{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:38:54Z","timestamp":1787067534093,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-024-01386-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T23:58:04Z","timestamp":1734134284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Set up and the Triggers: An Update on the Risk Factors for Giant Cell Arteritis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mary","family":"Labowsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Harnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"1386_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4587","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac251","volume":"61","author":"MA Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gay MA, Prieto-Pena D, Castaneda S. The role of PET\/CT in the evaluation of patients with large-vessel vasculitis: useful for diagnosis but with potential limitations for follow-up. Editorial Comment. Rheumatology. 2022;61(12):4587\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac251.","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"issue":"10","key":"1386_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.2919","volume":"137","author":"AM Gruener","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gruener AM, Poostchi A, Carey AR, et al. Association of Giant Cell Arteritis With Race. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137(10):1175\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1386_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2022-1300","volume":"50","author":"WB Nowell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nowell WB, Barnes EL, Venkatachalam S, et al. Racial and Ethnic Distribution of Rheumatic Diseases in Health Systems of the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network. Research Support Non-U.S. Gov\u2019t. J Rheumatol. 2023;50(11):1503\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.2022-1300.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001817","volume":"43","author":"E Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun E, Li X, Gruener AM, Chang JR, Henderson AD, Carey AR. Baseline Characteristics and Clinical Presentation of Biopsy-Proven Giant Cell Arteritis in White Compared with Black Patients. J Neuroophthalmol. 2023;43(4):504\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001817.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1386_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.46165","volume":"15","author":"AB Idowu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Idowu AB, Khandwala P, Tan IJ. Race and Gender on the Mortality of Giant Cell Arteritis in Hospitalized Patients: A 15-Year National Inpatient Study. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e46165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.46165.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/road019","volume":"34","author":"N Konda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Konda N, Sakai R, Saeki K, et al. Nationwide clinical and epidemiological study of large-vessel vasculitis in Japan in 2017. Mod Rheumatol. 2023;34(1):167\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mr\/road019.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rkac040","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkac040","volume":"6","author":"R Nagarajah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nagarajah R, Gupta R, Kumar S. Diagnostic use of ultrasound in giant cell arteritis in Counties Manukau District Health Board, New Zealand. Article. Rheumap. 2022;6(2):rkac040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rap\/rkac040.","journal-title":"Rheumap."},{"issue":"1592","key":"1386_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.26635\/6965.6379","volume":"137","author":"P van Dantzig","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Dantzig P, Quincey V, Kurz J, Ming C, Kamalaksha S, White D. Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Waikato, Aotearoa New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2024;137(1592):14\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26635\/6965.6379.","journal-title":"N Z Med J."},{"issue":"10","key":"1386_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01195-8","volume":"109","author":"N Artal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Artal N, Rodriguez M, Luna J. Giant cell arteritis in a Hispanic population. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(10):1757.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR10","first-page":"304","volume":"98","author":"A Guerra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guerra A, Magraner M, Serrano L. Temporal arteritis in Puerto Rico Hispanics. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2006;98(4):304\u201311.","journal-title":"Bol Asoc Med P R."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.07.048","volume":"143","author":"B Lam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lam B, Wirthlin R, Gonzalez A, Dubovy S, Feuer W. Giant cell arteritis among Hispanic Americans. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(1):161\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"M Alba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alba M, Mena-Madrazo J, Reyes E. Giant cell arteritis in Mexican patients. JCR: J Clin Rheumatol. 2012;18(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"JCR: J Clin Rheumatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2022-0415","volume":"23","author":"SCM Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith SCM, Al-Hashimi MR, Jones CD, Mukhtyar CB. Frequency of visual involvement in a 10-year interdisciplinary cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis. Clin Med (Northfield Il). 2023;23(3):206\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmed.2022-0415.","journal-title":"Clin Med (Northfield Il)."},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030484","volume":"13","author":"M Stojanovic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stojanovic M, Barac A, Petkovic A, et al. Large-Vessel Giant Cell Arteritis following COVID-19-What Can HLA Typing Reveal? Case Reports. Diagnostics. 2023;13(3):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13030484.","journal-title":"Diagnostics."