{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T01:31:05Z","timestamp":1792891865486,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the significant progress in the HIV response, gaps remain in ensuring engagement in care to support life-long medication adherence and viral suppression. This review sought to describe the different points in the HIV care cascade where people living with HIV were not engaging and highlight promising interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are opportunities to improve engagement both between testing and treatment and to support re-engagement in care for those in a treatment interruption. The gap between testing and treatment includes people who know their HIV status and people who do not know their status. People in a treatment interruption include those who interrupt immediately following initiation, early on in their treatment (first 6\u00a0months) and late (after 6\u00a0months or more on ART). For each of these groups, specific interventions are required to support improved engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are diverse needs and specific populations of people living with HIV who are not engaged in care, and differentiated service delivery interventions are required to meet their needs and expectations. For the HIV response to realise the 2030 targets, engagement will need to be supported by quality care and patient choice combined with empowered patients who are treatment literate and have been supported to improve self-management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00522-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T22:02:41Z","timestamp":1598392961000},"page":"458-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Understanding Engagement in HIV Programmes: How Health Services Can Adapt to Ensure No One Is Left Behind"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Grimsrud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Eshun-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izukanji","family":"Sikazwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid T.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"522_CR1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). Fast-Track - Ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2014\/JC2686_WAD2014report; 2014."},{"key":"522_CR2","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). Global HIV statistics \u2014 Fact sheet: World AIDS day 2019. http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf2019."},{"key":"522_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ware NC, Wyatt MA, Geng EH, Kaaya SF, Agbaji OO, Muyindike WR, et al. Toward an understanding of disengagement from HIV treatment and care in sub-Saharan Africa: a qualitative study. PLoS Med. 2013;10(1):e1001369; discussion e.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001369"},{"key":"522_CR4","volume-title":"Global AIDS update 2019 \u2014 communities at the centre","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2019","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global AIDS update 2019 \u2014 communities at the centre. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2019."},{"key":"522_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng E, Hargreaves J, Peterson M, Baral S. Implementation research to advance the global HIV response: introduction to the JAIDS supplement. 2019(1944\u20137884 (Electronic)).","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002208"},{"issue":"12","key":"522_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003020","volume":"16","author":"EH Geng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Geng EH, Holmes CB, Moshabela M, Sikazwe I, Petersen ML. Personalized public health: an implementation research agenda for the HIV response and beyond. PLoS Med. 2020;16(12):e1003020.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"522_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002809","volume":"16","author":"EH Geng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geng EH, Holmes CB. Research to improve differentiated HIV service delivery interventions: learning to learn as we do. PLoS Med. 2019;16(5):e1002809.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"522_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21484","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.19.1.21484","volume":"19","author":"A Grimsrud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grimsrud A, Bygrave H, Doherty M, Ehrenkranz P, Ellman T, Ferris R, et al. Reimagining HIV service delivery: the role of differentiated care from prevention to suppression. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(1):21484.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"522_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000509","volume":"14","author":"P Ehrenkranz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ehrenkranz P, Grimsrud A, Rabkin M. Differentiated service delivery: navigating the path to scale. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2019;14(1):60\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"522_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","volume":"6","author":"S Michie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci. 2011;6(1):42.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"20","key":"522_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1801934","volume":"378","author":"JE Justman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Justman JE, Mugurungi O, El-Sadr WM. HIV population surveys \u2014 bringing precision to the global response. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(20):1859\u201361.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"522_CR12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services for a changing epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland. Contract No.: WHO\/CDS\/HIV\/19.31."},{"key":"522_CR13","unstructured":"Dovel K, Balakasi K, Robin I, Mphande M, Doi N, Kalande P, et al. Men\u2019s use of facility-based health services in Malawi: preliminary findings from the \u201cScaling Facility HIV Self-Testing\u201d study. ICASA 20192019."