{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:34:15Z","timestamp":1793370855415,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,3]],"date-time":"2013-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Hypertens Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-013-0330-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,2]],"date-time":"2013-02-02T01:41:46Z","timestamp":1359769306000},"page":"102-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Aldosterone and the Risk of Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Xanthakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramachandran S.","family":"Vasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"330_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, et al. Emergence and evolution of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Mol Med (Berl). 2012;90:495\u2013508. This report presents a phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems and notes that about 400 million years ago the pathway evolved in primitive chordates as the need for salt conservation and blood pressure maintenance arose.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-012-0894-z"},{"key":"330_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/17.8.437","volume":"17","author":"P Harris","year":"1983","unstructured":"Harris P. Evolution and the cardiac patient. Cardiovasc Res. 1983;17:437\u201345.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"330_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033263","volume":"351","author":"RS Vasan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vasan RS, Evans JC, Larson MG, et al. Serum aldosterone and the incidence of hypertension in nonhypertensive persons. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:33\u201341.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"330_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.07.034","volume":"350","author":"NG Hattangady","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u2022 Hattangady NG, Olala LO, Bollag WB, Rainey WE. Acute and chronic regulation of aldosterone production. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;350:151\u201362. This report discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying the acute and chronic phases of aldosterone secretion in response to various physiological stimuli.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"330_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000345243","volume":"50","author":"M Briet","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Briet M, Schiffrin EL. Vascular actions of aldosterone. J Vasc Res. 2012;50:89\u201399. This is a comprehensive review of the multiple molecular mechanisms by which aldosterone impairs endothelial function.","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"key":"330_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Shibata H, Itoh H. Mineralocorticoid receptor-associated hypertension and its organ damage: clinical relevance for resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25:514\u201323. This is a state-of-the-art review that discusses the pathogenesis of the two categories of mineralocorticoid-associated hypertension (with elevated and normal aldosterone levels) and disease mechanisms underlying this state.","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2011.245"},{"key":"330_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1733","volume":"91","author":"F Fallo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fallo F, Veglio F, Bertello C, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in primary Aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:454\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"330_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14211","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2336140100","volume":"100","author":"M Ehrhart-Bornstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Lamounier-Zepter V, Schraven A, et al. Human adipocytes secrete mineralocorticoid-releasing factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2003;100:14211\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"330_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.12.005","volume":"18","author":"S Kathiresan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kathiresan S, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, et al. Clinical and genetic correlates of serum aldosterone in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:657\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"330_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000258554.87444.91","volume":"49","author":"C Newton-Cheh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Newton-Cheh C, Guo CY, Gona P, et al. Clinical and genetic correlates of aldosterone-to-renin ratio and relations to blood pressure in a community sample. Hypertension. 2007;49:846\u201356.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"330_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.015","volume":"45","author":"P Milliez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, et al. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1243\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"330_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Kisaka T, Ozono R, Ishida T, et al. Association of elevated plasma aldosterone-to-renin ratio with future cardiovascular events in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2012;30:2322\u201330. Among Japanese patients with hypertension followed up for up to 9\u00a0years, those with higher ARR (above the median) had a 2.7-fold greater risk of stroke, and addition of ARR to the Framingham risk score increased model performance as evaluated by discrimination index (the C-statistic).","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328359862d"},{"key":"330_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.11.4031","volume":"84","author":"M Stowasser","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stowasser M, Huggard PR, Rossetti TR, et al. Biochemical evidence of aldosterone overproduction and abnormal regulation in normotensive individuals with familial Hyperaldosteronism type I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:4031\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"330_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.6.2160","volume":"85","author":"M Stowasser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Huggard PR, et al. Severity of hypertension in familial Hyperaldosteronism type I: relationship to gender and degree of biochemical disturbance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2160\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"330_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.28.6.927","volume":"28","author":"PC White","year":"1996","unstructured":"White PC. Inherited forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension. Hypertension. 1996;28:927\u201336.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"330_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Kaplan NM. Primary aldosteronism: evidence against a second epidemic. J Hypertens. 2012;30:1899\u2013902. This review highlights the limitations of the ARR as a sole diagnostic tool for making a diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism and discusses how referral bias inflates prevalence estimates of the condition among hypertensive patients in different settings (primary care clinic vs. hypertension clinic vs resistant hypertension).","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283559a03"},{"key":"330_CR17","first-page":"220","volume":"66","author":"PM Jansen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jansen PM, Boomsma F, van den Meiracker AH. Aldosterone-to-renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism\u2014the Dutch ARRAT Study. Neth J Med. 2008;66:220\u20138.","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"330_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Clark III D, Ahmed MI, Calhoun DA. Resistant hypertension and aldosterone: an update. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28:318\u201325. This report highlights the high prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in patients with resistant hypertension, discusses the good response to spironolactone treatment in these patients and highlights the association of hyperaldosteronism with obstructive sleep apnea.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2012.03.010"},{"key":"330_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04223-9","volume":"357","author":"NM Kaplan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaplan NM. Cautions over the current epidemic of primary aldosteronism. Lancet. 2001;357:953\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"330_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Hannemann A, Bidlingmaier M, Friedrich N, et al. Screening for primary aldosteronism in hypertensive subjects: results from two German epidemiological studies. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;167:7\u201315. This report elucidates how use of 3 different sets of diagnostic criteria (using a combination of high ARR, high serum aldosterone and reduced plasma renin concentrations) can result in widely varying prevalence estimates for primary hyperaldosteronism in hypertensive patients in the community.","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-1013"},{"key":"330_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0104","volume":"93","author":"JW Funder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, et al. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary Aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3266\u201381.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"330_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Lieb W, Pencina MJ, Jacques PF, et al. Higher aldosterone and lower N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide as biomarkers of salt sensitivity in the community. 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