{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:17:58Z","timestamp":1792685878749,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Hematol Malig Rep"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-026-00781-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T05:55:40Z","timestamp":1785736540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia: History, Pathobiology, Diagnostic Controversies, and Evolving Classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8980-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanam","family":"Loghavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7753-0697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert P.","family":"Hasserjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"781_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27271","volume":"99","author":"MM Patnaik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patnaik MM, Tefferi A. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and management. Am J Hematol. 2024;99:1142\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"781_CR2","first-page":"22","volume":"110","author":"L Marando","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marando L, Csizmar CM, Patnaik MM. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic innovations. Haematologica. 2025;110:22\u201336.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"781_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1982.tb08475.x","volume":"51","author":"JM Bennett","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR, et al. Proposals for the classification of the myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol. 1982;51:189\u201399.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"781_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-04-1199","volume":"100","author":"JW Vardiman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vardiman JW, Harris NL, Brunning RD. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the myeloid neoplasms. Blood. 2002;100:2292\u2013302.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-209262","volume":"114","author":"JW Vardiman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vardiman JW, Thiele J, Arber DA, Brunning RD, Borowitz MJ, Porwit A, et al. The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes. Blood. 2008;114:937\u201351.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2008.005421","volume":"94","author":"JE Goasguen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goasguen JE, Bennett JM, Bain BJ, Vallespi T, Brunning R, Mufti GJ. Morphological evaluation of monocytes and their precursors. Haematologica. 2009;94:994\u20137.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"781_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-03-643544","volume":"127","author":"DA Arber","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, Thiele J, Borowitz MJ, Le Beau MM, et al. The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood. 2016;127:2391\u2013405.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018019224","volume":"2","author":"S Loghavi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Loghavi S, Sui D, Wei P, Garcia-Manero G, Pierce S, Routbort MJ, et al. Validation of the 2017 revision of the WHO chronic myelomonocytic leukemia categories. Blood Adv. 2018;2:1807\u201316.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"781_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01613-1","volume":"36","author":"JD Khoury","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khoury JD, Solary E, Abla O, Akkari Y, Alaggio R, Apperley JF, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Myeloid and histiocytic\/dendritic neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022;36:1703\u201319.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"781_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015850","volume":"140","author":"DA Arber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian RP, Borowitz MJ, Calvo KR, Kvasnicka H-M, et al. International Consensus Classification of Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukemias: integrating morphologic, clinical, and genomic data. Blood. 2022;140:1200\u201328.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2017.45","volume":"30","author":"JT Geyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geyer JT, Tam W, Liu Y-C, Chen Z, Wang SA, Bueso-Ramos C, et al. Oligomonocytic chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (chronic myelomonocytic leukemia without absolute monocytosis) displays a similar clinicopathologic and mutational profile to classical chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Mod Pathol. 2017;30:1213\u201322.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"781_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5285","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002206","volume":"4","author":"X Calvo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calvo X, Garcia-Gisbert N, Parraga I, Gibert J, Florensa L, Andrade-Campos M, et al. Oligomonocytic and overt chronic myelomonocytic leukemia show similar clinical, genomic, and immunophenotypic features. Blood Adv. 2020;4:5285\u201396.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"781_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3921","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022007359","volume":"6","author":"X Calvo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calvo X, Roman-Bravo D, Garcia-Gisbert N, Rodriguez-Sevilla JJ, Garcia-Avila S, Florensa L, et al. Outcomes and molecular profile of oligomonocytic CMML support its consideration as the first stage in the CMML continuum. Blood Adv. 2022;6:3921\u201331.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"781_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6747","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-209126","volume":"144","author":"CM Csizmar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Csizmar CM, Natu AA, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Chien KS, Hammond D, Loghavi S, et al. Comparative analysis of Oligomonocytic CMML with myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative CMML subtypes: A study of 849 molecularly-annotated patients. Blood. 