},{"key":"522_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Vandormael A, de Oliveira T, Tanser F, B\u00e4rnighausen T, Herbeck JT. High percentage of undiagnosed HIV cases within a hyperendemic South African community: a population-based study. Journal of epidemiology and community health. 2018;72(2):168-72. This manuscript describes acceptance rates for home-based testing over time.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209713"},{"key":"522_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ECHO Trial Consortium. HIV incidence among women using intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, a copper intrauterine device, or a levonorgestrel implant for contraception: a randomised, multicentre, open-label trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10195):303\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31288-7"},{"issue":"9","key":"522_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600693","volume":"375","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(9):830\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"522_CR17","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Consolidated Guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach. Second ed2016."},{"key":"522_CR18","volume-title":"Priorities for HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa: a population perspective","author":"RV Barnabas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barnabas RV, Bendavid E, Bershteyn A, Boulle A, Eaton JW, Ford N, et al. Priorities for HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa: a population perspective. The HIV Modelling Consortium; 2015."},{"issue":"6","key":"522_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000579","volume":"14","author":"BA Bunda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bunda BA, Bassett IV. Reaching the second 90: the strategies for linkage to care and antiretroviral therapy initiation. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2019;14(6):494\u2013502.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"522_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Seeley J, Bond V, Yang B, Floyd S, MacLeod D, Viljoen L, et al. Understanding the time needed to link to care and start ART in seven HPTN 071 (PopART) study communities in Zambia and South Africa. AIDS and behavior. 2019;23(4):929\u201346. The paper describes the time between testing and linking to care among those diagnosed through home-based testing in PopART, and outlines the implications of this for test and treat.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2335-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0920-y","volume":"19","author":"IT Katz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Katz IT, Dietrich J, Tshabalala G, Essien T, Rough K, Wright AA, et al. Understanding treatment refusal among adults presenting for HIV-testing in Soweto, South Africa: a qualitative study. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(4):704\u201314.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"522_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-016-0309-9","volume":"13","author":"IT Katz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katz IT, Bangsberg DR. Cascade of refusal-what does it mean for the future of treatment as prevention in sub-Saharan Africa? Current HIV\/AIDS reports. 2016;13(2):125\u201330.","journal-title":"Current HIV\/AIDS reports"},{"key":"522_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabapathy K, Mubekapi-Musadaidzwa C, Mulubwa C, Schaap A, Hoddinott G, Stangl A, et al. Predictors of timely linkage-to-ART within universal test and treat in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in Zambia and South Africa: findings from a nested case-control study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(4).","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25037"},{"issue":"3","key":"522_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1834-2","volume":"22","author":"B Maughan-Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maughan-Brown B, Smith P, Kuo C, Harrison A, Lurie MN, Bekker LG, et al. Readiness for antiretroviral therapy: implications for linking HIV-infected individuals to care and treatment. AIDS Behav. 2018;22(3):691\u2013700.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"522_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amstutz A, Brown JA, Ringera I, Muhairwe J, Lejone TI, Klimkait T, et al. Engagement in care, viral suppression, drug resistance, and reasons for nonengagement after home-based same-day antiretroviral therapy initiation in Lesotho: a two-year follow-up of the CASCADE trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2019.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1126"},{"key":"522_CR26","unstructured":"Jacob N, Rice B, Kalk E, Heekes A, Morgan J, Hargreaves J, et al. Implementation of an electronic HIV register at a primary level healthcare facility in Cape Town, South Africa. 9th SA AIDS Conference 20192019."},{"key":"522_CR27","unstructured":"PEPFAR. PEPFAR 2020 Country operational plan guidance for all PEPFAR countries. Washington, DC, USA: PEPFAR; 2020."},{"key":"522_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Johnson LF, van Rensburg C, Govathson C, Meyer-Rath G. Optimal HIV testing strategies for South Africa: a model-based evaluation of population-level impact and cost-effectiveness. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):12621. This modelling paper describes what is required for South Africa to achieve 90% and 95% of people living with HIV knowing their status and what modalities and approaches for testing will be required to reach these targets.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49109-w"},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2274-3","volume":"23","author":"AJ Hakim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hakim AJ, Mukasa B, Hundley L, Odiit M, Ogwal M, Sendagala S, et al. Correlates of undiagnosed HIV infection and retesting among voluntary HIV testing clients at Mildmay clinic. Uganda AIDS Behav. 