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Immune checkpoint molecules are negative regulators of the immune response that have been targeted as a strategy to bolster anti-viral immunity in PML, with varied outcomes reported. While initiation and optimization of antiretroviral therapy remains the standard of care in HIV-related PML, the specific opportunities and risks for checkpoint blockade in these cases should be explored.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>As of April 15, 2022, only 5 of the 53 total published cases of PML treated with checkpoint blockade had underlying HIV infection; four of these had a favorable outcome. The risk of promoting immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is a major concern and underscores the importance of patient selection and monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Checkpoint blockade warrants further exploration as a potentially promising option for treatment escalation in HIV-related PML.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-022-00626-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T07:11:37Z","timestamp":1664608297000},"page":"580-591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Promise and Challenges of Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in HIV"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sydney","family":"Corey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene C. 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