{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T15:28:56Z","timestamp":1758814136606},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]],"date-time":"2002-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Infect Dis Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-002-0013-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,25]],"date-time":"2007-05-25T03:02:33Z","timestamp":1180062153000},"page":"449-460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Renal dysfunction in HIV-1-infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Kopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"13_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200204010-00009","volume":"29","author":"RM Selik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Selik RM, Byers RH Jr, Dworkin MS: Trends in diseases reported on U.S. death certificates that mentioned HIV infection, 1987\u20131999. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002, 29:378\u2013387. While total numbers of HIV-associated deaths have fallen over the past decade, the percentage of death certificates that mention renal disease has risen and is approximately twofold greater in black patients compared with white patients.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"13_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00748.x","volume":"56","author":"PE Klotman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Klotman PE: HIV-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 1999, 56:1161\u20131176.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"13_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","volume":"130","author":"AS Levey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al.: A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999, 130:461\u2013470.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"13_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70216-2","volume":"35","author":"JG Mouratoff","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mouratoff JG, Tokumoto J, Olson JL, et al.: Acute renal failure with interstitial nephritis in a patient with AIDS. Am J Kidney Dis 2000, 35:557\u2013561.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"13_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.6.1578","volume":"14","author":"MN Peraldi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Peraldi MN, Maslo C, Akposso K, et al.: Acute renal failure in the course of HIV infection: a single-institution retrospective study of ninety-two patients anad sixty renal biopsies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999, 14:1578\u20131585.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"13_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199908150-00005","volume":"21","author":"D Jayasekara","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jayasekara D, Aweeka FT, Rodriguez R, et al.: Antiviral therapy for HIV patients with renal insufficiency. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999, 21:384\u2013395.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"13_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70301-X","volume":"33","author":"K Praditpornsilpa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Praditpornsilpa K, Napathorn S, Yenrudi S, et al.: Renal pathology and HIV infection in Thailand. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 33:282\u2013286.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"13_CR8","first-page":"159","volume":"10","author":"G Monga","year":"1997","unstructured":"Monga G, Mazzucco G, Boldorini R, et al.: Renal changes in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a postmortem study on an unselected population in northwestern Italy. Mod Pathol 1997, 10:159\u2013167.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"13_CR9","first-page":"412","volume":"131","author":"S Hailemariam","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hailemariam S, Walder M, Burger HR, et al.: Renal pathology and premortem clinical presentation of Caucasian patients with AIDS: an autopsy study from the era prior to antiretroviral therapy. Swiss Med Wkly 2001, 131:412\u2013417.","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"13_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70259-9","volume":"35","author":"V Shahinian","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shahinian V, Rajaraman S, Borucki M, et al.: Prevalence of HIV-associated nephropathy in autopsies of HIV-infected patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2000, 35:884\u2013888. These authors reviewed autopsied kidneys from HIV-1-infected patients, and found that 12% of black patients had FSGS, which provides an estimate of lifetime prevalence.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"13_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209033271006","volume":"327","author":"PL Kimmel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kimmel PL, Phillips TM, Ferreira-Centeno A, et al.: Idiotypic IgA nephropathy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992, 327:702\u2013706.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V95827","volume":"9","author":"BL Riser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Riser BL, Cortes P, Yee J, et al.: Mechanical strain- and high glucose-induced alterations in mesangial cell collagen metabolism: role of TGF-beta. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998, 9:827\u2013836.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR13","unstructured":"The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention,Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. http:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/guidelines\/hypertension\/ jncintro.htm."},{"key":"13_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311113292004","volume":"329","author":"EJ Lewis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, et al.: The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1456\u20131462.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","volume":"345","author":"BM Brenner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al.: Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:861\u2013869.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","volume":"345","author":"EJ Lewis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al.: Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:851\u2013860.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13_CR17","unstructured":"Kopp JB, Winkler CA: HIV-associated nephropathy in African Americans. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, In press."},{"key":"13_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70352-5","volume":"34","author":"BI Freedman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Freedman BI, Soucie JM, Stone SM, et al.: Familial clustering of end-stage renal disease in blacks with HIV-associated nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 34:254\u2013258.