2019;23(4):820\u201334.","journal-title":"Uganda AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"522_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957417737840","volume":"16","author":"S Kulkarni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kulkarni S, Tymejczyk O, Gadisa T, Lahuerta M, Remien RH, Melaku Z, et al. \"Testing, testing\": multiple HIV-positive tests among patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2017;16(6):546\u201354.","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"},{"key":"522_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Lilian RR, Rees K, McIntyre JA, Struthers HE, Peters RPH. Same-day antiretroviral therapy initiation for HIV-infected adults in South Africa: analysis of routine data. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0227572. In this article, the impact of same-day ART is described comparing outcomes among those who start ART on the same-day compared to those who start later.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227572"},{"key":"522_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Mody A, Eshun-Wilson I, Sikombe K, Schwartz SR, Beres LK, Simbeza S, et al. Longitudinal engagement trajectories and risk of death among new ART starters in Zambia: a group-based multi-trajectory analysis. PLOS medicine. 2019;16(10):e1002959. The paper outlines six different engagement trajectories for being engaged and retained in care providing insights into how to support sustained engagement and reduce mortality.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002959"},{"key":"522_CR33","unstructured":"Beres LK, Eshun-Wilson I, Simbeza S, Schwartz S, Mody A, Sikombe K, et al. Patterns and predictors of return to care among disengaged HIV patients in Zambia. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI); Seattle, USA2019."},{"key":"522_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Sikazwe I, Eshun-Wilson I, Sikombe K, Czaicki N, Somwe P, Mody A, et al. Retention and viral suppression in a cohort of HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: regionally representative estimates using a multistage-sampling-based approach. PLOS Medicine. 2019;16(5):e1002811. After tracing an appreciable volume of clients defined as lost to follow-up, their outcomes and reasons for disengaging and described to support future improvements in care.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002811"},{"key":"522_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Osler M, Hilderbrand K, Goemaere E, Ford N, Smith M, Meintjes G, et al. The continuing burden of advanced HIV disease over 10 years of increasing antiretroviral therapy coverage in South Africa. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018;66(suppl_2):S118-S25. This paper outlines how despite the expansion of ART access and the increase in the number of people on treatment, advanced HIV disease persists in a steady number of people \u2013 with an increasing proportion of advanced disease patients being non-na\u00efve at presentation.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1140"},{"key":"522_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Chihana ML, Huerga H, Van Cutsem G, Ellman T, Goemaere E, Wanjala S, et al. Distribution of advanced HIV disease from three high HIV prevalence settings in Sub-Saharan Africa: a secondary analysis data from three population-based cross-sectional surveys in Eshowe (South Africa), Ndhiwa (Kenya) and Chiradzulu (Malawi). Global Health Action. 2019;12(1):1679472. This paper further describes the consistent reality of advanced HIV disease and how many of these patients, across all countries, have previously been in care.","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2019.1679472"},{"key":"522_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Plazy M, Farouki KE, Iwuji C, Okesola N, Orne-Gliemann J, Larmarange J, et al. Access to HIV care in the context of universal test and treat: challenges within the ANRS 12249 TasP cluster-randomized trial in rural South Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2016;19(1):20913. This trial provides evidence of the impact of retesting for patients who are in a treatment interruption.","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.19.1.20913"},{"key":"522_CR38","unstructured":"International AIDS Society. Differentiated care for HIV: a decision framework for antiretroviral therapy delivery. Durban, South Africa. 2016."},{"key":"522_CR39","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for managing advanced HIV disease and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy July 2017."},{"issue":"5","key":"522_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002820","volume":"16","author":"PD Ehrenkranz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ehrenkranz PD, Baptiste SL, Bygrave H, Ellman T, Doi N, Grimsrud A, et al. The missed potential of CD4 and viral load testing to improve clinical outcomes for people living with HIV in lower-resource settings. PLoS Med. 2019;16(5):e1002820.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"522_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S228","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318298721b","volume":"63","author":"TB Hallett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hallett TB, Eaton JW. A side door into care cascade for HIV-infected patients? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63(Suppl 2):S228\u201332.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"522_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2018.1552163","volume":"18","author":"S Horter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horter S, Bernays S, Thabede Z, Dlamini V, Kerschberger B, Pasipamire M, et al. \"I don't want them to know\": how stigma creates dilemmas for engagement with treat-all HIV care for people living with HIV in Eswatini. Afr J AIDS Res. 2019;18(1):27\u201337.","journal-title":"Afr J AIDS Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002262","volume":"14","author":"M Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma M, Barnabas RV, Celum C. Community-based strategies to strengthen men's engagement in the HIV care cascade in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med. 2017;14(4):e1002262.