, Lemor A, Gorgis S, O'Neill W, Basir MB. National Cardiogenic Shock Investigators. SCAI shock classification in acute myocardial infarction: Insights from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccd.29139. Validation of the SCAI Shock classification in a population of AMI cardiogenic shock patients from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative group.","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.29139"},{"key":"496_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022 Pareek N, Dworakowski R, Webb I, Barash J, Emezu G, Melikian N, Hill J, Shah A, MacCarthy P, Byrne J. SCAI cardiogenic shock classification after out of hospital cardiac arrest and association with outcome. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccd.28984. Validation of the SCAI Shock classification in a population of out of hospital cardiac arrest patients.","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28984"},{"key":"496_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Thayer KL, Kapur NK. Invasive hemodynamic assessment and classification of in-hospital mortality risk among patients with cardiogenic shock. Circ Heart Fail. 2020;13(9):e007099. Retrospective validation of the SCAI Shock classification in the multicenter cardiogenic shock working group.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.01.003"},{"key":"496_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jentzer JC. Understanding Cardiogenic Shock Severity and Mortality Risk Assessment. Circ Heart Fail. 2020;13(9):e007568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007568.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007568"}],"container-title":["Current Heart Failure Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11897-020-00496-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11897-020-00496-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11897-020-00496-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T06:43:09Z","timestamp":1744180989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11897-020-00496-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11897-020-00496-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-9530","1546-9549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-9530","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-9549","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Dr. Baran has consulted with Getinge, Livanova, Abiomed, MC3, Novartis, and Pfizer. None of these are relevant to the current manuscript. None of the other authors have relevant conflicts.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}]}}