{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:00:09Z","timestamp":1788350409584,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-008-0019-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T03:19:00Z","timestamp":1224040740000},"page":"120-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Ocular complications of HIV infection in sub-Sahara Africa"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Oathokwa","family":"Nkomazana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dintle","family":"Tshitswana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"19_CR1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS: AIDS Epidemic Update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. Available at http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/EPISlides\/2007\/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf . Accessed February 15, 2008."},{"key":"19_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807233390406","volume":"339","author":"E.T. Cunningham Jr","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cunningham ET Jr, Margolis TP: Ocular manifestations of HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:236\u2013244.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"19_CR3","unstructured":"HIV\/AIDS: what is the impact on prevention of blindness programmes. Community Eye Health 2003, 16:33\u201334."},{"key":"19_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00425.x","volume":"4","author":"S. Jaffar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jaffar S, Ariyoshi K, Frith P, et al.: Retinal manifestations of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections among hospital patients in The Gambia, West Africa. Trop Med Int Health 1999, 4:487\u2013492.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"19_CR5","first-page":"166","volume":"20","author":"Y. Assefa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Assefa Y, Yohannes A, Melese A: Ocular manifestations of HIV\/AIDS patients in Gondar University Hospital, North West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev 2006, 20:166\u2013169.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"key":"19_CR6","first-page":"97","volume":"38","author":"N.B. Ndoye","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ndoye NB, Sow PS, Ba EA, et al.: Ocular complications of AIDS in Dakar. Dakar Med 1993, 38:97\u2013100.","journal-title":"Dakar Med"},{"key":"19_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gichuhi S, Irlam JJ: Interventions for squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva in HIV-infected individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, 2:CD005643.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005643.pub2"},{"key":"19_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.2.177","volume":"83","author":"T.R. Poole","year":"1999","unstructured":"Poole TR: Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in Tanzania. Br J Ophthalmol 1999, 83:177\u2013179.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"19_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v83i5.9432","volume":"83","author":"S.K. Chisi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chisi SK, Kollmann MK, Karimurio J: Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in patients with human immunodeficiency infection seen at two hospitals in Kenya. East Afr Med J 2006, 83:267\u2013270.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"19_CR10","unstructured":"Semo B, Bison G, Nkomazana O: Immune status of HIV-positive patients with ocular surface squamous neoplasia in Botswana [abstract 27]. Presented at the 8th International Conference on Malignancies in HIV and Other Immunodeficiencies. Bethesda, MD; April 29\u201330, 2004."},{"key":"19_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.6.503","volume":"80","author":"K.M. Waddell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Waddell KM, Lewallen S, Lucas SB, et al.: Carcinoma of the conjunctiva and HIV infection in Uganda and Malawi. Br J Ophthalmol 1996, 80:503\u2013508.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"19_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90870-6","volume":"345","author":"C. Ateenyi-Agaba","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ateenyi-Agaba C: Conjunctival squamous-cell carcinoma associated with HIV 1 infection in Kampala, Uganda. Lancet 1995, 345:695\u2013696.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"19_CR13","first-page":"37","volume":"16","author":"S. Guramatunhu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guramatunhu S: Squamous cell carcinoma in HIV\/AIDS. Community Eye Health 2003, 16:37.","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"19_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702043","volume":"20","author":"K.M. Waddell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waddell KM, Downing RG, Lucas SB, Newton R: Corneo-conjunctival carcinoma in Uganda. Eye 2006, 20:893\u2013899.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"19_CR15","first-page":"554","volume":"120","author":"A. Mahomed","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mahomed A, Chetty R: Human immunodeficiency virus infection, Bcl-2, p53 protein, and Ki-67 analysis in ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Ach Ophthalmol 2002, 120:554\u2013558.","journal-title":"Ach Ophthalmol"},{"key":"19_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.077305","volume":"90","author":"C.A. Kiire","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kiire CA, Dhillon B: The aetiology and associations of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Ophthalmol 2006, 90:109\u2013113.