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Excellent article in wich the long way to the isolation of Coxiella burnetii in an axenic medium is thoughtfully described.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"264_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.41.3.1089-1098.1983","volume":"41","author":"MG Peacock","year":"1983","unstructured":"Peacock MG, Phillip RN, Williams JC, Faulkner R. Serological evaluation of Q fever in humans: enhanced phase I titers of Immunoglobulins G and A are diagnostic for Q fever endocarditis. Infect Immun. 1983;41:1089\u201398.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"264_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.4.2.208-212.1997","volume":"4","author":"D Musso","year":"1997","unstructured":"Musso D, Raoult D. Serological cross-reactions between Coxiella burnetii and Legionella micdadei. 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J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34(9):2270\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"264_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200003000-00005","volume":"79","author":"D Raoult","year":"2000","unstructured":"Raoult D, Tissot-Dupont H, Foucault C, et al. Q fever 1985\u20131998. Clinical and epidemiologic features of 1,383 infections. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000;79(2):109\u201323.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"264_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fournier PE, Casalta JP, Habib G, et al. Modification of the diagnostic criteria proposed by the Duke Endocarditis Service to permit improved diagnosis of Q fever endocarditis. Am J Med. 1996 Jun;100(6):629\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00040-X"},{"issue":"12","key":"264_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir234","volume":"52","author":"W Hoek van der","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 van der Hoek W, Versteeg B, Meekelenkamp JC, Renders NH, Leenders AC, Weers-Pothoff I, Hermans MH, Zaaijer HL, Wever PC, Schneeberger PM. Follow-up of 686 patients with acute Q fever and detection of chronic infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(12):1431\u20136. In this study, a considerable number of patients with acute Q fever exhibited high antibodies titers to phase I antigens, but no evolution to chronic form was observed.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"264_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.10.008","volume":"62","author":"MN Hung","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Hung MN, Lin LJ, Hou MY, et al. Serologic assessment of the risk of developing chronic Q fever in cohorts of acutely infected individuals. J Infect. 2011;62(1):39\u201344. High titers of phase I IgG and even progressive elevation of them ater an acute Q fever infection do not indicate or predict the development of chronic Q fever in this report.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"264_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.100882","volume":"17","author":"D Frankel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frankel D, Richet H, Renvois\u00e9 A, Raoult D. Q fever in France, 1985\u20132009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(3):350\u20136.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"264_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1086\/321889","volume":"33","author":"F Fenollar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Carrieri MP, et al. Risk factors and prevention of Q fever endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:312\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"264_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1086\/500402","volume":"42","author":"F Fenollar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fenollar F, Thuny F, Xeridat B, et al. Endocarditis after acute Q fever in patients with previously undiagnosed valvulopathies. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(6):818\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"264_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir132","volume":"52","author":"B Healy","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Healy B, van Woerden H, Raoult D, et al. Chronic Q fever: different serological results in three countries--results of a follow-up study 6\u00a0years after a point source outbreak. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(8):1013\u20139. In this study, concordance in immnunofluorescence result interpretation from 3 international reference laboratories was only 35\u00a0%. The interpretation o chronic serological profiles must be done with caution and always in accordance with the clinical picture.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"264_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meekelenkamp JC, Schneeberger PM, Wever PC, Leenders AC. Comparison of ELISA and indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay detecting Coxiella burnetii IgM phase II for the diagnosis of acute Q fever. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011 Oct 14 (in press)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1438-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"264_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00009-11","volume":"18","author":"MM Jager","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Jager MM, Weers-Pothoff G, Hermans MH, et al. Evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm for acute Q fever in an outbreak setting. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011;18(6):963\u20138. In this article the authors reported their experience with serology (ELISA), immunofluorescece and PCR for acute Q fever diagnosis during the large outbreak in the Netherlands.A simple and effective algorithmis proposed.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"264_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00890.x","volume":"64","author":"GJ Limonard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Limonard GJ, Thijsen SF, Bossink AW, et al. Developing a new clinical tool for diagnosing chronic Q fever: the Coxiella ELISPOT. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2012;64(1):57\u201360.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"264_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00454-09","volume":"17","author":"PM Schneeberger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schneeberger PM, Hermans MH, van Hannen EJ, et al. Real-time PCR with serum samples is indispensable for early diagnosis of acute Q fever. