{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:42:52Z","timestamp":1793493772991,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,19]],"date-time":"2012-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0320-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,17]],"date-time":"2012-12-17T21:32:20Z","timestamp":1355779940000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Pain and Multiple Sclerosis: Pathophysiology and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Claudio","family":"Solaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Trabucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Messmer Uccelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"320_CR1","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Multiple sclerosis 135\u2013191","author":"DW Paty","year":"1999","unstructured":"Paty DW, Ebers GC. Multiple sclerosis 135\u2013191. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company; 1999. p. 135\u201391."},{"issue":"5","key":"320_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms957oa","volume":"9","author":"G Brichetto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brichetto G, Messmer Uccelli M, Mancardi GL, Solaro C. Symptomatic medication use in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2003;9(5):458\u201360.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"320_CR3","unstructured":"\"Part III: pain terms, a current list with definitions and notes on usage\" (pp 209\u2013214) Classification of chronic pain, second edition, IASP Task Force on Taxonomy, edited by H. Merskey and N. Bogduk, IASP Press, Seattle; 1994. p. 209\u201314."},{"key":"320_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59","volume":"70","author":"RD Treede","year":"2008","unstructured":"Treede RD, et al. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology. 2008;70:1630\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.08.024","volume":"137","author":"AB O\u2019Connor","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor AB, Schwid SR, Herrmann DN, Markman JD, Dworkin RH. Pain associated with multiple sclerosis: systematic review and proposed classification. Pain. 2008;137:96\u2013111.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"320_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1984.04050230052017","volume":"41","author":"DB Clifford","year":"1984","unstructured":"Clifford DB, Trotter JL. Pain in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1984;41:1270\u20132.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(86)80002-6","volume":"88","author":"R Vermote","year":"1986","unstructured":"Vermote R, Ketalaer P, Carltonn H. Pain in multiple sclerosis patients: a prospective study using the McGill pain questionnaire. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1986;88:87\u201393.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"320_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(87)80022-2","volume":"2","author":"MR Kassirer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kassirer MR, Osterberg DH. Pain in chronic multiple sclerosis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1987;2:95\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"320_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.12.1830","volume":"38","author":"DE Moulin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Moulin DE, Foley KM, Ebers GC. Pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1988;38:1830\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1991.tb04937.x","volume":"84","author":"E Stenager","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stenager E, Knutsen L, Jensen K. Acute and chronic pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1991;84:197\u2013200.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"320_CR11","first-page":"26","volume":"13","author":"P Warnell","year":"1991","unstructured":"Warnell P. The pain experience of a multiple sclerosis population: a descriptive study. Axon. 1991;13:26\u20138.","journal-title":"Axon"},{"key":"320_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90188-0","volume":"58","author":"CJ Archibald","year":"1994","unstructured":"Archibald CJ, et al. Pain prevalence, severity and impact in a clinical sample of multiple sclerosis patients. Pain. 1994;58:89\u201393.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"320_CR13","first-page":"97","volume":"16","author":"A Indaco","year":"1994","unstructured":"Indaco A, Iachetta C, Nappi C, Socci L, Carrieri PB. Chronic and acute pain syndromes in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. 1994;16:97\u2013102.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02230913","volume":"16","author":"E Stenager","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stenager E, Knudsen L, Jensen K. Acute and chronic pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1995;16:629\u201332.","journal-title":"Ital J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"320_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00815.x","volume":"1","author":"AG Beiske","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beiske AG, Pedersen ED, Czujko B, Myhr KM. Pain and sensory complaints in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2004;1:479\u201382.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms939oa","volume":"6","author":"DM Ehde","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ehde DM, et al. Chronic pain in a large community sample of persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2003;6:605\u201311.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"320_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.8.1089","volume":"60","author":"KB Svendsen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Svendsen KB, et al. Pain in patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:1089\u201394.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000137047.85868.D6","volume":"63","author":"C Solaro","year":"2004","unstructured":"Solaro C, et al. The prevalence of pain in multiple sclerosis. A multicenter cross-sectional study. Neurology. 2004;63:919\u201321.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.11.005","volume":"9","author":"A \u00d6sterberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"\u00d6sterberg A, Boivie J, Thomas KA. Central pain in multiple sclerosis-prevalence and clinical characteristics. Eur J Pain. 2005;9:531\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"320_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506071346","volume":"12","author":"DM Ehde","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ehde DM, Osborne TL, Hanley MA, Jensen MP, Kraft GH. The scope and nature of pain in persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2006;12:629\u201338.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"320_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.07.015","volume":"127","author":"O Hadjimichael","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hadjimichael O, Kerns RD, Rizzo MA, Cutter G, Vollmer T. Persistent pain and uncomfortable sensations in persons with multiple sclerosis. Pain. 2007;127:35\u201341.