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"19_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geh048","volume":"19","author":"C. Ateenyi-Agaba","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ateenyi-Agaba C, Dai M, Le Calvez F, et al.: TP53 mutations in squamous carcinomas of the conjunctiva: evidence for UV-induced mutagenesis. Mutagenesis 2004, 19:399\u2013401.","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"19_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91685-2","volume":"347","author":"R. Newton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Newton R, Ferlay J, Reeves G, et al.: Effect of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation on incidence of squamous-cell carcinoma of the eye. Lancet 1996, 347:1450\u20131451.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"19_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602921","volume":"94","author":"M.L. Tornesello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tornesello ML, Duraturo ML, Waddell KM, et al.: Evaluating the role of human papillomaviruses in conjunctival neoplasia. Br J Cancer 2006, 94:446\u2013449.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"19_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30055-4","volume":"104","author":"J. Frucht-Pery","year":"1997","unstructured":"Frucht-Pery J, Sugar J, Baum J, et al.: Mitomycin C treatment for conjunctival-cornela intraepithelial neoplasia: a multicenter experience. Ophthalmology 1997, 104:2085\u20132093.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"19_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200005000-00004","volume":"19","author":"S. Sudesh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sudesh S, Rapuano CJ, Cohen E, et al.: Surgical management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia: the experience from a cornea center. Cornea 2000, 19:278\u2013283.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"19_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070010077031","volume":"107","author":"D.A. Jabs","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jabs DA, Enger C, Bartlett JG: Cytomegalovirus retinitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1997, 107:75\u201380.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"19_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040334","volume":"4","author":"D. Heiden","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heiden D, Nathan W, Rodriguez WR, et al.: Cytomegalovirus retinitis: the neglected disease of the AIDS pandemic. PLoS Med 2007, 4:e334.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"19_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"M. Jacobson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacobson M: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of AIDS related cytomegalovirus retinitis. UpToDate 2007, 16:1. Available at http:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/patients\/content\/topic.do?topicKey=hiv_infe\/6396 . Accessed February 15, 2008.","journal-title":"UpToDate"},{"key":"19_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1076\/ocii.7.3.173.4002","volume":"7","author":"P. Kestelyn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kestelyn P: The epidemiology of CMV retinitis in Africa. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1999, 7:3\u20134.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"19_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00425.x","volume":"4","author":"S. Jaffar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jaffar S, Ariyoshi K, Frith P, et al.: Retinal manifestations of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections among hospital patients in the Gambia, West Africa. Trop Med Int Health 1999, 4:487\u2013492.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"19_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.3.339","volume":"83","author":"I. Cochereau","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cochereau I, Mlika-Cabanne N, Godinaud P, et al.: AIDS related eye disease in Burundi, Africa. Br J Ophthalmol 1999, 83:339\u2013342.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"19_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.10.757","volume":"78","author":"S. Lewallen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lewallen S, Kumwenda J, Maher D, et al.: Retinal findings in Malawian patients with AIDS. Br J Ophthalmol 1994, 78:757\u2013759.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"19_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.10.1076","volume":"86","author":"N.A. Beare","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beare NA, Kublin JG, Lewis DK, et al.: Ocular disease in patients with tuberculosis and HIV presenting with fever in Africa. Br J Ophthalmol 2002, 86:1076\u20131079.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"19_CR30","first-page":"38","volume":"16","author":"L. Visser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Visser L: Managing CMV retinitis in the developing world. Community Eye Health 2003, 16:38\u201339.","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"19_CR31","unstructured":"Nkomazana O, Semo B: Outcome of CMV retinitis treatment in Botswana [poster]. Poster presented at the International AIDS Conference. Bangkok, Thailand; July 11\u201316, 2004."},{"key":"19_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00437205","volume":"114","author":"A.M. Sugar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sugar AM: Overview of cryptococcosis in the patient with AIDS. Mycopathologia 1991, 114:153\u2013157.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"19_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1086\/516298","volume":"26","author":"R.S. Heyderman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Heyderman RS, Gangaidzo IT, Hakim JG, et al.: Cryptococcal meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Harare, Zimbabwe. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26:284\u2013289.