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"13_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1159\/000187327","volume":"64","author":"A Poli","year":"1993","unstructured":"Poli A, Abramo F, Taccini E, et al.: Renal involvement in feline immunodeficiency virus infection: a clinicopathologic study. Nephron 1993, 64:282\u2013288.","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"13_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1997.13.413","volume":"13","author":"CE Alpers","year":"1997","unstructured":"Alpers CE, Tsai C-C, Hudkins KL, et al.: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in primates infected with a simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 1997, 13:413\u2013424.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retrovir"},{"key":"13_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(91)90063-U","volume":"22","author":"FA Bauer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bauer FA, Wear DJ, Angritt P, et al.: Mycoplasma fermentans (incognitus strain) infection in the kidneys of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and associated nephropathy: a light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study. Hum Pathol 1991, 22:63\u201369.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"13_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li R-M, Branton MH, Tanawattanacharoen S, et al.: Molecularidentification of SV40 infection in human subjects and possibleassociation with kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, In Press.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000028249.06596.CF"},{"key":"13_CR23","first-page":"125","volume":"2","author":"AH Cohen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cohen AH, Sun NCJ, Shapshak P, et al.: Demonstration of human immunodeficiency virus in renal epithelium in HIVassociated nephropathy. Mod Pathol 1989, 2:125\u2013128.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"13_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V11112079","volume":"11","author":"LA Bruggeman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bruggeman LA, Ross MD, Tanji N, et al.: Renal epithelium is a previously unrecognized site of HIV-1 infection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000, 11:2079\u20132087. This landmark study demonstrates HIV-1 RNA and DNA in glomerular epithelial cells and tubular epithelial cells in patients with HIVassociated FSGS.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106283442604","volume":"344","author":"JA Winston","year":"2001","unstructured":"Winston JA, Bruggeman LA, Ross MD, et al.: Nephropathy and establishment of a renal reservoir of HIV type 1 during primary infection. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1979\u20131984. This case report demonstrates that the institution of HAART was associated with improved renal function but no change in renal HIV-1 RNA and DNA, suggesting that the kidney may be a sanctuary for HIV-1 replication.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0502-522","volume":"8","author":"D Marras","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marras D, Bruggeman LA, Gao F, et al.: Replication and compartmentalization of HIV-1 in kidney epithelium of patients with HIV-associated nephropathy. Nat Med 2002, 8:522\u2013526.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"13_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI3480","volume":"102","author":"PG Conaldi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Conaldi PG, Biancone L, Bottelli A, et al.: HIV-1 kills renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro by triggering an apoptotic pathway involving caspase activation and Fas upregulation. J Clin Invest 1998, 102:2041\u20132049. This paper demonstrates HIV-1 infection of tubular epithelial cells.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"13_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00900.x","volume":"53","author":"PE Ray","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ray PE, Liu XH, Henry D, et al.: Infection of human primary renal epithelial cells with HIV-1 from children with HIVassociated nephropathy. Kidney Int 1998, 53:1217\u20131229. This paper also demonstrates HIV-1 infection of tubular epithelial cells.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"13_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200009080-00021","volume":"14","author":"PG Conaldi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Conaldi PG, Bottelli A, Wade-Evans A, et al.: HIV-persistent infection and cytokine induction in mesangial cells: a potential mechanism for HIV-associated glomerulosclerosis. AIDS 2000, 14:2045\u20132047.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"13_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70120-8","volume":"19","author":"C Alpers","year":"1992","unstructured":"Alpers C, McClure J, Burstein SL: Human mesangial cells are resistant to productive infection by multiple strains of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. Am J Kidney Dis 1992, 19:126\u2013130.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"13_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.146","volume":"41","author":"DF Green","year":"1992","unstructured":"Green DF, Resnick L, Bourgoignie JJ: HIV infects endothelial and mesangial but not epithelial cells. Kidney Int 1992, 41:956\u2013960.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"13_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00207.x","volume":"58","author":"S Tokizawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tokizawa S, Shimizu N, Hui-Yu L, et al.: Infection of mesangial cells with HIV and SIV: identification of GPR1 as a coreceptor. Kidney Int 2000, 58:607\u2013617. Mesangial cell infection is dependent upon the GPR1 coreceptor.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"13_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V115856","volume":"11","author":"F Eitner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eitner F, Cui Y, Hudkins KL, et al.: Chemokine receptor CCR5 and CXCR4 expression in HIV-associated kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000, 11:856\u2013867.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6244","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.12.6244","volume":"168","author":"TB Huber","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huber TB, Reinhardt HC, Exner M, et al.: Expression of functional CCR and CXCR chemokine receptors in podocytes. J Immunol 2002, 168:6244\u2013252.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"13_CR35","first-page":"25","volume":"147","author":"PC Singhal","year":"1995","unstructured":"Singhal PC, Sagar S, Chandra D, et al.: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 gp120 and gp160 envelope proteins modulate mesangial cell gelatinolytic activity. Am J Pathol 1995, 147:25\u201332.