2024;144:6747\u20136747.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2126(01)00014-5","volume":"25","author":"T N\u00f6sslinger","year":"2001","unstructured":"N\u00f6sslinger T, Reisner R, Gr\u00fcner H, T\u00fcchler H, Nowotny H, Pittermann E, et al. Dysplastic versus proliferative CMML\u2013a retrospective analysis of 91 patients from a single institution. Leuk Res. 2001;25:741\u20137.","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"key":"781_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12477","volume":"95","author":"Q Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen Q, Ouyang J, Tang G, Jabbour EJ, Garcia-Manero G, Routbort M, et al. Flow cytometry immunophenotypic findings in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and its utility in monitoring treatment response. Eur J Haematol. 2015;95:168\u201376.","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"781_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800707","volume":"19","author":"A Orazi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Orazi A, Chiu R, O\u2019Malley DP, Czader M, Allen SL, An C, et al. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: The role of bone marrow biopsy immunohistology. Mod Pathol. 2006;19:1536\u201345.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"781_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07117.x","volume":"141","author":"N-T Ngo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ngo N-T, Lampert IA, Naresh KN. Bone marrow trephine morphology and immunohistochemical findings in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2008;141:771\u201381.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"781_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-009-0726-x","volume":"454","author":"M Qubaja","year":"2009","unstructured":"Qubaja M, Marmey B, Le Tourneau A, Haiat S, Cazals-Hatem D, Fabiani B, et al. The detection of CD14 and CD16 in paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsies is useful for the diagnosis of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Virchows Arch. 2009;454:411\u20139.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"781_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385987","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1385987","volume":"14","author":"B Xicoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xicoy B, Pomares H, Morgades M, Germing U, Arnan M, Tormo M, et al. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with ring sideroblasts\/SF3B1 mutation presents with low monocyte count and resembles myelodysplastic syndromes with-RS\/SF3B1 mutation in terms of phenotype and prognosis. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1385987.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"781_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-01-620781","volume":"125","author":"D Selimoglu-Buet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Selimoglu-Buet D, Wagner-Ballon O, Saada V, Bardet V, Itzykson R, Bencheikh L, et al. Characteristic repartition of monocyte subsets as a diagnostic signature of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood. 2015;125:3618\u201326.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2023.05.006","volume":"55","author":"L Barge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barge L, Gooch M, Hendle M, Simleit E. Real world implementation of flow cytometric monocyte subset partitioning for distinguishing chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia from other causes of monocytosis. Pathology. 2023;55:827\u201334.","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"781_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.22176","volume":"106","author":"S Tarfi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tarfi S, Kern W, Goulas E, Selimoglu-Buet D, Wagner-Ballon O, CytHem-LMMC. Technical, gating and interpretation recommendations for the partitioning of circulating monocyte subsets assessed by flow cytometry. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2024;106:203\u201315.","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin Cytom"},{"key":"781_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0690-7","volume":"34","author":"G Coltro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coltro G, Mangaonkar AA, Lasho TL, Finke CM, Pophali P, Carr R, et al. Clinical, molecular, and prognostic correlates of number, type, and functional localization of TET2 mutations in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)-a study of 1084 patients. Leukemia. 2020;34:1407\u201321.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"781_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023023727","volume":"144","author":"E Bernard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bernard E, Hasserjian RP, Greenberg PL, Arango Ossa JE, Creignou M, Tuechler H, et al. Molecular taxonomy of myelodysplastic syndromes and its clinical implications. Blood. 2024;144:1617\u201332.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Montalban-Bravo G, Wu C, Rodriguez-Sevilla JJ, Wei Y, Chien KS, Bouligny I et al. Incorporation of genomic determinants improves diagnostic accuracy of oligomonocytic chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov [Internet]. 2026; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-25-0264","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-25-0264"},{"key":"781_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.125","volume":"28","author":"MM Patnaik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patnaik MM, Itzykson R, Lasho TL, Kosmider O, Finke CM, Hanson CA, et al. ASXL1 and SETBP1 mutations and their prognostic contribution in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: a two-center study of 466 patients. Leukemia. 