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This paper details the first case of living donor liver transplant from an HIV-positive mother to her HIV-negative child, that took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 2017. The case presented is unique for a number of reasons (i) It is the first time a known HIV-positive living individual with controlled infection has been a living organ donor, (ii) it is the first time an organ from a virally suppressed HIV-positive person has knowingly been implanted into an HIV-negative person \u2013 in this case a child and (iii) the team have been unable to determine whether the child is HIV-infected or not, suggesting that this may be a new study model for HIV transmission and HIV Cure research.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"460_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Werbel WA, Durand CM. Solid organ transplantation in HIV-infected recipients: history, progress, and frontiers. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2019;16(3):191\u2013203. 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As research into serodiscordant solid organ transplantation advances, it may be necessary to consider amending the HOPE Act to include serodiscordant transplants.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017080853","volume":"29","author":"E Muller","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Muller E, Barday Z. HIV-positive kidney donor selection for HIV-positive transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(4):1090\u20135. Prof Elmi Muller at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, was the first to transplant kidneys from HIV-positive deceased donors to HIV-positive recipients. This was the first time that the utility of HIV-positive donor organs was comprehensively explored. The motivation for Prof Muller was that in the South African state sector there were insufficient dialysis slots available for patients in end-stage kidney failure. As a result, patients were dying and transplantation was not an option due to donor organ scarcity. By utilising kidneys from HIV-positive deceased donors, Muller saved the lives of many patients. Our work builds on the work of Muller, by expanding into liver transplantation, utilising living donors and because the transplants are serodiscordant.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"460_CR25","unstructured":"UNAIDS. UNAIDS data 2018 \n                      https:\/\/www.unaidsorg\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/unaids-data-2018_enpdf\n                      \n                    . 2018. Access 1 June 2019."},{"key":"460_CR26","unstructured":"National Department of Health. National consolidated guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and the management of HIV in children, adolescents and adults. \n                      https:\/\/www.sahivsocorg\/Files\/ART%20Guidelines%2015052015pdf\n                      \n                    . 2014. 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Outcomes of solid organ transplantation from an HIV positive donor to negative recipients. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(suppl 3)."},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2018-105216","volume":"45","author":"HR Etheredge","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u2022 Etheredge HR, Fabian J, Duncan M, Conradie F, Tiemessen C, Botha J. Needs must: living donor liver transplantation from an HIV-positive mother to her HIV-negative child in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Med Ethics. 2019;45(5):287\u201390. This paper thoroughly explores the ethical issues we faced in undertaking the first living donor liver transplant from an HIV-positive mother to her HIV-negative child. It details many of the new and unexpected ethical questions we have had to grapple with subsequent to undertaking this transplant.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"460_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2014-102027","volume":"41","author":"BP Wispelwey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wispelwey BP, Zivotofsky AZ, Jotkowitz AB. The transplantation of solid organs from HIV-positive donors to HIV-negative recipients: ethical implications. J Med Ethics. 2015;41(5):367\u201370.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"460_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243","volume":"365","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. 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This paper is essential to our review in the context of the indeterminate HIV-status of our liver recipient. Building on their earlier work, the authors report on a large, multicentre study of serodiscordant men-who-have-sex-with-men when the HIV-positive partner is virally suppressed on ART. The study showed that under these circumstances, HIV was not transmitted to the HIV-negative partner. The study has coined the U=U moniker \u2013 undetectable= untransmissible. Although transplantation is a very different modality of transmission, the mother in our case was virally supressed on ART, and with ART commenced prior to transplantation to the child - this represents the best chance of reduced likelihood of transmission."},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2206","volume":"8","author":"F Nimmerjahn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. Fcgamma receptors as regulators of immune responses. 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