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"13_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00296.x","volume":"55","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yamamoto T, Noble NA, Miller DE, et al.: Increased levels of transforming growth factor-beta in HIV-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 1999, 55:579\u2013592.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"13_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000019642.55998.69","volume":"13","author":"M Husain","year":"2002","unstructured":"Husain M, Gusella GL, Klotman ME, et al.: HIV-1 nef induces proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13:1806\u20131815.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(91)90759-5","volume":"185","author":"P Dickie","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dickie P, Felser M, Eckhaus M, et al.: HIV-associated nephropathy in transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 genes. Virology 1991, 185:109\u2013119.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"13_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.5.1577","volume":"89","author":"JB Kopp","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kopp JB, Klotman ME, Adler SH, et al.: Progressive glomerulosclerosis and enhanced renal accumulation of basement membrane components in mice transgenic for HIV-1 genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992, 89:1577\u20131581.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"13_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00271.x","volume":"58","author":"W Kajiyama","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kajiyama W, Kopp JB, Marinos NJ, et al.: Glomerulosclerosis and viral gene expression in HIV-transgenic mice: role of nef. Kidney Int 2000, 58:1148\u20131159. The HIV-1 genes env, tat, rev, vif, vpr, and vpu are sufficient to induce FSGS in transgenic mice.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"13_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9271","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.161290298","volume":"98","author":"W Reid","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reid W, Sadowska M, Denaro F, et al.: An HIV-1 transgenic rat that develops HIV-related pathology and immunologic dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:9271\u2013276.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"13_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119525","volume":"100","author":"LA Bruggeman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bruggeman LA, Dikman S, Meng C, et al.: Nephropathy in human immundeficiency virus-1 transgenic mice is due to renal transgene expression. J Clin Invest 1997, 100:84\u201392.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"13_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90302-9","volume":"28","author":"PL Kimmel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kimmel PL, Mishkin GJ, Umana WO: Captopril and renal survival in patients with human immunodeficiency virus nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1996, 28:202\u2013208.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"13_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V871140","volume":"8","author":"GC Burns","year":"1997","unstructured":"Burns GC, Paul SK, Toth IR, et al.: Effect of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition in HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997, 8:1140\u20131146.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V981441","volume":"9","author":"JE Bird","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bird JE, Durham SK, Giancarli MR, et al.: Captopril prevents nephropathy in HIV-transgenic mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998, 9:1441\u20131447.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90024-8","volume":"97","author":"MC Smith","year":"1994","unstructured":"Smith MC, Pawar R, Carey JT, et al.: Effect of corticosteroid therapy on human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. Am J Med 1994, 97:145\u2013151.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"13_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00280.x","volume":"58","author":"JA Eustace","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eustace JA, Nuermberger E, Choi M, et al.: Cohort study of the treatment of severe HIV-associated nephropathy with corticosteroids. Kidney Int 2000, 58:1253\u20131260.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"13_CR48","first-page":"277","volume":"4","author":"O Ifudu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ifudu O, Rao TKS, Tan CC, et al.: Zidovudine improves prognosis in HIV-associated nephropathy [Abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993, 4:277.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)24037-2","volume":"352","author":"RK Wali","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wali RK, Drachenberg CI, Papadimitriou JC, et al.: HIV-1-associated nephropathy and response to highly-active antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 1998, 352:783\u2013784. This case report describes a patient who experienced a remarkable reversal of ESRD and regression of FSGS after the institution of HAART.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"13_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1159\/000169039","volume":"16","author":"MF Gadallah","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gadallah MF, el-Shahawy MA, Campese VM, et al.: Disparate prognosis of thrombotic microangiopathy in HIV-infected patients with and without AIDS. Am J Nephrol 1996, 16:446\u2013450.","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V132370","volume":"13","author":"S Segerer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Segerer S, Eitner F, Cui Y, et al.: Cellular injury associated with renal thrombotic microangiopathy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13:370\u2013378.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.3.350","volume":"24","author":"C Maslo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maslo C, Peraldi MN, Desenclos JC, et al.: Thrombotic microangiopathy and cytomegalovirus disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24:350\u2013355.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"13_CR53","first-page":"266","volume":"23","author":"SK Balani","year":"1995","unstructured":"Balani SK, Arison BH, Mathai L, et al.: Metabolites of L-735,524, a potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in human urine. Drug Metab Dispos 1995, 23:266\u2013270.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"13_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200109010-00002","volume":"28","author":"JP Dieleman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dieleman JP, Salahuddin S, Hsu YS, et al.: Indinavir crystallization around the loop of Henle: experimental evidence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001, 28:9\u201313.