2014;28:2206\u201312.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"781_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-05-714030","volume":"128","author":"C Elena","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elena C, Gall\u00ec A, Such E, Meggendorfer M, Germing U, Rizzo E, et al. Integrating clinical features and genetic lesions in the risk assessment of patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood. 2016;128:1408\u201317.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001058","volume":"42","author":"HD Gur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gur HD, Loghavi S, Garcia-Manero G, Routbort M, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Quesada A, et al. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with fibrosis is a distinct disease subset with myeloproliferative features and frequent JAK2 p.V617F mutations. Am J Surg Pathol. 2018;42:799\u2013806.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"781_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24581","volume":"92","author":"MM Patnaik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patnaik MM, Barraco D, Lasho TL, Finke CM, Hanson CA, Ketterling RP, et al. DNMT3A mutations are associated with inferior overall and leukemia-free survival in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2017;92:56\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"781_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5716","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001972","volume":"4","author":"K Wudhikarn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wudhikarn K, Loghavi S, Mangaonkar AA, Al-Kali A, Binder M, Carr R, et al. SF3B1-mutant CMML defines a predominantly dysplastic CMML subtype with a superior acute leukemia-free survival. Blood Adv. 2020;4:5716\u201321.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"781_CR32","unstructured":"Lanino L, Hunter AM, Gagelmann N, Robin M, Dall\u2019Olio D, Flamigni A et al. Molecular-based ecosystem to improve personalized medicine in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2026;JCO2502116."},{"key":"781_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-023-01964-3","volume":"37","author":"M Gurney","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gurney M, Mangaonkar AA, Lasho T, Finke C, Al-Kali A, Gangat N, et al. Somatic TP53 single nucleotide variants, indels and copy number alterations in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Leukemia. 2023;37:1753\u20136.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"781_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e393","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2016.5","volume":"6","author":"MM Patnaik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patnaik MM, Tefferi A. Cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood Cancer J. 2016;6:e393.","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"781_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-08-452938","volume":"121","author":"E Such","year":"2013","unstructured":"Such E, Germing U, Malcovati L, Cervera J, Kuendgen A, Della Porta MG, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic scoring system for patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood. 2013;121:3005\u201315.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024027170","volume":"146","author":"A Tefferi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tefferi A, Fathima S, Abdelmagid M, Alsugair AKA, Aperna F, Rezasoltani M, et al. BLAST: a globally applicable and molecularly versatile survival model for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood. 2025;146:874\u201386.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2022.282528","volume":"108","author":"VT Quang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quang VT, Podvin B, Desterke C, Tarfi S, Barathon Q, Badaoui B, et al. TET2 mutational status affects myelodysplastic syndrome evolution to chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Haematologica. 2023;108:3135\u201341.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"781_CR38","unstructured":"Lachowiez CA, Asimomitis G, Bernard E, Devlin SM, Tazi Y, Creignou M et al. Multi-modal and data-driven assessment of myeloid neoplasms refines classification across disease states. Blood Cancer Discov. 2025;OF1\u201312."},{"key":"781_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023021199","volume":"143","author":"F Baumgartner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baumgartner F, Baer C, Bamopoulos S, Ayoub E, Truger M, Meggendorfer M, et al. Comparing malignant monocytosis across the updated WHO and ICC classifications of 2022. Blood. 2022;143:1139\u201356.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2025.100823","volume":"38","author":"V Baloda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baloda V, Al Amri R, Patwardhan PP, Monaghan SA, Moore EM, Rea B, et al. Myeloid neoplasms with oligomonocytosis exhibit heterogenous pathologic and genetic features. Mod Pathol. 2025;38:100823.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"781_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E614","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24861","volume":"92","author":"R Vallapureddy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vallapureddy R, Lasho TL, Hoversten K, Finke CM, Ketterling R, Hanson C, et al. Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutations in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and their prognostic relevance. Am J Hematol. 2017;92:E614-8.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"781_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-187676","volume":"142","author":"G Gener-Ricos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gener-Ricos G, Bataller A, Almanza-Huante E, Chien KS, Hammond DE, Sasaki K, et al. NPM1-mutated myeloid neoplasms: Updated outcomes with high-intensive chemotherapy regardless of the blast percentage. Blood. 