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.322128","volume":"132","author":"CM Weyand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Immunology of Giant Cell Arteritis. Circ Res. 2023;132(2):238\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.322128.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"1386_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prieto-Pe\u00f1a D, Remuzgo-Mart\u00ednez S, Ocejo-Vinyals JG, Atienza-Mateo B, Genre F, Mu\u00f1oz-Jimenez A, Ortiz-Sanju\u00e1n F, Romero-Yuste S, Moriano C, Galindez-Agirregoikoa E, Calvo I, Ortego-Centeno N, \u00c1lvarez-Rivas N, Miranda-Filloy JA, Llorente I, Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda J, Blanco R, Gualillo O, Martin J, Casta\u00f1eda S, Lopez-Mej\u00edas R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay MA. The presence of both HLA-DRB1*04:01 and HLA-B*15:01 increases the susceptibility to cranial and extracranial giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2021;39 Suppl 129(2):21\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/nn15lt.","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/nn15lt"},{"issue":"24","key":"1386_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7484","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247484","volume":"11","author":"E Liozon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liozon E, Filloux M, Parreau S, et al. Immune-Mediated Diseases Following COVID-19 Vaccination: Report of a Teaching Hospital-Based Case-Series Article. J Clin Med. 2022;11(24):7484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11247484.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.55563\/CLINEXPRHEUMATOL\/NN15LT","volume":"39","author":"D Prieto-Pe\u00f1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prieto-Pe\u00f1 D, Remuzgo-Mart\u00edne S, Ocejo-Vinyals JG, et al. The presence of both HLA-DRB1\u221704:01 and HLA-B\u221715:01 increases the susceptibility to cranial and extracranial giant cell arteritis Article. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2021;39(2):S21\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55563\/CLINEXPRHEUMATOL\/NN15LT.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102732","volume":"20","author":"E Liozon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liozon E, Parreau S, Filloux M, et al. Giant cell arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica after influenza vaccination: A study of 12 patients and a literature review. Review. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20(2):102732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102732.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02618-4","volume":"23","author":"K Kushimoto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kushimoto K, Ayano M, Nishimura K, et al. HLA-B52 allele in giant cell arteritis may indicate diffuse large-vessel vasculitis formation: a retrospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23(1):238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02618-4.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"issue":"10","key":"1386_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2022.0119","volume":"26","author":"YH Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee YH, Song GG. The Association Between the PTPN22 C1858T Variant and Vasculitis: A Meta-analysis Update with Trial Sequential Analysis. Meta-Analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers. 2022;26(10):492\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/gtmb.2022.0119.","journal-title":"Genet Test Mol Biomarkers."},{"key":"1386_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"06","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae075","volume":"06","author":"T Iwasaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iwasaki T, Watanabe R, Zhang H, Hashimoto M, Morinobu A, Matsuda F. Identification of the VLDLR locus associated with giant cell arteritis and the possible causal role of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in its pathogenesis. Rheumatology. 2024;06:06. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae075.","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/8mku9c","volume":"40","author":"D Prieto-Pena","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prieto-Pena D, Remuzgo-Martinez S, Genre F, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor haplotypes are associated with severe ischaemic complications in giant cell arteritis regardless of the disease phenotype. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40(4):727\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/8mku9c.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/3cqh12","volume":"41","author":"D Prieto-Pena","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prieto-Pena D, Genre F, Pulito-Cueto V, et al. Cranial and extracranial large-vessel giant cell arteritis share a genetic pattern of interferon-gamma pathway. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2023;41(4):864\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/3cqh12.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"1386_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152069","volume":"56","author":"AW Nielsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nielsen AW, Frolund LL, Vaben C, et al. Concurrent baseline diagnosis of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-Analysis Review Systematic Review Research Support Non-U.S. Gov\u2019t. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2022;56:152069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152069.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"1386_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759720X2211499","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X221149963","volume":"15","author":"LC Burg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burg LC, Karakostas P, Behning C, Brossart P, Kermani TA, Schafer VS. Prevalence and characteristics of giant cell arteritis in patients with newly diagnosed polymyalgia rheumatica - a prospective cohort study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2023;15:1759720X221149963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1759720X221149963.