{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:02:21Z","timestamp":1788282141731,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,28]],"date-time":"2013-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0399-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,27]],"date-time":"2013-09-27T08:51:22Z","timestamp":1380271882000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Iatrogenic Fungal Infections of Central Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sourabh","family":"Lahoti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"399_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1212667","volume":"367","author":"K Outterson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Outterson K. Regulating compounding pharmacies after NECC. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(21):1969\u201372.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"399_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-11-201212040-00558","volume":"157","author":"JR Perfect","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perfect JR. Iatrogenic fungal meningitis: tragedy repeated. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(11):825\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"399_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v51i4.1142","volume":"51","author":"PS Gunaratne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gunaratne PS et al. An outbreak of Aspergillus meningitis following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in Sri Lanka: a post-tsunami effect? Ceylon Med J. 2006;51(4):137\u201342.","journal-title":"Ceylon Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"399_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2003.09.023","volume":"56","author":"JD Pandian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pandian JD et al. Iatrogenic meningitis after lumbar puncturea preventable health hazard. J Hosp Infect. 2004;56(2):119\u201324.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"399_CR5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate fungal meningitis outbreak - current case count. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/outbreaks\/meningitis-map-large.html (2013). Accessed 3 Jun 2013."},{"key":"399_CR6","volume-title":"Meningitis and stroke associated with potentially contaminated product","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meningitis and stroke associated with potentially contaminated product. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2012."},{"issue":"49","key":"399_CR7","first-page":"1109","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2002","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Exophiala infection from contaminated injectable steroids prepared by a compounding pharmacy\u2014United States, July-November 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51(49):1109\u201312.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.3.291","volume":"289","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2003","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Exophiala infection from contaminated injectable steroids prepared by a compounding pharmacy\u2014United States, July-November 2002. JAMA. 2003;289(3):291\u20133.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"399_CR9","first-page":"642","volume":"25","author":"G Saigal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saigal G, Donovan Post MJ, Kozic D. Thoracic intradural Aspergillus abscess formation following epidural steroid injection. Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(4):642\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"399_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850701342153","volume":"48","author":"AB Kolbe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kolbe AB, McKinney MA, Kendi AT, Misselt D. Aspergillus meningitis and discitis from low-back procedures in an immunocompetent patient. Acta Radiol. 2007;48(6):687\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"399_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1086\/514755","volume":"28","author":"TA Geers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Geers TA, Gordon SM. Clinical significance of Candida species isolated from cerebrospinal fluid following neurosurgery. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28(5):1139\u201347.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"399_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-0990-9","volume":"153","author":"D O'Brien","year":"2011","unstructured":"O'Brien D et al. Candida infection of the central nervous system following neurosurgery: a 12-year review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011;153(6):1347\u201350.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"11","key":"399_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01512.x","volume":"12","author":"AC Pasqualotto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pasqualotto AC, Denning DW. Post-operative aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(11):1060\u201376.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"399_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0093-3","volume":"25","author":"A Adler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adler A et al. Exserohilum: an emerging human pathogen. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;25(4):247\u201353.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(93)95861-C","volume":"26","author":"AI Bhigjee","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bhigjee AI et al. Disseminated Exserohilum infection. J Infect. 1993;26(3):336\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"399_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2012.208","volume":"26","author":"WR Bell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bell WR et al. Iatrogenic Exserohilum infection of the central nervous system: mycological identification and histopathological findings. Mod Pathol. 2013;26(2):166\u201370.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"399_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.24.2.250-259.1986","volume":"24","author":"MR McGinnis","year":"1986","unstructured":"McGinnis MR, Rinaldi MG, Winn RE. Emerging agents of phaeohyphomycosis: pathogenic species of Bipolaris and Exserohilum. J Clin Microbiol. 1986;24(2):250\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"399_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00019-10","volume":"23","author":"SG Revankar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Revankar SG, Sutton DA. Melanized fungi in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(4):884\u2013928.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"399_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1993.tb00743.x","volume":"36","author":"T Matsumoto","year":"1993","unstructured":"Matsumoto T et al. Clinical and mycological spectra of Wangiella dermatitidis infections. Mycoses. 1993;36(5\u20136):145\u201355.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808323524","volume":"24","author":"X Chang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chang X et al. Phaeohyphomycosis of the central nervous system caused by Exophiala dermatitidis in a 3-year-old immunocompetent host. J Child Neurol. 2009;24(3):342\u20135.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.35690","volume":"55","author":"N Garg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garg N et al. Central nervous system cladosporiosis: an account of ten culture-proven cases. Neurol India. 2007;55(3):282\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"399_CR22","first-page":"S37","volume":"51","author":"T Nadkarni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nadkarni T, Goel A. Aspergilloma of the brain: an overview. J Postgrad Med. 2005;51 Suppl 1:S37\u201341.","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.35686","volume":"55","author":"A Redmond","year":"2007","unstructured":"Redmond A, Dancer C, Woods ML. Fungal infections of the central nervous system: a review of fungal pathogens and treatment. Neurol India. 2007;55(3):251\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.35682","volume":"55","author":"JM Murthy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Murthy JM. Fungal infections of the central nervous system: the clinical syndromes. Neurol India. 