2023;142:957\u2013957.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E91","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26858","volume":"98","author":"M Siddiqui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siddiqui M, Konoplev S, Issa G, Kantarjian H, Daver N, Ravandi F, et al. Biologic features and clinical outcomes in newly diagnosed myelodysplastic syndrome with KMT2A rearrangements. Am J Hematol. 2023;98:E91\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"6","key":"781_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-04-779579","volume":"130","author":"D Selimoglu-Buet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Selimoglu-Buet D, Badaoui B, Benayoun E, Toma A, Fenaux P, Quesnel B, Etienne G, Braun T, Abermil N, Morabito M, Droin N, Solary E, Wagner-Ballon O. Accumulation of classical monocytes defines a subgroup of MDS that frequently evolves into CMML. Blood. 2017;130(6):832\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2017-04-779579","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.222059","volume":"104","author":"P Valent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valent P, Orazi A, Savona MR, Patnaik MM, Onida F, van de Loosdrecht AA, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for classical chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), CMML variants and pre-CMML conditions. Haematologica. 2019;104:1935\u201349.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"781_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dunn WG, Sachs MC, Maggi M, Gu M, Quiros PM, Batta K et al. The prevalence and clinical significance of clonal monocytosis. Blood [Internet]. 2026; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2025031883","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025031883"},{"key":"781_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23186-w","volume":"12","author":"RM Carr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carr RM, Vorobyev D, Lasho T, Marks DL, Tolosa EJ, Vedder A, et al. RAS mutations drive proliferative chronic myelomonocytic leukemia via a KMT2A-PLK1 axis. Nat Commun. 2021;12:2901.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"781_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0143-8","volume":"32","author":"MM Patnaik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patnaik MM, Pierola AA, Vallapureddy R, Yalniz FF, Kadia TM, Jabbour EJ, et al. Blast phase chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: Mayo-MDACC collaborative study of 171 cases. Leukemia. 2018;32:2512\u20138.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"781_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000090","volume":"3","author":"SS Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel SS, Ho C, Ptashkin RN, Sadigh S, Bagg A, Geyer JT, et al. Clinicopathologic and genetic characterization of nonacute NPM1-mutated myeloid neoplasms. Blood Adv. 2019;3:1540\u20135.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"781_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018026989","volume":"3","author":"G Montalban-Bravo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Montalban-Bravo G, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Sasaki K, Patel K, Ganan-Gomez I, Jabbour E, et al. NPM1 mutations define a specific subgroup of MDS and MDS\/MPN patients with favorable outcomes with intensive chemotherapy. Blood Adv. 2019;3:922\u201333.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"781_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016867","volume":"140","author":"H D\u00f6hner","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u00f6hner H, Wei AH, Appelbaum FR, Craddock C, DiNardo CD, Dombret H, et al. Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2022 recommendations from an international expert panel on behalf of the ELN. Blood. 2022;140:1345\u201377.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-339","volume":"146","author":"W Walter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Walter W, Keppler S, Ecker V, Kern W, Haferlach T, Stengel A. Bi-allelic TET2 alterations are frequently found in NPM1 mutated AML and constitute a distinct subgroup with unfavorable prognosis. Blood. 2025;146:339\u2013339.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23567","volume":"88","author":"K Alayed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alayed K, Patel KP, Konoplev S, Singh RR, Routbort MJ, Reddy N, et al. TET2 mutations, myelodysplastic features, and a distinct immunoprofile characterize blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm in the bone marrow. Am J Hematol. 2013;88:1055\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"781_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001316","volume":"43","author":"N Sukswai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sukswai N, Aung PP, Yin CC, Li S, Wang W, Wang SA, et al. Dual expression of TCF4 and CD123 is highly sensitive and specific for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol. 2019;43:1429\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"781_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0999","volume":"7","author":"J Montero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montero J, Stephansky J, Cai T, Griffin GK, Cabal-Hierro L, Togami K, et al. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm is dependent on BCL2 and sensitive to venetoclax. Cancer Discov. 2017;7:156\u201364.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"781_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14439","volume":"50","author":"H Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang H, Panse G, Braddock D, Perincheri S, Xu ML, McNiff JM. IRF8 may be a useful marker for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, especially with weak CD123 expression. J Cutan Pathol. 