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Hashimoto`s encephalopathy: epidemiological data and pathogenetic considerations. J Neurol Sci. 2004;217:165\u20138. (The association of encephalopathy and high titers of anti-thyroid antibodies is not sufficient to make a diagnosis of HE. Independent of the clinical status of the thyroid gland, the intrathecal synthesis of autoantibodies is a distinctive marker of this elusive condition.)","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1255_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205001088","volume":"47","author":"NA Gayatri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gayatri NA, Whitehouse WP. Pilot survey of Hashimoto`s encephalopathy in children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47:556\u20138.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"1255_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.05.009","volume":"331","author":"I Olmez","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Olmez I, Moses H, Sriram S, Kirshner H, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Hashimoto`s encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci. 2013;331:L67-71. (The authors present a cohort of patients in whom CNS dysfunction was associated with elevated antithyroid antibodies and reversal of disease followed immunomodulatory therapies.)","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1255_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.2.164","volume":"60","author":"JW Chong","year":"2003","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Chong JW, Rowland LP, Utiger RD. Hashimoto encephalopathy \u2013 syndrome or myth? Arch Neurol. 2003;60:164\u201371. (The combination of encephalopathy, high serum antithyroid antibody concentrations, and responsiveness to glucocorticoid therapy seems unlikely to be due to chance. However, there is no evidence of a pathogenic role for the antibodies, which are probably markers of some other autoimmune disorder affecting the brain.)","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1255_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0170-7","volume":"253","author":"F Ferracci","year":"2006","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Ferracci F, Carnevale A. The neurological disorder associated with thyroid autoimmunity. J Neurol. 2006;253:975\u201384. (The clinical presentations of the disease and the many controversial issues surrounding the diagnosis, the pathogenesis, the role of thyroid autoantibodies, and the choice of therapy are reviewed and discussed in the light of the available medical literature at the time\/.)","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1255_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00900946","volume":"243","author":"I Kothbauer-Margreiter","year":"1996","unstructured":"\u2022 Kothbauer-Margreiter I, Sturzenegger M, Komor J, et al. Encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis: diagnosis and treatment. J Neurol. 1996;243:585\u201393. (In this early report six patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and associated encephalopathy (HE) are described and compared with 14 well-documented cases retrieved from the literature. HE typically affects patients when they are euthyroid and, in an appropriate clinical situation, antithyroid autoantibodies are the main indicators of HE. Since clinical features of HE are unspecific, other aetiologies such as infectious, metabolic, toxic, vascular, neoplastic, and paraneoplastic causes have to be excluded.)","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1255_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.2.197","volume":"63","author":"P Castillo","year":"2006","unstructured":"\u2022 Castillo P, Woodruff B, Caselli R, et al. Steroid responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:197\u2013202. (Perhaps the first article to introduce the new name SREAT. The clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings associated with SREAT are more varied than previously reported. Misdiagnosis at presentation is common. This treatable syndrome should be considered even if the serum sensitive thyroid-stimulating hormone level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are normal, the cerebrospinal fluid profile does not suggest an inflammatory process, and neuroimaging results are normal.)","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1255_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.093005","volume":"78","author":"H Nakagawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nakagawa H, Yoneda M, Fujii A, et al. Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy presenting with progressive cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(2):196\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1255_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.2.277","volume":"72","author":"M Manto","year":"2002","unstructured":"Manto M. Hashimoto\u2019s associated ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych. 2002;72:277\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psych"},{"key":"1255_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.420","volume":"8","author":"P Termsarasab","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022 Termsarasab P, Pitakpatapee Y, Frucht SJ, et al. Steroid-responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis (SREAT) presenting with pure cerebellar ataxia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2018;8:585. (Myoclonus and tremor are common movement disorder phenomenologies in steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT). Pure ataxia without encephalopathy has rarely been reported. It is crucial not to misdiagnose SREAT presenting with pure cerebellar ataxia as degenerative or spinocerebellar ataxia.)","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov"},{"issue":"2","key":"1255_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.176859","volume":"19","author":"SK Sheetal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sheetal SK, Mathew R, Peethambaran B. Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy as a treatable cause of corticobasal syndrome. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2016;19(2):285\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1255_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0750-x","volume":"33","author":"K Inoeu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Inoeu K, Kitamura J, Yoneda M, et al. Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy presenting with micrographia as a typical feature of parkinsonism. 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Current pretreatment criteria of HE do not predict steroid responsiveness. The detection of TPOAb across all control groups reveals their poor disease-specificity. NH2-\u03b1-enolaseAb did not help in the diagnosis of HE. These findings imply a redefinition of HE that requires a systematic exclusion of antibody-mediated encephalitis.)","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1255_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.1289-18","volume":"58","author":"M Nagano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagano M, Kobayashi K, Yamada-Otani M. Hashimoto`s encephalopathy presenting with smoldering limbic encephalitis. Intern Med. 2019;58:1167\u201372.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1255_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.289015","volume":"68","author":"EM Shariff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shariff EM. Sudden-onset encephalopathy: do not ignore the possibility of Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy. Neurol India. 2020;68(3):681\u20133.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"1255_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182","volume":"87","author":"JG Hallowell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hallowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1998 to 1884): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:489\u201399.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1255_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2010.12.010","volume":"52","author":"SW Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee SW, Donlon S, Caplan JP. Steroid responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT) or Hashimoto`s encephalopathy: a case and review. 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The exact modalities of treatment must be defined.)","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1255_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2017.07.008","volume":"40","author":"J Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 Lee J, Yu HJ. Hashimoto`s encephalopathy in pediatric patients: homogeneity in clinical presentation and heterogeneity in antibody titers. Brain Dev. 2017;40(1):42\u20138. (The clinical presentations and treatment responses in Hashimoto encephalopathy were similar, irrespective of antithyroid antibody titer. Because the initial antithyroid antibody titers can be normal or mildly-elevated, follow-up testing of antithyroid antibodies is required in patients who are clinically suspect for Hashimoto encephalopathy.)","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"1255_CR23","first-page":"e2020087","volume":"91","author":"P Chiarello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiarello P, Talarico V, Nicoletti A, Rodio B, Arcuri PP, Bosco D, Gigliotti F, Galati MC, Raiola G. Hashimoto encephalopathy: a case report and a short revision of current literature. Acta Biomed. 2020;91:e2020087.","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"1255_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000090462.62087.A1","volume":"61","author":"P Duffey","year":"2003","unstructured":"\u2022 Duffey P, Yee S, Reid IN, Bridges LR. Hashimoto`s encephalopathy: postmortem findings after fatal status epilepticus. Neurol. 2003;61:1124\u20136. (The authors describe an individual with Hashimoto's encephalopathy complicated by fatal status epilepticus. Postmortem examination demonstrated mild perivascular lymphocytic infiltration throughout the brain and leptomeninges plus diffuse gliosis of gray matter in the cortex, basal ganglia, thalami, hippocampi, and, to a lesser extent, the parenchymal white matter.)","journal-title":"Neurol"},{"key":"1255_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00440","volume":"10","author":"J Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Li J, Li F. Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy and seizure disorders. Front Neurol. 2019;10:440. (Seizure disorders were found in approximately two-thirds of HE patients, and common anticonvulsant therapy alone is usually ineffective. Some patients did not respond to any antiepileptic drugs. The use of immunotherapy can effectively control seizure disorders. Electroencephalography and imaging findings are not specific to HE patients and can also be seen in other causes of encephalopathies.)","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1255_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.09.023","volume":"22","author":"S Casciato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Casciato S, Di Bonaventura C, Lapenta L, Fattouch J, Ferrazzano G, Fanella M, Di Fabio F, Pasquini M, Amendolea MA, Manfredi M, et al. Recurrent partial seizures with ictal yawning as atypical presentation of Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;22:799\u2013803.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"1255_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2007.05.018","volume":"16","author":"MH Tsai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsai MH, Lee LH, Chen SD, Lu CH, Chen MT, Chuang YC. Complex partial status epilepticus as a manifestation of Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy. 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Most patients display a characteristic sleep disorder with severe insomnia, non rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnia, with finalistic movements and sleep disordered breathing (stridor and obstructive sleep apnea). Other symptoms are bulbar involvement, gait instability, movement disorders, oculomotor abnormalities, dysautonomia, and peripheral symptoms. Antibodies are present in both serum and CSF and there is a strong correlation with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1*10:01 and HLA-DQB1*05:01.)","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1255_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-1-23","volume":"1","author":"MG Carta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carta MG, Hardoy MC, Carpiniello B, Murru A, Marci AR, et al. A case control study on psychiatric disorders in Hashimoto disease and euthyroid goitre: not only depressive but also anxiety disorders are associated with thyroid autoimmunity. 