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2010;17(2):286\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"11)","key":"264_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.4919-4924.2004","volume":"42","author":"F Fenollar","year":"2004","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in the sera of patients with Q fever endocarditis or vascular infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(11)):4919\u201324. In this study, the efficacy of PCR in blood samples for the diagnosis of chronic forms (mainly endocarditis) is analysed.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"264_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1086\/515401","volume":"44","author":"C Landais","year":"2007","unstructured":"\u2022 Landais C, Fenollar F, Thuny F, Raoult D. From acute Q fever to endocarditis: serological follow-up strategy. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(10):1337\u201340. French authors propose in this study an algorithm based in serology and genomic amplification for preventing the development of chronic forms.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"264_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.9.1733","volume":"37","author":"D Raoult","year":"1993","unstructured":"Raoult D. Treatment of Q fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1733\u20136.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"264_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.7.1079","volume":"31","author":"MR Yeaman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Yeaman MR, Mitscher LA, Baca OG. In vitro susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii to antibiotics, including several quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987;31(7):1079\u201384.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"264_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/96.2.162","volume":"96","author":"RA Ormsbee","year":"1955","unstructured":"Ormsbee RA, Parker RA, Picens EG. The comparative effectiveness of aureomycin, terramycin, chloramphenicol erythromycin, and thiocymetin in suppressing experimental rickettsial infections in chick embryos. J Infect Dis. 1955;96(2):162\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"264_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.3.489","volume":"20","author":"D Raoult","year":"1995","unstructured":"Raoult D, Marrie T. Q fever. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:489\u201396.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"264_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-193","volume":"10","author":"CH Lai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lai CH, Lin JN, Chang LL, Chen YH, Lin HH. Circulating cytokines and procalcitonin in acute Q fever granulomatous hepatitis with poor response to antibiotic and short-course steroid therapy: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:193.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"264_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02560514","volume":"27","author":"M Crespo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Crespo M, Sope\u00f1a B, Bord\u00f3n J, et al. Steroids treatment of granulomatous hepatitis complicating Coxiella burnetii acute infection. Infection. 1999;27(2):132\u20133.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"264_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.1.122","volume":"18","author":"F Garcia-Alfranca","year":"1994","unstructured":"Garcia-Alfranca F, Clemente-Rodriguez C, Pigrau-Serrallach C, et al. Q fever associated with persistent fever: an immunologic disorder? Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18(1):122\u20133.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"264_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/16.suppl_B.19","volume":"16","author":"A Stein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stein A, Raoult D. Q fever endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:19\u201323.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"264_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.3.533","volume":"35","author":"PY Levy","year":"1991","unstructured":"Levy PY, Drancourt M, Etienne J. Comparison of different antibiotic regimens for therapy of 32 cases of Q fever endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35(3):533\u20137.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"264_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5013","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.12.5013-5016.1992","volume":"60","author":"M Maurin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Maurin M, Benoliel AM, Bongrand P, Raoult D. Phagolysosomes of Coxiella burnetii-infected cells lines maintains an acidic pH during persistant infection. Infect Immun. 1992;60:5013\u20136.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"264_CR90","first-page":"428","volume":"33","author":"M Maurin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Maurin M, Benoliel AM, Bongrand P, Raoult D. Phagolysosomal alkalinization and the bactericidal effect of antibiotics: the Coxiella burnetii paradigm. J Infect Dis. 1992;33:428\u201331.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"264_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.2.167","volume":"159","author":"D Raoult","year":"1999","unstructured":"Raoult D, Houpikian P, Tissot-Dupont H, Riss JM, Arditi-Djiane J, Brouqui P. Treatment of Q fever endocarditis. Comparison of 2 regimens containing doxycycline and ofloxacin or hydroxychloroquine. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:167\u201373.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"264_CR92","first-page":"478","volume":"17","author":"V Abril","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abril V, Ortega E, Segarra P, Fraile T. Late recurrence of endocarditis caused by Coxiella burnetii folowing prosthetic valve substitution and prolonged antibiotic treatment. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1999;17:478\u20139.","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"264_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-007-0522-z","volume":"96","author":"AJ Morguet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morguet AJ, Jansen A, Raoult D, Schneider T. Late relapse of Q fever endocarditis. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007;96:519\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"264_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp285","volume":"30","author":"G Habib","year":"2009","unstructured":"Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 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