{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:48:27Z","timestamp":1773294507554,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0712-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T06:32:52Z","timestamp":1486362772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder Emergencies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cossu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Colosimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"712_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000212","volume":"28","author":"RP Munhoz","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Munhoz RP, Scorr LM, Factor SA. Movement disorders emergencies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2015;28(4):406\u201312. A very detailed update on the clinical features and natural history of all movement disorders emergencies.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2012000600013","volume":"70","author":"RP Munhoz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Munhoz RP, Moscovich M, Araujo PD, Teive HA. Movement disorders emergencies: a review. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2012;70:453\u201361.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"712_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.117","volume":"68","author":"BJ Robottom","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Robottom BJ, Factor SA, Weiner WJ. Movement disorders emergencies. Part 2: hyperkinetic disorders. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(6):719\u201324. A succinct but comprehensive review on this topic.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"712_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(81)90109-X","volume":"51","author":"A Barbeau","year":"1981","unstructured":"Barbeau A, Duvoisin RCJ, Gerstenbrandt F, et al. Classification of extrapyramidal disorders. Proposal for an international classification and glossary of terms. J Neurol Sci. 1981;51(2):311\u201327.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"712_CR5","first-page":"481","volume-title":"Movement disorders in neurology and neuropsychiatry","author":"SA Berman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berman SA. Chorea. In: Joseph AB, Young RR, editors. Movement disorders in neurology and neuropsychiatry. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Science; 1999. p. 481\u201394.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"8","key":"712_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520440044020","volume":"46","author":"RB Dewey Jr","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dewey Jr RB, Jankovic J. Hemiballism-hemichorea. Clinical and pharmacologic findings in 21 patients. Arch Neurol. 1989;46(8):862\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"712_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100048253","volume":"20","author":"T Fukui","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fukui T, Hasegawa Y, Seriyama S, Takeuchi T, Sugita K, Tsukagoshi H. Hemiballism-hemichorea induced by subcortical ischemia. Can J Neurol Sci. 1993;20(4):324\u20138.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"712_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870040308","volume":"4","author":"JR Sanchez-Ramos","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sanchez-Ramos JR, Factor SA, Weiner WJ, Marquez J. Hemichorea-hemiballismus associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and cerebral toxoplasmosis. Mov Disord. 1989;4(3):266\u201373.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"712_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.8.945","volume":"57","author":"A Vidakovi\u0107","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vidakovi\u0107 A, Dragasevi\u0107 N, Kosti\u0107 VS. Hemiballism: report of 25 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57(8):945\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"712_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000137533.53620.59","volume":"17","author":"F Cardoso","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cardoso F. Chorea: nongenetic causes. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004;17:433\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e675","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1573","volume":"117","author":"A Zomorrodi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zomorrodi A, Wald ER. Sydenham's chorea in western Pennsylvania. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e675\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"22","key":"712_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520220082035","volume":"272","author":"SE Swedo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Swedo SE. Sydenham's chorea. A model for childhood autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA. 1994;272(22):1788\u201391.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"712_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23154","volume":"25","author":"R Beato","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beato R, Maia DP, Teixeira Jr AL, Cardoso F. Executive functioning in adult patients with Sydenham's chorea. Mov Disord. 2010;25(7):853\u20137.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"712_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(13)70006-3","volume":"20","author":"F Cardoso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cardoso F. Movement disorders in childhood. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20 Suppl 1:S13\u20136.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"712_CR15","unstructured":"Red Book: 2009 Report of the committee on infectious diseases. 28th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009."},{"key":"712_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199909)14:5<805::AID-MDS1013>3.0.CO;2-P","volume":"14","author":"F Cardoso","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cardoso F, Vargas AP, Oliveira LD, et al. Persistent Sydenham's chorea. Mov Disord. 1999;14:805\u20137.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.8.1261","volume":"61","author":"I Korn-Lubetzki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Korn-Lubetzki I, Brand A, Steiner I. Recurrence of Sydenham chorea: implications for pathogenesis. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1261\u20134.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738050200050601","volume":"20","author":"MA Garvey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garvey MA, Snider LA, Leitman SF, et al. Treatment of Sydenham's chorea with intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, or prednisone. J Child Neurol. 2005;20:424\u20139.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.7.1140","volume":"40","author":"AS Daoud","year":"1990","unstructured":"Daoud AS, Zaki M, Shakir R, et al. Effectiveness of sodium valproate in the treatment of Sydenham's chorea. Neurology. 1990;40:1140\u20131.