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A number of studies have revealed fresh insights into disease associations with HT which may have both pathological and clinical significance, the most intriguing of which is a possible direct role of the autoimmune process itself in causing some of the persistent symptoms reported by a minority of patients with levothyroxine-treated HT.)","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1255_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0441-5","volume":"49","author":"G Grani","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u2022 Grani G, Carbotta G, Nesca A, D\u2019Alessandri M, Vitale M, Del Sordo M, Fumarola A. A comprehensive score to diagnose Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: a proposal. Endocrine. 2015;49:361\u20135. (The aim of this study is to propose a comprehensive scoring system. A case-control study compared a set of presurgical features of patients with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and controls, in order to design a multi-criteria scoring system. A scoring system was developed, which has a sensitivity of 45.5 % and a specificity of 89.0 %, with a cutoff of 1.7. The likelihood of incident hypothyroidism was higher (OR 2.30; p = 0.004) in the positive (\u22651.7) score group. A scoring system has a better performance than any single predictor and is able to identify the subgroup of individuals at higher risk to develop subsequent hypothyroidism.)","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1255_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2007.09.011","volume":"26","author":"OM Ahmed","year":"2008","unstructured":"\u2022 Ahmed OM, El-Gareib AW, El-Bakry AM, Abd El-Tawab SM, Ahmed RG. Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2008;26:147\u2013209. (The action of thyroid hormones (THs) in the brain is strictly regulated, since these hormones play a crucial role in the development and physiological functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). THs disorder during early life may lead to distortions rather than synchronized shifts in the relative development of several central transmitter systems that leads to a multitude of irreversible morphological and biochemical abnormalities (pathophysiology).)","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"1255_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(05)71004-9","volume":"71","author":"J Bernal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bernal J. Thyroid hormones and brain development. 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Clinical findings of a probable case of MM2-cortical-type sporadic CJD with antibodies to anti-N-terminus of alpha-enolase. Prion. 2017;11:454\u201364.","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1255_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82281-6","volume":"11","author":"M Waliszewska-Pros\u00f3\u0142","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waliszewska-Pros\u00f3\u0142 M, Bladowska J, Budrewicz S, Sasiadek M, Dziadkowiak E, Ejma M. The evaluation of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis with event-related potentials and magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its relation to cognitive function. Sci Rep. 2021;11:2480.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1255_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.09.019","volume":"300","author":"N Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen N, Qin W, Wei C, Li K. Time course of Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy revealed by MRI: report of two cases. 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Assessment of visual and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis. J Immunol Res. 2021;2021:3258942.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"1255_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","volume":"15","author":"F Graus","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, Benseler S, Bien CG, Cellucci TJ. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:391\u2013404. (The\u00a0existing criteria for autoimmune encephalitis are too reliant on antibody testing and response to immunotherapy, which might delay the diagnosis. We reviewed the literature and gathered the experience of a team of experts with the aims of developing a practical, syndrome-based diagnostic approach to autoimmune encephalitis and providing guidelines to navigate through the differential diagnosis.)","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1255_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ralli M,Angeletti D, Fiore M, D\u2019Aguanno V, Lambiase A, Artico M, de Vincentiis M, Greco A. Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: an update on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic protocols, therapeutic strategies, and potential malignant transformation. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(10):102649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102649"},{"key":"1255_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101367","volume":"33","author":"F Ragusa","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u2022 Ragusa F, Fallahi P, Elia G, Gonnella D, Paparo SR, Giusti C, Churilov LP, Ferrari SM, Antonelli A. Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;33: 101367. (. This article highlights the pathologic features of lymphocytic infiltration, especially of T cells, and follicular destruction are the histological hallmark of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), that lead to gradual atrophy and fibrosis. An important role in the immune-pathogenesis of AITDs is due to chemokines and cytokines. In about 20% of patients, AITDs are associated with other organ specific\/systemic autoimmune disorders. Many studies have demonstrated the relationship between papillary thyroid cancer and AITD. The treatment of hypothyroidism, as result of AIT, consists in daily assumption of synthetic levothyroxine.)","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1255_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21353","volume":"30","author":"MK Cook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cook MK, Malkin M, Karafin MS. The use of plasma exchange Hashimoto`s encephalopathy: a case report and review of literature. J Clin Apher. 