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"13_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1086\/520226","volume":"29","author":"E Martinez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Martinez E, Leguizamon M, Mallolas J, et al.: Influence of environmental temperature on incidence of indinavir-related nephrolithiasis. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 29:422\u2013425.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"13_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68795-2","volume":"161","author":"AD Kohan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kohan AD, Armenakas NA, Fracchia JA: Indinavir urolithiasis: an emerging cause of renal colic in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. J Urol 1999, 161:1765\u20131768.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"13_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-2-199707150-00004","volume":"127","author":"JB Kopp","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kopp JB, Miller KD, Mican JA, et al.: Crystalluria and urinary tract abnormalities associated with indinavir. Ann Intern Med 1997, 127:119\u2013125. Indinavir therapy is associated with highly characteristic crystals in urine, and in addition to nephrolithiasis, indinavir is associated with dysuria and urinary obstruction.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"13_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.9791","volume":"36","author":"RF Gagnon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gagnon RF, Tecimer SN, Watters AK, et al.: Prospective study of urinalysis abnormalities in HIV-positive individuals treated with indinavir. Am J Kidney Dis 2000, 36:507\u2013515. Indinavir-treated patients had monthly urinalysis over a period of 1 year. Sixty-seven percent of patients manifested indinavir crystalluria on at least one urinalysis, from which one can infer that the presence of crystalluria is unlikely to be a useful predictor of urologic complications.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"13_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)61595-7","volume":"161","author":"WJ Reiter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reiter WJ, Schon-Pernerstorfer H, Dorfinger K, et al.: Frequency of urolithiasis in individuals seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus treated with indinavir is higher than previously assumed. J Urol 1999, 161:1082\u20131084.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"13_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199818000-00012","volume":"12","author":"SB Brodie","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brodie SB, Keller MJ, Ewenstein BM, et al.: Variation in incidence of indinavir-associated nephrolithiasis among HIVpositive patients. AIDS 1998, 12:2433\u20132437. These authors report a high cumulative incidence (22%) of stones in patients receiving indinavir, and found an association with hepatitis Cinfection.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"13_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66911-X","volume":"164","author":"E Saltel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Saltel E, Angel JB, Futter NG, et al.: Increased prevalence and analysis of risk factors for indinavir nephrolithiasis. J Urol 2000, 164:1895\u20131897.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"13_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.3.355","volume":"48","author":"JS Herman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Herman JS, Ives NJ, Nelson M, et al.: Incidence and risk factors for the development of indinavir-associated renal complications. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001, 48:355\u2013360. This study and the one by Dieleman et al. [63\u2022\u2022] provide very similar estimates of the incidence of urologic complications: 6.7 and 8.3 per 100 years of drug exposure.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"13_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.13.1493","volume":"162","author":"JP Dieleman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dieleman JP, Sturkenboom MC, Jambroes M, et al.: Risk Factors for Urological Symptoms in a Cohort of Users of the HIV Protease Inhibitor Indinavir Sulfate: The ATHENA Cohort. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:1493\u2013501. This study and the one by Herman et al. [62\u2022\u2022] provide very similar estimates of the incidence of urologic complications: 6.7 and 8.3 per 100 years of drug exposure.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"13_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90316-4","volume":"30","author":"JS Berns","year":"1997","unstructured":"Berns JS, Cohen RM, Silverman M, et al.: Acute renal failure due to indinavir crystalluria and nephrolithiasis: report of two cases. Am J Kidney Dis 1997, 30:558\u2013560.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"13_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350000500105","volume":"5","author":"B Malavaud","year":"2000","unstructured":"Malavaud B, Dinh B, Bonnet E, et al.: Increased incidence of indinavir nephrolithiasis in patients with hepatitis B or C virus infection. Antivir Ther 2000, 5:3\u20135.","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"13_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199903110-00005","volume":"13","author":"JP Dieleman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dieleman JP, Gyssens IC, van der Ende ME, et al.: Urological complaints in relation to indinavir plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1999, 13:473\u2013478.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"13_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)61596-9","volume":"161","author":"BF Schwartz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schwartz BF, Schenkman N, Armenakas NA, et al.: Imaging characteristics of indinavir calculi. J Urol 1999, 161:1085\u20131087.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"13_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-001-1105-y","volume":"29","author":"JP Dieleman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dieleman JP, van der Feltz M, Bangma CH, et al.: Papillary necrosis associated with the HIV protease inhibitor indinavir. Infection 2001, 29:232\u2013233.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"13_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00401-9","volume":"50","author":"DL Gentle","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gentle DL, Stoller ML, Jarrett TW, et al.: Protease inhibitorinduced urolithiasis. Urology 1997, 50:508\u2013511.