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"712_CR20","first-page":"1215","volume":"35","author":"MV Ronchezel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ronchezel MV, Hilario MO, Forleo LH, et al. The use of haloperidol and valproate in children with Sydenham chorea. Indian Pediatr. 1998;35:1215\u20138.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"712_CR21","first-page":"148","volume":"20","author":"JM Miyasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miyasaki JM, Aldakheel A. Movement disorders in pregnancy. Continuum. 2014;20:148\u201361.","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"712_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930410001708706","volume":"37","author":"MA Khamashta","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khamashta MA, Bertolaccini ML, Hughes GR. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmunity. 2004;37:309\u201312.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"712_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.47.8.681","volume":"47","author":"MA Khamashta","year":"1988","unstructured":"Khamashta MA, Gil A, Anciones B, et al. Chorea in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis. 1988;47:681\u20133.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"712_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328347b307","volume":"24","author":"J Panzer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Panzer J, Dalmau J. Movement disorders in paraneoplastic and autoimmune disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24:346\u201353.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70253-2","volume":"10","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, et al. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:63\u201374. A very comprehensive update on the diagnosis and natural history of autoimmune encephalitis.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f8831a","volume":"75","author":"N Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson N, Henry C, Fessler AJ, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis causing prolonged nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Neurology. 2010;75:1480\u20132.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"712_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000278388.90370.c3","volume":"70","author":"T Iizuka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iizuka T, Sakai F, Ide T, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in Japan: long-term outcome without tumor removal. Neurology. 2008;70:504\u201311.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"712_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70224-2","volume":"7","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:1091\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22073","volume":"23","author":"TJ Kleinig","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kleinig TJ, Thompson PD, Matar W, et al. The distinctive movement disorder of ovarian teratoma- associated encephalitis. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1256\u201361.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq113","volume":"133","author":"SR Irani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly nonparaneoplastic disorder of both sexes. Brain. 2010;133:1655\u201367.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"712_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-007-9372-9","volume":"84","author":"Y Tonomura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tonomura Y, Kataoka H, Hara Y, et al. Clinical analysis of paraneoplastic encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma. J Neuro-Oncol. 2007;84:287\u201392.","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"712_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-006-9200-7","volume":"81","author":"R Koide","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koide R, Shimizu T, Koike K, et al. EFA6A-like antibodies in paraneoplastic encephalitis associated with immature ovarian teratoma: a case report. J Neuro-Oncol. 2007;81:71\u20134.","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"712_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2009.0266","volume":"11","author":"C Bayreuther","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bayreuther C, Bourg V, Dellamonica J, et al. Complex partial status epilepticus revealing anti- NMDA receptor encephalitis. Epileptic Disord. 2009;11:261\u20135.","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"712_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000336648.43562.59","volume":"71","author":"H Ishiura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ishiura H, Matsuda S, Higashihara M, et al. Response of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis without tumor to immunotherapy including rituximab. Neurology. 2008;71:1921\u20133.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"712_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181dd41a1","volume":"74","author":"LC Wong-Kisiel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong-Kisiel LC, Ji T, Renaud DL, et al. Response to immunotherapy in a 20-month-old boy with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2010;74:1550\u20131.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"712_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bansil S, Prakash N, Kaje J et al. Movement disorders after stroke in adults: a review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2012;2. doi: 10.7916\/D86W98TB .","DOI":"10.7916\/D86W98TB"},{"key":"712_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520440044020","volume":"46","author":"RB Dewey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dewey RB, Hemiballism-hemichorea JJ. Clinical and pharmacologic findings in 21 patients. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:862\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00554-4","volume":"2","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Lang AE. Hemiballism: revisiting a classic disorder. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:661\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"712_CR39","first-page":"393","volume":"153","author":"J Pelletier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pelletier J, Cabanot C, L\u00e9vrier O, et al. Angiodysplasia of moya-moya type disclosed by choreic unvoluntary abnormal movements during oral contraception. Apropos of 2 cases]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1997;153(6\u20137):393\u20137.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"6","key":"712_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-006-0727-3","volume":"27","author":"I Midi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Midi I, Dib H, K\u00f6seoglu M, et al. Hemichorea associated with polycythaemia vera. Neurol Sci. 2006;27(6):439\u201341.