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224768","volume":"83","author":"E De Miguel","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Miguel E, Karalilova R, Macchioni P, et al. Subclinical giant cell arteritis increases the risk of relapse in polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(3):335\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2023-224768.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/road026","volume":"34","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanaka Y, Tanaka S, Takahashi T, Kato N. Clinical features of polymyalgia rheumatica patients in Japan: Analysis of real-world data from 2015 to 2020. Mod Rheumatol. 2023;34(1):201\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mr\/road026.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"1386_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4078\/jrd.2014.21.6.297","volume":"21","author":"IYSG Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim IYSG, Lee S. Epidemiology of polymyalgia rheumatica in Korea. J Rheum Dis. 2014;21:297\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"1386_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147595","volume":"18","author":"L Dar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dar L, Ben-Shabat N, Tiosano S, et al. The Incidence and Predictors of Solid- and Hematological Malignancies in Patients with Giant Cell Arteritis: A Large Real-World Database Study. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov\u2019t. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Electron Resour]. 2021;18(14):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18147595.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health [Electron Resour]."},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224933","volume":"83","author":"F Gutierrez-Rodrigues","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Rodrigues F, Wells KV, Jones AI, et al. Clonal haematopoiesis across the age spectrum of vasculitis patients with Takayasu\u2019s arteritis, ANCA-associated vasculitis and giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(4):508\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2023-224933.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1386_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.623716","volume":"12","author":"ML Robinette","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robinette ML, Rao DA, Monach PA. The immunopathology of giant cell arteritis across disease spectra. Front Immunol. 2021;12:623716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.623716.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"1386_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102905","volume":"11","author":"H Greigert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Greigert H, Genet C, Ramon A, Bonnotte B, Samson M. New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Mechanisms Involved in Maintaining Vascular Inflammation. Review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(10):2905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11102905.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42738","volume":"76","author":"ML Robinette","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robinette ML, Weeks LD, Kramer RJ, et al. Association of Somatic TET2 Mutations With Giant Cell Arteritis. Arthritis Rheum (Munch). 2024;76(3):438\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.42738.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum (Munch)"},{"key":"1386_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309905","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1309905","volume":"11","author":"TF Gorlen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gorlen TF, Brittain JM, \u00d8stergaard M, Fischer BM, D\u00f8hn UM, Terslev L. Low incidence of malignancy in patients with suspected polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis, examined with FDG-PET\/CT. Article. Front Med. 2024;11:1309905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1309905.","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"1386_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243791","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1243791","volume":"10","author":"LK Brekke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brekke LK, Assmus J, Fevang BS. Factors predicting death and cancer in patients with giant cell arteritis in Western Norway 1972\u20132012: a retrospective observational cohort study. Front Med. 2023;10:1243791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1243791.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1386_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05643-5","volume":"40","author":"H Baalbaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baalbaki H, Jalaledin D, Lachance C, Febrer G, Rheaume M, Makhzoum JP. Characterization of visual manifestations and identification of risk factors for permanent vision loss in patients with giant cell arteritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(8):3207\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-021-05643-5.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/d3o0gu","volume":"42","author":"P Wallmeier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wallmeier P, Arnold S, Tais A, et al. The Joint Vasculitis Registry in German-speaking countries (GeVas): subgroup analysis of 195 GCA patients. Multicenter Study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42(4):895\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/d3o0gu.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003824","volume":"10","author":"D Fernandez-Lozano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fernandez-Lozano D, Hernandez-Rodriguez I, Narvaez J, et al. Incidence and clinical manifestations of giant cell arteritis in Spain: results of the ARTESER register. RMD Open. 2024;10(1):3824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003824.","journal-title":"RMD Open."},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.220610","volume":"50","author":"M Elfishawi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elfishawi M, Rakholiya J, Gunderson TM, et al. Lower Frequency of Comorbidities Prior to Onset of Giant Cell Arteritis: A Population-Based Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. J Rheumatol. 