2007;55(3):221\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"23","key":"399_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1212972","volume":"367","author":"MA Kainer","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Kainer MA et al. Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone in Tennessee. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(23):2194\u2013203. This contains an excellent early description of the most recent epidemic of iatrogenic fungal infections occurring with contaminated steroids.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00568","volume":"158","author":"TM Kerkering","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Kerkering TM et al. Early clinical observations in prospectively followed patients with fungal meningitis related to contaminated epidural steroid injections. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(3):154\u201361. This contains one of the seminal descriptions of the fungal neurological complications occurring with contaminated steroids.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"399_CR27","first-page":"851","volume":"146","author":"CL Ho","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ho CL, Deruytter MJ. CNS aspergillosis with mycotic aneurysm, cerebral granuloma and infarction. Acta Neurochir. 2004;146(8):851\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"26","key":"399_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1212617","volume":"368","author":"CA Kauffman","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Kauffman CA, Pappas PG, Patterson TF. Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone injections. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(26):2495\u2013500. This is an excellent review regarding the outbreak of iatrogenic fungal disease.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03369-12","volume":"51","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao Y et al. A real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantification of Exserohilum rostratum, a causative pathogen of fungal meningitis from injection of contaminated methylprednisolone. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(3):1034\u20136. doi: 10.1128\/JCM.03369-12 .","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"399_CR30","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate fungal meningitis outbreak investigation. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/outbreaks\/laboratory\/lab_testing_results.html (2013). Accessed 4 Jun 2013."},{"key":"399_CR31","author":"L Gade","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gade L et al. Detection of fungal DNA in human body fluids and tissues during a multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis and other infections. Eukaryot Cell. 2013. doi: 10.1128\/EC.00046-13 .","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"399_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1086\/425317","volume":"39","author":"RR Klont","year":"2004","unstructured":"Klont RR, Mennink-Kersten MA, Verweij PE. Utility of Aspergillus antigen detection in specimens other than serum specimens. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(10):1467\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"399_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1086\/338636","volume":"34","author":"SG Revankar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Revankar SG et al. Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis: review of an emerging mycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(4):467\u201376.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"399_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6293","volume":"309","author":"AN Malani","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u2022 Malani AN et al. Magnetic resonance imaging screening to identify spinal and paraspinal infections associated with injections of contaminated methylprednisolone acetate. JAMA. 2013;309(23):2465\u201372. This study demonstrates the value of screening MRI in exposed patients even in the absence of new or changing symptoms.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"23","key":"399_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6294","volume":"309","author":"GR Thompson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thompson GR, Kontoyiannis DP, Patterson TF. Real-world experience in the midst of an Exserohilum meningitis outbreak. JAMA. 2013;309(23):2493\u20135.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"399_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70131-8","volume":"9","author":"DM Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li DM, de Hoog GS. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis\u2014a cure at what lengths? Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(6):376\u201383.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"399_CR37","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim treatment guidance for central nervous system and parameningeal infections associated with injection of contaminated steroid products. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/outbreaks\/clinicians\/guidance_cns.html (2013). Accessed 3 Jun 2013."},{"issue":"5","key":"399_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1086\/377131","volume":"37","author":"I Lutsar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lutsar I, Roffey S, Troke P. Voriconazole concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue of guinea pigs and immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(5):728\u201332.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"16","key":"399_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.3616","volume":"309","author":"B Kuehn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuehn B. Patients given fungus-tainted injections continue to face uncertainty, illness. JAMA. 2013;309(16):1669\u201370.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"399_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1306560","volume":"368","author":"RM Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith RM et al. Relapse of fungal meningitis associated with contaminated methylprednisolone. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2535\u20136. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMc1306560 .","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1086\/525258","volume":"46","author":"TJ Walsh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Walsh TJ et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(3):327\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"399_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1086\/596757","volume":"48","author":"PG Pappas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pappas PG et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(5):503\u201335.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"399_CR43","unstructured":"University of Adelaide. Myocology online. http:\/\/www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au (2013). Accessed 30 Jul 2013."},{"issue":"3","key":"399_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00568","volume":"158","author":"ML Grifasi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grifasi ML, Savaliya VA, Garner DC, Schleupner CJ, Baffoe-Bonnie AW, Bansal E, et al. Early clinical observations in prospectively followed patients with fungal meningitis related to contaminated epidural steroid injections. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(3):154\u201361.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-013-0399-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11910-013-0399-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-013-0399-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T05:23:24Z","timestamp":1716009804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11910-013-0399-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-013-0399-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1528-4042","1534-6293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1528-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,28]]},"article-number":"399"}}