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"712_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.105387","volume":"78","author":"TA Mestre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mestre TA, Ferreira JJ, Pimentel J. Putaminal petechial haemorrhage as the cause of nonketotic hyperglycaemic chorea: a neuropathological case correlated with MRI findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:549\u201350.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"712_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23255","volume":"25","author":"S Gil-Navarro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gil-Navarro S, Grandas F. Another Parkinson\u2019s disease emergency. Mov Disord. 2010;25:2691\u20132.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"712_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(09)70821-1","volume":"15","author":"M Onofrj","year":"2009","unstructured":"Onofrj M, Bonani L, Cossu G, et al. Emergencies in parkinsonism: akinetic crisis, life-threatening dyskinesias, and polyneuropathy during L-dopa gel treatment. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15 Suppl 3:S233\u20136.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"712_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.10.1195","volume":"32","author":"J Jankovic","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Penn AS. Severe dystonia and myoglobinuria. Neurology. 1982;32(10):1195\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"712_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20325","volume":"20","author":"CM Kipps","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kipps CM, Fung V, Grattan-Smith P, et al. Movement disorders emergencies. Mov Disord. 2005;20:322\u201334.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.196","volume":"6","author":"WF Abdo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdo WF, van de Warrenburg BP, Burn DJ, et al. The clinical approach to movement disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:29\u201337.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"712_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170003960X","volume":"10","author":"CD Marsden","year":"1980","unstructured":"Marsden CD, Jenner P. The pathophysiology of extrapyramidal side-effects of neuroleptic drugs. Psychol Med. 1980;10(1):55\u201372.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"712_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200528030-00002","volume":"28","author":"JM Pierre","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pierre JM. Extrapyramidal symptoms with atypical antipsychotics: incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf. 2005;28(3):191\u2013208.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"7210","key":"712_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7210.623","volume":"319","author":"PN Harten van","year":"1999","unstructured":"van Harten PN, Hoek HW, Kahn RS. Acute dystonia induced by drug treatment. BMJ. 1999;319(7210):623\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"712_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.182879","volume":"48","author":"S Bansal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bansal S, Gill M, Bhasin C. Carbamazepine-induced dystonia in an adolescent. Indian J Pharm. 2016;48(3):329\u201330.","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"712_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000266","volume":"35","author":"U Tekin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tekin U, Soyata AZ, Oflaz S. Acute focal dystonic reaction after acute methylphenidate treatment in an adolescent patient. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(2):209\u201311.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"712_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015594812","volume":"49","author":"JM Hawthorne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hawthorne JM, Caley CF. Extrapyramidal reactions associated with serotonergic antidepressants. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(10):1136\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"712_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Derinoz O, Caglar AA. Drug-induced movement disorders in children at paediatric emergency department: 'dystonia'. Emerg Med J. 2013. doi: 10.1136\/emermed-2011-200691 .","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2011-200691"},{"key":"712_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Digby G, Jalini S, Taylor S. Medication-induced acute dystonic reaction: the challenge of diagnosing movement disorders in the intensive care unit. BMJ Case Rep. 2015. doi: 10.1136\/bcr-2014-207215 .","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-207215"},{"key":"712_CR55","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Drug-induced movement disorders","author":"DE Casey","year":"1992","unstructured":"Casey DE. Neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia. In: Lang AE, editor. Drug-induced movement disorders. Mount Kisco: Futura Publishing Co; 1992. p. 21\u201341.1."},{"key":"712_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105051543","volume":"19","author":"C Christodoulou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Christodoulou C, Kalaitzi C. Antipsychotic drug-induced acute laryngeal dystonia: two case reports and a mini review. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19:307\u201311.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"712_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-4002-9","volume":"255","author":"KL Poston","year":"2008","unstructured":"Poston KL, Frucht SJ. Movement disorders emergencies. J Neurol. 2008;255:S2\u2013S13.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"712_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328359da15","volume":"25","author":"F Graus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graus F, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25(6):795\u2013801.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-05822009000100017","volume":"27","author":"R Barreira","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barreira R, Magaldi RB. Acute dystonia after use of bromopride in pediatric patients. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2009;27:110\u20134.","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr"},{"key":"712_CR60","volume-title":"Hyperkinetic movement disorders emergencies. American Academy of Neurology","author":"SJ Frucht","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frucht SJ. Hyperkinetic movement disorders emergencies. American Academy of Neurology. Minneapolis: Sillabus; 2002."},{"key":"712_CR61","first-page":"429","volume-title":"Treatment of movement disorders","author":"JM Miyasaki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Miyasaki JM, Lang AE. Treatment of drug-induced movement disorders. In: Kurlan R, editor. Treatment of movement disorders. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1995. p. 429\u201374."