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"13_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F249","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199818000-00003","volume":"12","author":"K Boubaker","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boubaker K, Sudre P, Bally F, et al.: Changes in renal function associated with indinavir. AIDS 1998, 12:F249\u2013254.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"13_CR71","first-page":"261","volume":"54","author":"M Sarcletti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sarcletti M, Petter A, Romani N, et al.: Pyuria in patients treated with indinavir is associated with renal dysfunction. Clin Nephrol 2000, 54:261\u2013270.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1159\/000046198","volume":"20","author":"RF Gagnon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gagnon RF, Tecimer SN, Watters AK, et al.: The Natural History of Leukocyturia Associated with Indinavir Treatment in HIV+ Individuals. Am J Nephrol 2000, 20:448\u2013454.","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1086\/339486","volume":"34","author":"JB Kopp","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kopp JB, Falloon J, Filie A, et al.: Indinavir-associated interstitial nephritis and urothelial inflammation: clinical and cytologic findings. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34:1122\u20131128. Indinavir is associated with two pyuria syndromes: interstitial nephritis and lower urinary tract inflammation. Both syndromes are generally associated with urinary multinucleated giant cells (histiocytes).","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"13_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199701093360215","volume":"336","author":"KT Tashima","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tashima KT, Horowitz JD, Rosen S: Indinavir nephropathy [letter]. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:138\u2013140.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.3.750","volume":"13","author":"F Martinez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martinez F, Mommeja-Marin H, Estepa-Maurice L, et al.: Indinavir crystal deposits associated with tubulointerstitial nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998, 13:750\u2013753.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"13_CR76","first-page":"954","volume":"12","author":"A Vigano","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vigano A, Rombola G, Barbiano di Belgioioso G, et al.: Subtle occurrence of indinavir-induced acute renal insufficiency [letter]. AIDS 1998, 12:954\u2013955.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"13_CR77","first-page":"194","volume":"50","author":"MA Perazella","year":"1998","unstructured":"Perazella MA, Kashgarian M, Cooney E: Indinavir nephropathy in an AIDS patient with renal insufficiency and pyuria. Clin Nephrol 1998, 50:194\u2013196.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.1999.13.81","volume":"13","author":"M Sarcletti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sarcletti M, Zangerle R: Persistent flank pain, low-grade fever, and malaise in a woman treated with indinavir. AIDS Patient Care STDs 1999, 13:81\u201387.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"13_CR79","first-page":"181","volume":"51","author":"DW Grabe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grabe DW, Eisele G, Miller C, et al.: Indinavir-induced nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1999, 51:181\u2013183.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"13_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70034-5","volume":"35","author":"M Jaradat","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jaradat M, Phillips C, Yum MN, et al.: Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis attributable to indinavir therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 2000, 35:E16.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"13_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902043400515","volume":"340","author":"H Hanabusa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hanabusa H, Tagami H, Hataya H: Renal atrophy associated with long-term treatment with indinavir [letter]. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:392\u2013393.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"13_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67739-7","volume":"163","author":"M Hamm","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hamm M, Wawroschek F, Rathert P: Urinary cytology changes in protease inhibitor induced urolithiasis. J Urol 2000, 163:1249\u20131250.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"13_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1086\/313728","volume":"30","author":"AM Cattelan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cattelan AM, Trevenzoli M, Naso A, et al.: Severe hypertension and renal atrophy associated with indinavir. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30:619\u2013621.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"13_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200104130-00021","volume":"15","author":"AM Cattelan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cattelan AM, Trevenzoli M, Sasset L, et al.: Indinavir and systemic hypertension. AIDS 2001, 15:805\u2013807.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"13_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65307-4","volume":"167","author":"DS Engeler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Engeler DS, John H, Rentsch KM, et al.: Nelfinavir urinary stones. J Urol 2002, 167:1384\u20131385.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"13_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.25586","volume":"32","author":"N Tanji","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanji N, Tanji K, Kambham N, et al.: Adefovir nephrotoxicity: possible role of mitochondrial DNA depletion. Hum Pathol 2001, 32:734\u2013740.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"13_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200107270-00001","volume":"72","author":"PJ Gow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gow PJ, Pillay D, Mutimer D: Solid organ transplantation in patients with HIV infection. Transplantation 2001, 72:177\u2013181.","journal-title":"Transplantation"}],"container-title":["Current Infectious Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11908-002-0013-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11908-002-0013-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11908-002-0013-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:12:07Z","timestamp":1683850327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11908-002-0013-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]}},"alternative-id":["13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11908-002-0013-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3847","1534-3146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3847","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]}}}