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"522_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00251-9","volume":"3","author":"G Chamie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chamie G, Clark TD, Kabami J, Kadede K, Ssemmondo E, Steinfeld R, et al. A hybrid mobile approach for population-wide HIV testing in rural east Africa: an observational study. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(3):e111\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"522_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Dovel K, Shaba F, Offorjebe OA, Balakasi K, Nyirenda M, Phiri K, et al. Effect of facility-based HIV self-testing on uptake of testing among outpatients in Malawi: a cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Global health. 2020;8(2):e276-e87. This trial quantifies the potential impact of utilizing HIV self-testing within facilities.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30534-0"},{"key":"522_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gichangi A, Wambua J, Mutwiwa S, Njogu R, Bazant E, Wamicwe J, et al. Impact of HIV self-test distribution to male partners of ANC clients: results of a randomized controlled trial in Kenya. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2018;79(4):467\u201373.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001838"},{"issue":"2","key":"522_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30258-3","volume":"6","author":"C Mulubwa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mulubwa C, Hensen B, Phiri MM, Shanaube K, Schaap AJ, Floyd S, et al. Community based distribution of oral HIV self-testing kits in Zambia: a cluster-randomised trial nested in four HPTN 071 (PopART) intervention communities. The Lancet HIV. 2019;6(2):e81\u201392.","journal-title":"The Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"11","key":"522_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002442","volume":"14","author":"MM Chanda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chanda MM, Ortblad KF, Mwale M, Chongo S, Kanchele C, Kamungoma N, et al. HIV self-testing among female sex workers in Zambia: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2017;14(11):e1002442.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"522_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortblad K, Kibuuka Musoke D, Ngabirano T, Nakitende A, Magoola J, Kayiira P, et al. Direct provision versus facility collection of HIV self-tests among female sex workers in Uganda: a cluster-randomized controlled health systems trial. PLoS medicine. 2017;14(11).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002458"},{"issue":"4","key":"522_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.6493","volume":"312","author":"P MacPherson","year":"2014","unstructured":"MacPherson P, Lalloo DG, Webb EL, Maheswaran H, Choko AT, Makombe SD, et al. Effect of optional home initiation of HIV care following HIV self-testing on antiretroviral therapy initiation among adults in Malawi: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. 2014;312(4):372\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"11","key":"522_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.1818","volume":"319","author":"ND Labhardt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Labhardt ND, Ringera I, Lejone TI, Klimkait T, Muhairwe J, Amstutz A, et al. Effect of offering same-day ART vs usual health facility referral during home-based HIV testing on linkage to care and viral suppression among adults with HIV in Lesotho: the CASCADE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319(11):1103\u201312.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"522_CR52","unstructured":"Barnabas R, van Rooyen H, Asiimwe S, van Heerden A, Pillay D, Szpiro A, et al. Community ART increases viral suppression and eliminated disparities for African men. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI); Boston, Massachusetts2020."},{"key":"522_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tun WA-O, Apicella L, Casalini C, Bikaru D, Mbita G, Jeremiah K, et al. Community-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery for female sex workers in Tanzania: 6-month ART initiation and adherence. 2019(1573\u20133254 (Electronic)).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02549-x"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"522_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052969","volume":"93","author":"A Wringe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wringe A, Moshabela M, Nyamukapa C, Bukenya D, Ondenge K, Ddaaki W, et al. HIV testing experiences and their implications for patient engagement with HIV care and treatment on the eve of \u2018test and treat\u2019: findings from a multicountry qualitative study. Sex Transm Infect. 2017;93(Suppl 3):e052969.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"522_CR55","unstructured":"Malone S. Designing solutions: From segmentation to design. ICASA; Kigali, Rwanda2019."},{"key":"522_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Zanolini A, Sikombe K, Sikazwe I, Eshun-Wilson I, Somwe P, Bolton Moore C, et al. Understanding preferences for HIV care and treatment in Zambia: evidence from a discrete choice experiment among patients who have been lost to follow-up. PLOS Medicine. 2018;15(8):e1002636. The manuscript quantifies the relative impact of different factors on patients\u2019 reasons for being lost to follow-up and highlights the importance of friendly providers.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002636"},{"key":"522_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Eshun-Wilson I, Rohwer A, Hendricks L, Oliver S, Garner P. Being HIV Positive and staying on antiretroviral therapy in Africa: a qualitative systematic review and theoretical model. PLOS ONE. 2019;14(1):e0210408. This review summarizes the qualitative evidence on what is important to ensuring sustained engagement on ART in Africa.