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"320_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/128681","volume":"12","author":"C Piwko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Piwko C, et al. Pain due to multiple sclerosis: analysis of the prevalence and economic burden in Canada. Pain Res Manag. 2007;12:259\u201365.","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"320_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.03.005","volume":"8","author":"F Khan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khan F, Pallant J. Chronic pain in multiple sclerosis: prevalence, characteristics and impact on quality of life in an Australian community cohort. J Pain. 2007;8:614\u201323.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"320_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507085551","volume":"14","author":"M Boneschi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boneschi M, et al. Lifetime and actual prevalence of pain and headache in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2008;14:514\u201321.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"320_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.03.022","volume":"89","author":"C Douglas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Douglas C, Wollin J, Windsor C. Illness and demographic correlates of chronic pain among a community-based sample of people with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:1923\u201332.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"320_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.10.019","volume":"90","author":"AT Hirsh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hirsh AT, Turner AP, Ehde DM, Haselkorn JK. Prevalence and impact of pain in multiple sclerosis: physical and psychological contributors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:646\u201351.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"320_CR27","first-page":"20","volume":"2","author":"D Seixa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seixa D, Vasco Galhardo MJ, Guimar\u00e3es J, Lima L. Pain in Portuguese patients with multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol. 2011;2:20.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.03.025","volume":"110","author":"SA Aicher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aicher SA, Silverman MB, Winkler CW, Bebo Jr BF. Hyperalgesia in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Pain. 2004;110:560\u201370.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"320_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.11.002","volume":"141","author":"CJ Olechowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u2022 Olechowski CJ, Truong JJ, Kerr BJ. Neuropathic pain behaviours in a chronic-relapsing model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Pain. 2009;141(1\u20132):156\u201364. This article reports the dysregulation of glutamate transport function in abnormal pain behavior in response to persistent noxious stimulation in EAE mice.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"320_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.07.010","volume":"15","author":"K Thibault","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Thibault K, Calvino B, Pezet S. Characterisation of sensory abnormalities observed in an animal model of multiple sclerosis: a behavioural and pharmacological study. Eur J Pain. 2011;15(3):231.e1\u2013231.e16. This article reports the clinical signs linked to pain in two models of EAE related to time-course changes in disease representing a model of sensory abnormalities in MS. Thibault et al. also reported pain relief with medications such as gabapentin, duloxetine, and tramadol.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"320_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1621","volume":"56","author":"SG Waxman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Waxman SG. Acquired channelopathies in nerve injury and MS. Neurology. 2001;56(12):1621\u20137. 26.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"14","key":"320_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7635","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.7635","volume":"96","author":"SG Waxman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj S, Cummins TR, Black JA. Sodium channels and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96(14):7635\u20139. 6.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"320_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.09.006","volume":"15","author":"KB Svendsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Svendsen KB, S\u00f8rensen L, Jensen TS, Hansen HJ, Bach FW. MRI of the central nervous system in MS patients with and without pain. Eur J Pain. 2011;15(4):395\u2013401. This study compares 13 subjects with MS with chronic pain and ten patients without pain. There was no association between chronic pain and the site of demyelinating lesions.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"320_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saarto T, Wiffen PJ. Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2007; Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005454 doi: 10.1002\/14651858.CD005454.pub2 .","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005454.pub2"},{"key":"320_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-004-0362-9","volume":"25","author":"C Solaro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Solaro C, Brichetto G, Battaglia MA, Messmer Uccelli M, Mancardi GL. Antiepileptic medications in multiple sclerosis: adverse effects in a three-year follow-up study. Neurol Sci. 2005;25:307\u201310.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"320_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1968.00480020015001","volume":"19","author":"JM Killian","year":"2001","unstructured":"Killian JM, Fromm GH. Carbamazepine in the treatment of neuralgia: use and side effects. Arch Neurol. 2001;19:129\u201336.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"320_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2011.01553.x","volume":"125","author":"M Shirzadi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shirzadi M, Alvestad S, Hovdal H, et al. Comparison of carbamazepine rash in multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;125(1):60\u20133.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"320_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.2.433","volume":"53","author":"C Cianchetti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cianchetti C, Zuddas A, Randazzo AP, Perra L, Marrosu MG. Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy in painful phenomena in MS: preliminary observations. Neurology. 1999;53:433.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2007.09.023","volume":"29","author":"B Breuer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Breuer B, et al. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled two period crossover pilot trial of lamotrigine in patients with central pain due to multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther. 2007;29:2022\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"320_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859700300407","volume":"3","author":"MK Houtchens","year":"1997","unstructured":"Houtchens MK, Richert JR, Sami A, Rose JW. Open label gabapentin treatment for pain in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 1997;3:250\u20133.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"320_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02496.x","volume":"16","author":"S Rossi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rossi S, et al. Effects of Levetiracetam on chronic pain in multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized placebo-controlled study. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16:360\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR42","unstructured":"\u2022 Falah M, Madsen C, Holbech JV, Sindrup SH. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of levetiracetam in central pain in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Pain. 2011;1532\u20132149. This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial with levetiracetam 3,000\u00a0mg\/day versus placebo. There were no differences in the ratings of pain relief but an effect in patients with lancinating pain or without touch-evoked pain was observed."},{"key":"320_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5203-6","volume":"256","author":"C Solaro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Solaro C, Boemker M, Tanganelli P. Pregabalin for treating paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. J Neurol. 2009;256:1773\u20134.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnf.0000265979.03198.33","volume":"32","author":"C Solaro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Solaro C, Tanganelli P. Acute delirium in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with pregabalin. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2009;32:236\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"320_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199212000-00008","volume":"8","author":"RM Herman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Herman RM, D\u2019Luzansky SC, Ippolito R. Intrathecal baclofen suppresses central pain in patients with spinal lesions. A pilot study. Clin J Pain. 1992;8:338\u201345.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"320_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-007-0566-z","volume":"254","author":"S Sadiq","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sadiq S, Poopatana C. Intrathecal basclofen and morphine in multiple sclerosis patients with severe pain and spasticity. J Neurol. 2007;254:1464\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1053\/eujp.2001.0307","volume":"6","author":"S Kalman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kalman S, \u00d6sterbergn A, S\u00f6rensenn J, Boivie J, Bertler A. Morphine responsiveness in a group of well-defined multiple sclerosis patients: a study with i.v. morphine. Eur J Pain. 2002;6:69\u201380.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"320_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38149.566979.AE","volume":"329","author":"KB Svendsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Svendsen KB, Jensen TS, Bach FW. Does the cannabinoid dronabinol reduce central pain in multiple sclerosis? Randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial. BMJ. 2004;329:253.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"320_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2007.09.013","volume":"29","author":"DJ Rog","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Young CA. Oromucosal delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol\/ cannabidiol for neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis: an uncontrolled, open-label, 2-year extension trial. Clin Ther. 2007;29:2068\u201379.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"320_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14738-1","volume":"362","author":"J Zajicek","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zajicek J, et al. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:1517\u201326.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"320_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1082oa","volume":"10","author":"DT Wade","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wade DT, Makela P, Robson P, House H, Bateman C. Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients. Mult Scler. 2004;10:434\u201341.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"320_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1294","volume":"45","author":"JP Hooge","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hooge JP, Redekop WK. Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1995;45:1294\u20136.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.12.2347","volume":"124","author":"S Love","year":"2001","unstructured":"Love S, Coakham HB. Trigeminal neuralgia: pathology and pathogenesis. Brain. 2001;124:2347\u201360.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"320_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/65228893","volume":"83","author":"RJ Mills","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2022 Mills RJ, Young CA, Smith ET. Central trigeminal involvement in multiple sclerosis using high-resolution MRI at 3T. Br J Radiol. 2010;83:493\u20138. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of trigeminal lesions using high-resolution MRI at 3T. Forty-seven patients with MS with a high prevalence of detectable trigeminal abnormalities were studied. MRI results did not correspond to trigeminal symptoms.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"320_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.12.026","volume":"143","author":"G Cruccu","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Cruccu G, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia and pain related to multiple sclerosis. Pain. 2009;143:186\u201391. MRI scans were performed on 130 patients with MS: 50 with trigeminal neuralgia, 30 with trigeminal sensory disturbances other than trigeminal neuralgia and 50 without pain. Cruccu et al. concluded that the most likely cause of MS-related trigeminal neuralgia is a pontine plaque damaging the primary afferents. Nevertheless, in some patients a neurovascular contact may act as a concurring mechanism.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"320_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.175.3.2343134","volume":"175","author":"LG Hutchins","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hutchins LG, Harnsberger HR, Jacobs JM, Apfelbaum RI. Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux): MR imaging assessment. Radiology. 1990;175:837\u201341.