{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:46:06Z","timestamp":1774518366681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499904000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0775-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T00:12:59Z","timestamp":1499904779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Secondary Stroke Prevention in Cryptogenic Stroke and Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hans-Christoph","family":"Diener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"775_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35","volume":"24","author":"HP Adams Jr","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35\u201341.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"775_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, Easton JD, Granger CB, O\u2019Donnell MJ, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(4):429\u201338. First publication of the new concept of ESUS.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70310-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"775_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007240","volume":"46","author":"G Ntaios","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ntaios G, Papavasileiou V, Milionis H, Makaritsis K, Manios E, Spengos K, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source in the Athens stroke registry: a descriptive analysis. Stroke. 2015;46(1):176\u201381.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"775_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493016641967","volume":"11","author":"KS Perera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perera KS, Vanassche T, Bosch J, Giruparajah M, Swaminathan B, Mattina KR, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: prevalence and patient features in the ESUS global registry. Int J Stroke. 2016;11(5):526\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"775_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.016414","volume":"48","author":"RG Hart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hart RG, Catanese L, Perera KS, Ntaios G, Connolly SJ. Embolic stroke of undetermined source: a systematic review and clinical update. Stroke. 2017;48(4):867\u201372.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"775_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70027-X","volume":"14","author":"LA Sposato","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sposato LA, Cipriano LE, Saposnik G, Vargas ER, Riccio PM, Hachinski V. Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation after stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(4):377\u201387.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"775_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013378","volume":"47","author":"KS Perera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perera KS, Vanassche T, Bosch J, Swaminathan B, Mundl H, Giruparajah M, et al. Global survey of the frequency of atrial fibrillation-associated stroke: embolic stroke of undetermined source global registry. Stroke. 2016;47(9):2197\u2013202.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"19","key":"775_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003321","volume":"87","author":"FO Otite","year":"2016","unstructured":"Otite FO, Khandelwal P, Chaturvedi S, Romano JG, Sacco RL, Malik AM. Increasing atrial fibrillation prevalence in acute ischemic stroke and TIA. Neurology. 2016;87(19):2034\u201342.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"775_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015900","volume":"48","author":"C Lang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lang C, Seyfang L, Ferrari J, Gattringer T, Greisenegger S, Willeit K, et al. Do women with atrial fibrillation experience more severe strokes? Results from the Austrian stroke unit registry. Stroke. 2017;48(3):778\u201380.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"775_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Gladstone DJ, Spring M, Dorian P, Panzov V, Thorpe KE, Hall J, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(26):2467\u201377. The EMBRACE study performed a 30-day ECG monitoring in cryptogenic stroke.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1311376"},{"key":"775_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Sanna T, Diener HC, Passman RS, Di Lazzaro V, Bernstein RA, Morillo CA, et al. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(26):2478\u201386. The Crystal-AF study compared an implantable loop recorder versus standard ECG in patients with cryptogenic stroke.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313600"},{"issue":"21","key":"775_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1503946","volume":"374","author":"JL Saver","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saver JL. CLINICAL PRACTICE. Cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(21):2065\u201374.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"775_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011503","volume":"345","author":"JL Mas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C, Zuber M, Cabanes L, Derumeaux G, et al. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(24):1740\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"775_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301440","volume":"368","author":"JD Carroll","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carroll JD, Saver JL, Thaler DE, Smalling RW, Berry S, MacDonald LA, et al. Closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy after cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(12):1092\u2013100.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"775_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211716","volume":"368","author":"B Meier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meier B, Kalesan B, Mattle HP, Khattab AA, Hildick-Smith D, Dudek D, et al. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic embolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(12):1083\u201391.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"775_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009639","volume":"366","author":"AJ Furlan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J, Mauri L, Adams H, Albers GW, et al. Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(11):991\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"775_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.12.023","volume":"67","author":"DM Kent","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kent DM, Dahabreh IJ, Ruthazer R, Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Carroll JD, et al. Device closure of patent foramen ovale after stroke: pooled analysis of completed randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(8):907\u201317.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"775_CR18","unstructured":"Mas J-L, et al. Closure of patent foramen ovale, oral anticoagulants or antiplatelet therapy to prevent stroke recurrence (CLOSE): a randomised clinical trial. ESO Congress, Prague, May 2017. 2017."},{"key":"775_CR19","unstructured":"Kassner SE, et al. PFO Closure in the GORE REDUCE clinical trial: primary results. ESO Stroke Conference, Prague. 2017;May."},{"issue":"7","key":"775_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.548313","volume":"40","author":"C Russo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Russo C, Jin Z, Rundek T, Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR. Atherosclerotic disease of the proximal aorta and the risk of vascular events in a population-based cohort: the Aortic Plaques and Risk of Ischemic Stroke (APRIS) study. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2313\u20138.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"17","key":"775_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.811935","volume":"119","author":"MR Tullio Di","year":"2009","unstructured":"Di Tullio MR, Russo C, Jin Z, Sacco RL, Mohr JP, Homma S. Aortic arch plaques and risk of recurrent stroke and death. Circulation. 2009;119(17):2376\u201382.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"775_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.05.075","volume":"44","author":"I Meissner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meissner I, Khandheria BK, Sheps SG, Schwartz GL, Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, et al. Atherosclerosis of the aorta: risk factor, risk marker, or innocent bystander? A prospective population-based transesophageal echocardiography study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(5):1018\u201324.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"775_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2174\/157340310791658712","volume":"6","author":"RP Capmany","year":"2010","unstructured":"Capmany RP, Ibanez MO, Pesquer XJ. Complex atheromatosis of the aortic arch in cerebral infarction. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2010;6(3):184\u201393.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"775_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004251","volume":"45","author":"P Amarenco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amarenco P, Davis S, Jones EF, Cohen AA, Heiss WD, Kaste M, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus warfarin in patients with stroke and aortic arch plaques. Stroke. 2014;45(5):1248\u201357.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"775_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011258","volume":"345","author":"JP Mohr","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM, Levin B, Sacco RL, Furie KL, et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1444\u201351.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"775_CR26","first-page":"CD001342","volume":"9","author":"EL Schryver De","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Schryver EL, Algra A, Kappelle LJ, van Gijn J, Koudstaal PJ. Vitamin K antagonists versus antiplatelet therapy after transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke of presumed arterial origin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD001342.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"775_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Diener HC, Easton JD, Granger CB, Cronin L, Duffy C, Cotton D, et al. Design of randomized, double-blind, evaluation in secondary stroke prevention comparing the efficacy and safety of the oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate vs. acetylsalicylic acid in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (RE-SPECT ESUS). Int J Stroke. 2015; Randomised trial in patients with ESUS comparing dabigatran and aspirin in secondary stroke prevention.","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12630"},{"key":"775_CR28","unstructured":"\u2022 Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, Shoamanesh A, Kasner SE, Berkowitz SD, et al. Rivaroxaban for secondary stroke prevention in patients with embolic strokes of undetermined source: design of the NAVIGATE ESUS randomized trial. European Stroke Journal. 2016; Randomised trial in patients with ESUS comparing rivaroxaban and aspirin in secondary stroke prevention."}],"container-title":["Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11910-017-0775-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-017-0775-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-017-0775-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,29]],"date-time":"2019-09-29T19:02:13Z","timestamp":1569783733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11910-017-0775-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-017-0775-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1528-4042","1534-6293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1528-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]]},"article-number":"64"}}