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210408"},{"issue":"9","key":"522_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222028","volume":"14","author":"L Fuente-Soro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fuente-Soro L, Iniesta C, L\u00f3pez-Varela E, Cuna M, Guilaze R, Maixenchs M, et al. Tipping the balance towards long-term retention in the HIV care cascade: a mixed methods study in southern Mozambique. PLoS One. 2019;14(9):e0222028.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"522_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Gosset A, Protopopescu C, Larmarange J, Orne-Gliemann J, McGrath N, Pillay D, et al. Retention in care trajectories of HIV-positive individuals participating in a universal test-and-treat program in rural South Africa (ANRS 12249 TasP trial). JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2019;80(4):375-85. This manuscript describes different trajectories of patients in regard to their engagement and re-engagement in ART programmes.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001938"},{"key":"522_CR60","unstructured":"Musonda Musonda. Session 5: reaching epidemic control clinical cascade with case finding. PEPFAR Country Operating Plan meeting: Johannesburg, South Africa; 25 February 2020."},{"key":"522_CR61","unstructured":"Diseko L., Overmeyer R. South Africa DSD update. Presented at CQUIN Annual Meeting, Johannesburg, South Africa. 12 November 2019."},{"key":"522_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascoe SJ, Fox MP, Huber AN, Murphy J, Phokojoe M, Gorgens M, et al. Differentiated HIV care in South Africa: the effect of fast-track treatment initiation counselling on ART initiation and viral suppression as partial results of an impact evaluation on the impact of a package of services to improve HIV treatment adherence. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2019;22(11):e25409-e.","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25409"},{"key":"522_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kehoe K, Boulle A, Tsondai P, Euvrard J, Davies MA, Cornell M. Long-term virologic responses to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive patients entering adherence clubs in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa: a longitudinal analysis. 2020(1758\u20132652 (Electronic)).","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25476"},{"key":"522_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auld AF, Shiraishi RW, Couto A, Mbofana F, Colborn K, Alfredo C, Ellerbrock TV, et al. A decade of antiretroviral therapy scale-up in Mozambique: evaluation of outcome trends and new models of service delivery among more than 300,000 patients enrolled during 2004\u20132013. 2016(1944\u20137884 (Electronic)).","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001137"},{"issue":"9","key":"522_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25183","volume":"21","author":"L Pasipamire","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pasipamire L, Nesbitt RC, Ndlovu S, Sibanda G, Mamba S, Lukhele N, et al. Retention on ART and predictors of disengagement from care in several alternative community-centred ART refill models in rural Swaziland. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(9):e25183.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"522_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30132-3","volume":"6","author":"Y Kambai Avong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kambai Avong Y, Ayodele Kayode G, Jatau B, Bosede Avong E, Adekanmbi V, Abimiku A, et al. Providing antiretroviral therapy outside the hospital in a low-resource setting: a pilot study. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6:S3.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"522_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogt F, Kalenga L, Lukela J, Salumu F, Diallo I, Nico E, et al. Brief report: decentralizing ART supply for stable HIV patients to community-based distribution centers: program outcomes from an urban context in Kinshasa, DRC. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2017;74(3).","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001215"},{"key":"522_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Eshun-Wilson I, Mukumbwa-Mwenechanya M, Kim H-Y, Zannolini A, Mwamba CP, Dowdy D, et al. Differentiated care preferences of stable patients on antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: a discrete choice experiment. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2019;81(5):540\u20136. Using discrete choice experiments, this paper quantifies the relative preferences of stable patients for different components of differentiated ART delivery models.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002070"}],"container-title":["Current HIV\/AIDS Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11904-020-00522-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11904-020-00522-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11904-020-00522-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T18:56:45Z","timestamp":1668020205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11904-020-00522-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-020-00522-1","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s12913-026-14898-0","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1548-3568","1548-3576"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1548-3568","type":"print"},{"value":"1548-3576","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 August 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Dr. Grimsrud reports grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, during the conduct of the study. Ms. Wilkinson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Katz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Holmes reports grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Sikazwe has nothing to disclose. Dr. Eshun-Wilson has nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}]}}