},{"key":"712_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20325","volume":"20","author":"CM Kipps","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kipps CM, Fung VSC, Grattan-Smith P, de Moore GM, Morris JGL. Movement disorder emergencies. Mov Disord. 2005;20:322\u201334.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR63","first-page":"94","volume":"202","author":"K Ekbom","year":"1972","unstructured":"\u2022 Ekbom K, Lindholm H, Ljungberg L. New dystonic syndrome associated with butyrophenone therapy. Z Neurol. 1972;202:94\u2013103. The first historical description of Pisa syndrome.","journal-title":"Z Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"712_CR64","first-page":"1492","volume":"143","author":"N Guy","year":"1986","unstructured":"Guy N, Raps A, Assael M. The Pisa syndrome during maintenance antipsycotic therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(11):1492.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"712_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879701000308","volume":"10","author":"PN Tariot","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tariot PN, Pendlebur W, Hamill R. Pisa syndrome with neuroleptic exposure in a patient with dementia of Alzheimer type: a follow-up report [abstract]. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1997;10:130.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"issue":"9222","key":"712_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02412-0","volume":"355","author":"YT Kwan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kwan YT, Han IW, Baik J, et al. Relation between cholinesterase inhibitor and Pisa syndrome. Lancet. 2000;355(9222):2222.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"712_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n07d13","volume":"62","author":"T Miyaoka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miyaoka T, Seno H, Yamamori C, Inagaki T, et al. Pisa syndrome due to anticholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil): a case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(7):573\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"712_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20164","volume":"19","author":"G Cossu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cossu G, Melis M, Melis G, et al. Reversible Pisa syndrome (pleurothotonus) due to the cholinesterase inhibitor galantamine: Case report. Mov Disord. 2004;19:1243\u20134.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130342","volume":"13","author":"C Colosimo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Colosimo C. Pisa syndrome in a patient with multiple system. Mov Disord. 1998;13:607\u20139.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23930","volume":"27","author":"C Tassorelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tassorelli C, Furnari A, Buscone S, et al. Pisa syndrome in Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical, electromyographic, and radiological characterization. Mov Disord. 2012;27:227\u201335.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"20","key":"712_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002122","volume":"85","author":"M Tinazzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tinazzi M, Fasano A, Geroin C, et al. Pisa syndrome in Parkinson disease: an observational multicenter Italian study. Neurology. 2015;85(20):1769\u201379.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"712_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199408000-00006","volume":"17","author":"J Vaamonde","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vaamonde J, Narbona, Weiser R, et al. Dystonic storms: a practical management problem. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17(4):344\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"712_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2005000100005","volume":"63","author":"HA Teive","year":"2005","unstructured":"Teive HA, Munhoz RP, Souza MM, et al. Status dystonicus: study of five cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005;63:26\u20139.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"712_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24981","volume":"27","author":"A Fasano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fasano A, Ricciardi L, Bentivoglio AR, et al. Status dystonicus: predictors of outcome and progression patterns of underlying disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27:783\u20138.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR75","first-page":"621","volume":"47","author":"K Yoshida","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yoshida K, Moriwaka F, Matsuura T, et al. Myoclonus and seizures in a patient with parkinsonism: induction by levodopa and its confirmation on SEPs. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1993;47:621\u20135.","journal-title":"Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"712_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.2.444","volume":"42","author":"MY Neufeld","year":"1992","unstructured":"Neufeld MY. Periodic triphasic waves in levodopa\u2010induced encephalopathy. Neurology. 1992;42(2):444\u20136.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"15","key":"712_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22807","volume":"24","author":"D Manca","year":"2009","unstructured":"Manca D, Cossu G, Murgia D, et al. Reversible encephalopathy and axonal neuropathy in Parkinson's disease during duodopa therapy. Mov Disord. 2009;24(15):2293\u20134.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3470-x","volume":"40","author":"C Sandroni","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u2022 Sandroni C, Cariou A, Cavallaro F, et al. Prognostication in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: an advisory statement from the European Resuscitation Council and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:1816\u201331. This review shows the evidence on predictors of poor outcome in comatose patients after cardiac arrest, highlighting the often poor outcome of MSE.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"712_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1356-2","volume":"34","author":"E Ferlazzo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Cianci V, et al. Serial MRI findings in brain anoxia leading to Lance-Adams syndrome: a case report. Neurol Sci. 2013;34:2047\u201350.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"712_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.765","volume":"112","author":"JA Obeso","year":"1989","unstructured":"Obeso JA, Artieda J, Rothwell JC, et al. The treatment of severe action myoclonus. Brain. 1989;112:765\u201377.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"712_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.013","volume":"37","author":"SC Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen SC, Leckman JF, Bloch MH. Clinical assessment of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:997\u20131007.