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"19_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1086\/516372","volume":"26","author":"H. Mayanja-Kizza","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mayanja-Kizza H, Oishi K, Mitarai S, et al.: Combination therapy with fluconazole and flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis in Ugandan patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26:1362\u20131366.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"19_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.4.698","volume":"27","author":"M. Okongo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Okongo M, Morgan D, Mayanja B, et al.: Causes of death in a rural population-based human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) natural history cohort in Uganda. Int J Epidemiol 1998, 27:698\u2013702.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"19_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73472-5","volume":"116","author":"P. Kestelyn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kestelyn P, Taelman H, Bogaerts J, et al.: Ophthalmic manifestations of infections with cryptococcus neoformans in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1993, 116:721\u2013727.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"19_CR37","unstructured":"Bisson G, Nthobatsang R, Thakur R, et al.: The use of HAART is associated with decreased risk of death during initial treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected adults in Botswana [poster]. Poster presented at the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA; February 3\u20136, 2008."},{"key":"19_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(99)00025-5","volume":"34","author":"E. Mylonakis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mylonakis E, Merriman NA, Rich JD, et al.: Use of cerebrospinal fluid shunt for the management of elevated intracranial pressure in a patient with active AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999, 34:111\u2013114.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"19_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199712000-00008","volume":"41","author":"M.C. Bach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bach MC, Tally PW, Godofsky EW: Use of cerebrospinal fluid shunts in patients having acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with cryptococcal meningitis and uncontrollable intracranial hypertension. Neurosurgery 1997, 41:1280\u20131282.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"19_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00119-4","volume":"100","author":"J.J. Claus","year":"1998","unstructured":"Claus JJ, Portegies P: Reversible blindness in AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1998, 100:51\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"19_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0b013e318074e60c","volume":"47","author":"D. Sukla","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sukla D, Rathinam SF, Cunningham ET, et al.: Contribution of HIV\/AIDS to global blindness. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2007, 47:27\u201343.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"19_CR42","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Global Tuberculosis Control: Surveillance, Planning, Financing. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008."},{"key":"19_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199701000-00005","volume":"76","author":"E. Bouza","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bouza E, Merino P, Munoz P, et al.: Ocular tuberculosis. A prospective study in a general hospital. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997, 76:53\u201361.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"19_CR44","first-page":"208","volume":"79","author":"P.G. Kestelyn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kestelyn PG, Cunningham ET Jr: HIV\/AIDS and blindness. Bull World Health Organ 2001, 79:208\u2013213.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"19_CR45","first-page":"20","volume":"8","author":"P.G. Kestelyn","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kestelyn PG, Lewallen S: Ocular problems with HIV infection and AIDS in Africa. Community Eye Health, 1995, 8:20\u201323.","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"19_CR46","first-page":"844","volume":"82","author":"S. Resnikoff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya\u2019ale D, et al.: Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ 2004, 82:844\u2013851.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"19_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.8.897","volume":"85","author":"S. Lewallen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewallen S, Courtright P: Blindness in Africa: present situation and future needs. Br J Ophthalmol 2001, 85:897\u2013903.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"19_CR48","first-page":"181","volume":"79","author":"Y. Guex-Crosier","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guex-Crosier Y, Telenti A: An epidemic of blindness: a consequence of improved HIV care? Bull World Health Organ 2001, 79:181.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"container-title":["Current HIV\/AIDS Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11904-008-0019-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11904-008-0019-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11904-008-0019-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T20:15:42Z","timestamp":1559420142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11904-008-0019-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}},"alternative-id":["19"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-008-0019-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1548-3568","1548-3576"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1548-3568","type":"print"},{"value":"1548-3576","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}}}