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"320_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-197912000-00013","volume":"5","author":"ML Lazar","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lazar ML, Kirkpatrick JB. Trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis: demonstration of the plaque in an operative case. Neurosurgery. 1979;5:711\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"320_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458505ms1186oa","volume":"11","author":"CJ Silva Da","year":"2005","unstructured":"Da Silva CJ, Da Rocha AJ, Mendes MF, Maja Jr ACM, Braga FT, Tilbery CP. Trigeminal involvement in multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging findings with clinical correlation in a series of patients. Mult Scler. 2005;11:282\u20135.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"320_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.1.101","volume":"58","author":"I Nakashima","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Kimpara T, Okita N, Takase S, Itoyama Y. Linear pontine trigeminal root lesions in multiple sclerosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging studies in 5 cases. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:101\u20134.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"320_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1142","volume":"49","author":"A Gass","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gass A, Kitchen N, MacManus DG, Moseley IF, Hennerici MG, Miller DH. Trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis: lesion localization with magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology. 1997;49(4):1142\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.3.253","volume":"59","author":"JFM Meaney","year":"1995","unstructured":"Meaney JFM, Watt JMG, Eldridge PR, Whitehouse GH, Wells JCD, Miles JB. Association between trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis: role of magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59:253\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"320_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000137656.59536.0E","volume":"55","author":"G Broggi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Broggi G, Ferroli P, Franzini A, Nazzi V, Farina L, La Mantia L, Milanese C. Operative findings and outcomes of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in 35 patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(4):830\u20138. discussion 838\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"320_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.12.1034","volume":"53","author":"G Cruccu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cruccu G, Leandri M, Feliciani M, Manfredi M. Idiopathic and symptomatic trigeminal pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53(12):1034\u201342.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"320_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02658.x","volume":"89","author":"R Bergamaschi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bergamaschi R, Romani A, Versino M, Callieco R, Gaspari D, Citterio A, Cosi V. Usefulness of trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials to detect subclinical trigeminal impairment in multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;89:412\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"320_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7242.1113","volume":"320","author":"G Ramsaransing","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ramsaransing G, Zwanikken C, De Keyser J. Worsening of symptoms of multiple sclerosis associated with carbamazepine. BMJ. 2000;320:1113.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"320_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150070157","volume":"247","author":"M Leandri","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leandri M, et al. Lamotrigine in trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2000;247:556\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.2.609","volume":"51","author":"C Solaro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Solaro C, et al. An open-label trial of gabapentin treatment of paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology. 1998;51:609\u201311.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(01)00275-5","volume":"21","author":"C Solaro","year":"2001","unstructured":"Solaro C, Uccelli MM, Brichetto G, Gasperini C, Mancardi GL. Topiramate relieves idiopathic and symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2001;21:367\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"320_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000008192","volume":"44","author":"C Solaro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Solaro C, Uccelli MM, Uccelli A, Leandri M, Mancardi GL. Low-dose gabapentin combined with either lamotrigine or carbamazepine can be useful therapies for trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol. 2000;44:45\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DMKG Study Group. Misoprostol in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2003;250(542\u2013545).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1032-1"},{"key":"320_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.6.1714","volume":"48","author":"G Lunardi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lunardi G, et al. Clinical effectiveness of lamotrigine and plasma levels in essential and symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology. 1997;48:1714\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.2.611","volume":"51","author":"OA Khan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Khan OA. Gabapentin relieves trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology. 1998;51:611\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.10.1587","volume":"55","author":"M Zvartau-Hind","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zvartau-Hind M, Din MU, Gilan A, Lisak RP, Khan OA. Topiramate relieves refractory trigeminal neuralgia in MS patients. Neurology. 2000;55:1587\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.6.1097","volume":"45","author":"AT Reder","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reder AT, Arnason B. Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis relieved by a prostaglandin E analogue. Neurology. 1995;45:1097\u2013100.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1989.tb03890.x","volume":"80","author":"B Linderoth","year":"1989","unstructured":"Linderoth B, Hakanson S. Paroxysmal facial pain in disseminated sclerosis treated by retrogasserian glycerol injection. Acta Neurol Scand. 1989;80:341\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"320_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100049076","volume":"21","author":"D Kondziolka","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Bissonette DJ. Long-term results after glycerol rhizotomy for multiple sclerosis-related trigeminal neuralgia. Can J Neurol Sci. 1994;21:137\u201340.