2023;50:595\u2013600.","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"781_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0447-3","volume":"33","author":"N Lucas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lucas N, Duchmann M, Rameau P, No\u00ebl F, Michea P, Saada V, et al. Biology and prognostic impact of clonal plasmacytoid dendritic cells in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2019;33:2466\u201380.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"781_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar D, Cheng W, Lin L, Raess PW, Xie W, Wong J et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell clusters are associated with poor prognosis in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Virchows Arch [Internet]. 2025; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-025-04333-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-025-04333-w"},{"key":"781_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu SJ, Hergott CB, Griffin GK, Lane AA, Luskin MR, Larocca CA et al. The Clinicopathologic and Genomic Features of Mature Versus Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasms Arising From Chronic Myeloid Neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol [Internet]. 2026; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAS.0000000000002556","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000002556"},{"key":"781_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5425","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002415","volume":"4","author":"AA Mangaonkar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mangaonkar AA, Reichard KK, Binder M, Coltro G, Lasho TL, Carr RM, et al. Bone marrow dendritic cell aggregates associate with systemic immune dysregulation in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood Adv. 2020;4:5425\u201330.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"781_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0447-x","volume":"33","author":"JW Craig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Craig JW, Hasserjian RP, Kim AS, Aster JC, Pinkus GS, Hornick JL, et al. Detection of the KIT mutation in myelodysplastic and\/or myeloproliferative neoplasms and acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes predicts concurrent systemic mastocytosis. Mod Pathol. 2020;33:1135\u201345.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"781_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025031870","volume":"147","author":"B Thakral","year":"2026","unstructured":"Thakral B, Loghavi S. CD25\u2009+\u2009mast cell hyperplasia in myeloid\/lymphoid neoplasm with PDGFRA rearrangement mimicking systemic mastocytosis. Blood. 2026;147:1004.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.7573","volume":"18","author":"SK Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta SK, Jain N, Tang G, Futreal A, Wang SA, Khoury JD, et al. A cryptic BCR-PDGFRB fusion resulting in a chronic myeloid neoplasm with monocytosis and eosinophilia: a novel finding with treatment implications. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2020;18:1300\u20134.","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"781_CR64","first-page":"100520","volume":"24","author":"B Shah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shah B, Abdollahi-Neisani M, Taheri P, Varshavsky A, Nejati R, Mackrides N. Diagnostic and taxonomic challenges in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with lymph node involvement: A case report and mini-review. Leuk Res Rep. 2025;24:100520.","journal-title":"Leuk Res Rep"},{"key":"781_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31825dd4de","volume":"36","author":"F Vitte","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vitte F, Fabiani B, B\u00e9net C, Dalac S, Balme B, Delattre C, et al. Specific skin lesions in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: a spectrum of myelomonocytic and dendritic cell proliferations: a study of 42 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36:1302\u201316.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"781_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13039","volume":"44","author":"S Loghavi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loghavi S, Curry JL, Garcia-Manero G, Patel KP, Xu J, Khoury JD, et al. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia masquerading as cutaneous indeterminate dendritic cell tumor: expanding the spectrum of skin lesions in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. J Cutan Pathol. 2017;44:1075\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"781_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-3848","volume":"146","author":"S Loghavi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Loghavi S, Zang C, Li Z, Hammond D, Chien K, Bataller A, et al. Multimodal assessment of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with extramedullary involvement reveals RAS pathway activation, adverse outcomes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Blood. 2025;146:3848\u20133848.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"781_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2016.1243681","volume":"58","author":"MF Zahid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zahid MF, Barraco D, Lasho TL, Finke C, Ketterling RP, Gangat N, et al. Spectrum of autoimmune diseases and systemic inflammatory syndromes in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2017;58:1488\u201393.","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"}],"container-title":["Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11899-026-00781-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11899-026-00781-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11899-026-00781-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T07:03:27Z","timestamp":1785740607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11899-026-00781-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11899-026-00781-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1558-822X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1558-822X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"15"}}