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"712_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00001-9","volume":"112","author":"D Martino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martino D, Madhusudan N, Zis P, Cavanna AE. An introduction to the clinical phenomenology of Tourette syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;112:1\u201333.","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"712_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21599","volume":"22","author":"MC Cheung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cheung MC, Shahed J, Jankovic J. Malignant Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1743\u201350.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2009.21.1.13","volume":"21","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cavanna AE, Servo S, Monaco F, Robertson MM. The behavioural spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci. 2009;21:13\u201323.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"9154","key":"712_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05964-9","volume":"353","author":"V Vandewalle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vandewalle V, van der Linden C, Groenewegen HJ, et al. Stereotactic treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by high frequency stimulation of thalamus. Lancet. 1999;353(9154):724.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"712_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2009.00253.x","volume":"13","author":"D Servello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Servello D, Sassi M, Brambilla A, et al. Long-term, post-deep brain stimulation management of a series of 36 patients affected with refractory Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neuromodulation. 2010;13(3):187\u201394.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"712_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.11.005","volume":"9","author":"JC Baldermann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baldermann JC, Sch\u00fcller T, Huys D, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Tourette-Syndrome: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Brain Stimul. 2016;9(2):296\u2013304.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"10","key":"712_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23830","volume":"26","author":"S Kranick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kranick S, Ekanayake V, Martinez V, et al. Psychopathology and psychogenic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2011;26(10):1844\u201350.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"712_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25562","volume":"29","author":"MJ Edwards","year":"2014","unstructured":"Edwards MJ, Stone J, Lang AE. From psychogenic movement disorder to functional movement disorder: it\u2019s time to change the name. Mov Disord. 2014;29(7):849\u201352.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp220","volume":"132","author":"J Stone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, et al. Symptoms \u2018unexplained by organic disease\u2019 in 1144 new neurology out-patients: how often does the diagnosis change at follow-up? Brain. 2009;132:2878\u201388.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"712_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-07941-2.50029-2","volume-title":"Principles and practice of movement disorders","author":"S Fahn","year":"2007","unstructured":"\u2022 Fahn S, Jankovic J. Principles and practice of movement disorders. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2007. p. 597\u2013611. A classical and comprehensive textbook on movement disorders."},{"key":"712_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2005.11.005","volume":"27","author":"KA Bramstedt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bramstedt KA, Ford PJ. Protecting human subjects in neurosurgical trials: the challenge of psychogenic dystonia. Contemp Clin Trials. 2006;27:161\u20134.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"712_CR93","volume-title":"Psychogenic movement disorders: neurology and neuropsychiatry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hallett M, Fahn S, Jankovic J, et al., editors. Psychogenic movement disorders: neurology and neuropsychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006."},{"key":"712_CR94","first-page":"169","volume":"14","author":"A Feinstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Feinstein A, Stergiopoulos V, Fine J, et al. Psychiatric out-come in patients with a psychogenic movement disorder: a prospective study. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2001;14:169\u201376.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7131.582","volume":"316","author":"HL Crimlisk","year":"1998","unstructured":"Crimlisk HL, Bhatia K, Cope H, et al. Slater revisited: 6-year follow-up study of patients with medically unexplained motor symptoms. BMJ. 1998;316:582\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"712_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24903","volume":"27","author":"F Morgante","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morgante F, Edwards MJ, Espay AJ, et al. Diagnostic agreement in patients with psychogenic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2012;27(4):548\u201352.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR97","first-page":"431","volume":"50","author":"S Fahn","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fahn S, Williams DT. Psychogenic dystonia. Adv Neurol. 1988;50:431\u201355.","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"712_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20921","volume":"21","author":"H Shill","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shill H, Gerber P. Evaluation of clinical diagnostic criteria for psychogenic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1163\u20138.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"712_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32832dc169","volume":"22","author":"A Gupta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gupta A, Lang AE. Psychogenic movement disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2009;22:430\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"}],"container-title":["Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-017-0712-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11910-017-0712-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-017-0712-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]],"date-time":"2022-07-23T15:43:45Z","timestamp":1658591025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11910-017-0712-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-017-0712-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1528-4042","1534-6293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1528-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"article-number":"6"}}