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"320_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100002626","volume":"30","author":"C Berk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Berk C, Constantoyannis C, Honey CR. The treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis using percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2003;30:220\u20133.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"320_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.57.4.0483","volume":"57","author":"G Broggi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Broggi G, Franzini A. Radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy in treatment of symptomatic non-neoplastic facial pain. J Neurosurg. 1982;57:483\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"320_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0529","volume":"97","author":"CL Rogers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rogers CL, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis. J Neurosurg. 2002;97 Suppl 5:529\u201332.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"320_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000069503","volume":"79","author":"E Huang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huang E, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis patients. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2002;79:44\u201350.","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"320_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)94422-7","volume":"354","author":"G Broggi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Broggi G, et al. Role of microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1999;354:1878\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"320_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458505ms1177oa","volume":"11","author":"AH Al-Araji","year":"2005","unstructured":"Al-Araji AH, Oger J. Reappraisal of Lhermitte\u2019s sign in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2005;11:398\u2013402.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"320_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.6.1368","volume":"54","author":"A Minagar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Minagar A, Sheremata WA. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia and MS. Neurology. 2000;54:1368\u201370.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/135245850000600310","volume":"6","author":"C Solaro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Solaro C, Uccelli MM, Guglieri P, Uccelli A, Mancardi GL. Gabapentin is effective in treating nocturnal painful spasms in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2000;6:192\u20133.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"320_CR85","first-page":"341","volume":"75","author":"C Solaro","year":"2004","unstructured":"Solaro C, Tanganelli P. Tiagabine for treating painful tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:341.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"320_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000080081.74117.E4","volume":"61","author":"DA Restivo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Restivo DA, Tinazzi M, Patti F, Palmeri A, Maimone D. Botulinum toxin treatment of painful tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2003;61:719\u201320.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"320_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-199808000-00005","volume":"11","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Thompson AJ. Symptomatic treatment in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 1998;11:305\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.120","volume":"7","author":"C Solaro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Solaro C, Messmer Uccelli M. Management of pain in multiple sclerosis: a pharmacological approach. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7:519\u201327.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01903.x","volume":"14","author":"FS Lienau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lienau FS, F\u00fcllgraf H, Moser A, Feuerstein TJ. Why do cannabinoids not show consistent effects as analgesic drugs in multiple sclerosis? Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:1162\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"320_CR90","first-page":"135","volume":"29","author":"RA Marrie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marrie RA, Horwitz RI, Cutter G, Tyry T, Vollmer T. Association between comorbidity and clinical characteristics of MS. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010;29:135\u201341.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"320_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200006001-00017","volume":"16","author":"JA Haythornthwaite","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haythornthwaite JA, Benrud-Larsen LM. Psychological aspects of neuropathic pain. Clin J Pain. 2000;16:S101\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"320_CR92","volume-title":"Pain management secrets","author":"R Duarte","year":"2003","unstructured":"Duarte R. In: Kanner R, editor. Pain management secrets, vol. 6. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus; 2003."},{"issue":"4","key":"320_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31823216b4","volume":"28","author":"A Saverino","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u2022 Saverino A, Solaro C. Pain in individuals with multiple sclerosis, knee prosthesis, and post-herpetic neuralgia: learning from focus group patients' experience. Clin J Pain. 2012;28(4):300\u20138. Unique, spontaneous descriptors, possibly disease-specific, emerged in various focus groups of subjects with MS and other diseases. All disease groups used descriptors not included in the McGill Pain Questionnaire, underlining the need for assessment measures of pain based on individual perception.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"320_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(86)80002-6","volume":"88","author":"R Vermote","year":"1986","unstructured":"Vermote R, Ketalaer P, Carlton H. Pain in multiple sclerosis patients: a prospective study using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1986;88:87\u201393.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-012-0320-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11910-012-0320-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-012-0320-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]],"date-time":"2019-07-07T00:37:05Z","timestamp":1562459825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11910-012-0320-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,19]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-012-0320-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1528-4042","1534-6293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1528-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,19]]},"article-number":"320"}}