2015;30:188\u201392.","journal-title":"J Clin Apher"},{"issue":"2","key":"1255_CR50","first-page":"16817","volume":"5","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Yang H, Xiao F. Hashimoto`s encephalopathy: a report of three cases and relevant literature reviews. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;5(2):16817\u201326.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"1255_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.09.008","volume":"315","author":"S Horn","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2022 Horn S, Heuer H. Thyroid hormone action during brain development: more questions than answers. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;315:19\u201326. (In this review, the authors summarize the consequences of thyroid hormone deficiency for brain development with special focus on the cerebellum, an important target of thyroid action. In addition, the authors discuss the role of iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid hormone transporters in regulating local thyroid hormone concentrations as well as current knowledge about the function of thyroid hormone receptors and their target genes during brain maturation.)","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"1255_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.03.006","volume":"287","author":"J Nunez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nunez J, Celi FS, Ng L, Forrest D. Multigenic control of thyroid hormone functions in the nervous system. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2008;287:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"1255_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1579","volume":"53","author":"RJ Caselli","year":"1999","unstructured":"\u2022 Caselli RJ, Boeve BF, Scheithauer BW, O\u2019Duffy JD, Hunder GG. Nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis (NAIM): a reversible form of encephalopathy. Neurology. 1999;53:1579\u201381. (Five patients, age 54 to 80 years, presented between 3 weeks and 18 months after symptomatic onset of progressive cognitive decline, psychosis, and unsteady gait that proved to be due to a steroid-responsive nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitic syndrome. CSF examination showed elevated immunoglobulin (Ig)G index and IgG synthesis rate in all three patients in whom it was checked, and brain biopsy revealed perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates without vessel wall invasion.)","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1255_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.05.009","volume":"331","author":"I Olmez","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Olmez I, Moses H, Sriram S, Kirshner H, Lagrange AH, Pawate S. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci. 2013;331:67\u201371. (The authors present a cohort of patients in whom CNS dysfunction was associated with elevated antithyroid antibodies and reversal of disease followed immunomodulatory therapies.)","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1255_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01978.x","volume":"14","author":"M Kanazawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kanazawa M, Shimohata T, Tanaka K, Nishizawa M. Clinical features of patients with myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune diseases. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:1403\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1255_CR56","first-page":"1039","volume":"20","author":"KM Chou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chou KM, Huang BY, Chen CH, Lin JD, Lee CC. Correlation and presentation of thyroid functional status with thyroid autoantibodies in long-term follow-up of autoimmune thyroiditis: a study of 116 cases. J Formos Med Assoc. 2013;20:1039\u201346.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"1255_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706843","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/706843","volume":"2015","author":"A Pop\u0142awska-Kita","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Pop\u0142awska-Kita A, Ko\u00b4sciuszko-Zdrodowska M, Siewko K, Telejko B, Hryniewicka J, Milewski H. High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:706843. (The authors suiggested that the measurement of serum IgG4 allows for an identification of patients with more rapid progression of HT, requiring higher doses of L-thyroxine. Low TPOAb level and the absence of coexisting autoimmune diseases may suggest distinct pathomechanism of this type of thyroiditis.)","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1255_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283412f4a","volume":"23","author":"Y Zen","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Zen Y, Nakanuma Y. Pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:114\u20138. (Autoimmunity has been considered the most probable pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease, but has not been completely proved so far. A breakthrough study to detect a specific autoantigen, autoantibody, or pathogen is necessary.)","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"1255_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441005","volume":"344","author":"H Hamano","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hamano H, Kawa S, Horiuchi A. High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:732\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1255_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12586","volume":"19","author":"K Kubo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kubo K, Yamamoto K. IgG4-related disease. Int J Rheum Dis. 2015;19:747\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1255_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6878-2","volume":"260","author":"Y Hosoi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosoi Y, Kono S, Terada T, Konishi T, Miyajima H. Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy associated with an elevated intrathecal IgG4 level. 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