2023;50(4):526\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.220610.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04727-w","volume":"41","author":"DI Bekele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bekele DI, Warrington KJ, Koster MJ. Giant cell arteritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease: a case-series and review of the literature. Systematic Review. Rheumatol Int. 2021;41(2):487\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-020-04727-w.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int."},{"issue":"9","key":"1386_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4137-8","volume":"37","author":"R Scrivo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scrivo R, Gerardi MC, Rutigliano I, et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica and diverticular disease: just two distinct age-related disorders or more? Results from a case-control study. G Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(9):2573\u20137.","journal-title":"G Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"1386_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280249","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1280249","volume":"14","author":"M Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu M, Liao Z, Zeng K, Jiang Q. Exploring the causal role of gut microbiota in giant cell arteritis: a Mendelian randomization analysis with mediator insights. Comment. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1280249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1280249.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rkad09","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkad095","volume":"7","author":"C Chatzigeorgiou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chatzigeorgiou C, Taylor JC, Elliott F, et al. Common co-morbidities in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: Cross-sectional study in UK Biobank. Article. Rheumap. 2023;7(3):rkad09. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rap\/rkad095.","journal-title":"Rheumap."},{"key":"1386_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.09.052","volume":"155","author":"CHC Yeung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yeung CHC, Au Yeung SL, Schooling CM. Association of autoimmune diseases with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A mendelian randomization study. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support Non-U.S. Gov\u2019t. J Psychiatr Res. 2022;155:550\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.09.052.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/pn1o3u","volume":"42","author":"M Guarda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guarda M, Roy A, Burke M, Warrington KJ, Koster MJ. Giant cell arteritis in patients with systemic sclerosis: a case series. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42(4):859\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/pn1o3u.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200211","volume":"48","author":"P Stamatis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stamatis P, Turkiewicz A, Englund M, et al. Infections Are Associated With Increased Risk of Giant Cell Arteritis: A Population-based Case-control Study from Southern Sweden. Research Support Non-US Gov\u2019t. J Rheumatol. 2021;48(2):251\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.200211.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003493","volume":"9","author":"L Pacoureau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pacoureau L, Barde F, Seror R, Nguyen Y. Association between infection and the onset of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-Analysis Systematic Review Research Support, Non-US Gov\u2019t. RMD Open. 2023;9(4):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003493.","journal-title":"RMD Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010063","volume":"10","author":"DH Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee DH, Iovieno A, Sheldon CA. Is there an association between herpetic infections and giant cell arteritis? A population-based study. Article. J Clin Med. 2021;10(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10010063.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1386_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001409","volume":"84","author":"D Gilden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gilden D, White T, Khmeleva N. Prevalence and distribution of VZV in temporal arteries of patients with giant cell arteritis. Neurology. 2015;84:1948\u201355.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1386_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.2101","volume":"72","author":"M Nagel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagel M, White T, Khmeleva N. Analysis of varicella-zoster virus in temporal arteries biopsy positive and negative for giant cell arteritis. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72:1281\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"1386_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.20411\/pai.v2i2.196","volume":"2","author":"G Procop","year":"2017","unstructured":"Procop G, Eng C, Clifford A. Varicella zoster virus and large vessel vasculitis, the absence of an association. Pathog Immun. 2017;2:228\u201338.","journal-title":"Pathog Immun"},{"key":"1386_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.02.005","volume":"47","author":"F Muratore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muratore F, Croci S, Tamagnini I. No detection of varicella-zoster virus in temporal arteries of patients with giant cell arteritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;47:235\u201340.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa566","volume":"223","author":"RM Verdijk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verdijk RM, Ouwendijk WJD, Kuijpers R, Verjans G. No Evidence of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection in Temporal Artery Biopsies of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Patients With and Without Giant Cell Arteritis. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(1):109\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa566.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"1386_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200766","volume":"48","author":"P Mehta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehta P, Sattui SE, van der Geest KSM, Brouwer E, Conway R, Putman MS, Robinson PC, Mackie SL. Giant Cell Arteritis and COVID-19: similarities and discriminators. A systematic literature review J Rheumatol. 2021;48(7):1053\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.200766.","journal-title":"A systematic literature review. J Rheumatol."},{"key":"1386_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e933471","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.933471","volume":"23","author":"U Szydelko-Pasko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Szydelko-Pasko U, Przezdziecka-Dolyk J, Krecicka J, Malecki R, Misiuk-Hojlo M, Turno-Krecicka A. Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in the Course of Giant Cell Arteritis After COVID-19 Case Reports. Am J Med Case Rep. 2022;23:e933471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/AJCR.933471.","journal-title":"Am J Med Case Rep."},{"key":"1386_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117954762210884","DOI":"10.1177\/11795476221088472","volume":"15","author":"AM Mursi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mursi AM, Mirghani HO, Elbeialy AA. A Case Report of Post COVID19 Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica With Visual Loss. Article. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2022;15:11795476221088472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11795476221088472.","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Case Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"06","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003022","volume":"9","author":"F Ursini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ursini F, Ruscitti P, Addimanda O, et al. Inflammatory rheumatic diseases with onset after SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination: a report of 267 cases from the COVID-19 and ASD group. Observational Study. RMD Open. 2023;9(2):06. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003022.","journal-title":"RMD Open."},{"issue":"7","key":"1386_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17899","volume":"9","author":"B Mulhearn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mulhearn B, Ellis J, Skeoch S, Pauling J, Tansley S. Incidence of giant cell arteritis is associated with COVID-19 prevalence: A population-level retrospective study. Heliyon. 2023;9(7):e17899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17899.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rkaa067","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkaa067","volume":"4","author":"R Luther","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luther R, Skeoch S, Pauling JD, Curd C, Woodgate F, Tansley S. Increased number of cases of giant cell arteritis and higher rates of ophthalmic involvement during the era of COVID-19. Article. Rheumap. 2021;4(2):rkaa067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rap\/rkaa067.","journal-title":"Rheumap."},{"issue":"6","key":"1386_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103341","volume":"22","author":"V Moreno-Torres","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moreno-Torres V, Soriano V, Calderon-Parra J, et al. Increased incidence of giant cell arteritis and associated stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: A nation-wide population study. Review. Autoimmun Rev. 2023;22(6):103341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103341.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"1386_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.44119","volume":"15","author":"KM Frasier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frasier KM, Gallagher-Poehls C, Cochrane M, Roy D. Secondary Vasculitis Attributable to Post-COVID Syndrome. Review. Cureus. 2023;15(8): e44119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.44119.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"1386_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218343","volume":"80","author":"A Lecler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lecler A, Villeneuve D, Vignal C, Sene T. Increased rather than decreased incidence of giant-cell arteritis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Letter Comment. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(6):e89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218343.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlad005","volume":"82","author":"S Pejhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pejhan S, Tran C, Driman DK, Hammond R, Ang LC, Zhang Q. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on neuropathology service: Experience at one Canadian center. Review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2023;82(4):296\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nlad005.","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"key":"1386_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1177\/1759720","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X221096366","volume":"14","author":"M Bond","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bond M, Tomelleri A, Buttgereit F, Matteson EL, Dejaco C. Looking ahead: giant-cell arteritis in 10 years time. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2022;14:10.1177\/1759720X221096366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1759720X221096366.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis."},{"key":"1386_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agger WA, Deviley JA, Borgert AJ, Rasmussen CM. Increased Incidence of Giant Cell Arteritis after Introduction of a Live Varicella Zoster Virus Vaccine. Article. OFID. 2021;8(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa647","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa647"},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_296_23","volume":"38","author":"M Ameri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ameri M, Al-Zubidi N, Lee AG. Immune checkpoint monoclonal antibody-related adverse effects in neuro-ophthalmology. Article. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2024;38(1):25\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_296_23.","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00275-x","volume":"12","author":"I Testi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Testi I, Brand\u00e3o-de-Resende C, Agrawal R, et al. Ocular inflammatory events following COVID-19 vaccination: a multinational case series. Article. J Ophth Inflamm Infect. 2022;12(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-021-00275-x.","journal-title":"J Ophth Inflamm Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334084","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2334084","volume":"20","author":"PA Jarrot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jarrot PA, Mirouse A, Ottaviani S, et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis following COVID-19 vaccination: Results from a nationwide survey. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2024;20(1):2334084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2024.2334084.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15147","volume":"29","author":"LD Kaulen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaulen LD, Doubrovinskaia S, Mooshage C, et al. Neurological autoimmune diseases following vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2: a case series. Eur J Neurol. 2022;29(2):555\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15147.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15602","volume":"30","author":"S Doubrovinskaia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Doubrovinskaia S, Mooshage CM, Seliger C, et al. Neurological autoimmune diseases following vaccinations against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A follow-up study. Research Support Non-US Gov\u2019t. Eur J Neurol. 2023;30(2):463\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15602.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"1386_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101758","volume":"10","author":"AG Elnahry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elnahry AG, Al-Nawaflh MY, Gamal Eldin AA, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Optic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review of 45 Patients. Review. Vaccines. 2022;10(10):1758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10101758.","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v16i3.9443","volume":"16","author":"A Maleki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maleki A, Look-Why S, Manhapra A, Foster CS. COVID-19 Recombinant mRNA Vaccines and Serious Ocular Inflammatory Side Effects: Real or Coincidence? Case Reports. JOVR. 2021;16(3):490\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jovr.v16i3.9443.","journal-title":"JOVR."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2023-256860","volume":"17","author":"D Salh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salh D, Pinto A, Freund P. Bilateral non-arteritic posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy following COVID-19 vaccination. Case Reports. BMJ Case Rep. 2024;17(2):14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2023-256860.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"issue":"22","key":"1386_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33948","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033948","volume":"102","author":"H Wakabayashi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wakabayashi H, Iwayanagi M, Sakai D, et al. Development of giant cell arteritis after vaccination against SARS-CoV2: A case report and literature review. Review Case Reports. Medicine. 2023;102(22):e33948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000033948.","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02529-4","volume":"23","author":"H de Boysson","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Boysson H, Le Besnerais M, Blaison F, et al. Assessment of the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in patients over 80 years old with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23(1):143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02529-4.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"issue":"24","key":"1386_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7563","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247563","volume":"12","author":"F Bandinelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bandinelli F, Pagano M, Vallecoccia MS. Post-COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Vaccine Arthritis, Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Horton\u2019s Arteritis: A Single-Center Assessment of Clinical, Serological, Genetic, and Ultrasonographic Biomarkers. Article. J Clin Med. 2023;12(24):7563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12247563.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"1386_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"06","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59122127","volume":"59","author":"K Yoshimoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoshimoto K, Kaneda S, Asada M, et al. Giant Cell Arteritis after COVID-19 Vaccination with Long-Term Follow-Up: A Case Report and Review of the Literature Review Case Reports. Medicina. 2023;59(12):06. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59122127.","journal-title":"Medicina."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020476","volume":"11","author":"T Gazitt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gazitt T, Eviatar T, Shear J, et al. Development of Autoantibodies Following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination and Their Association with Disease Flares in Adult Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases (AIIRD) and the General Population: Results of 1-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study. Article. Vaccines. 2023;11(2):476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11020476.","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14018","volume":"24","author":"SB Mahmood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmood SB, Ji Y, Peng Y, Abou ZZ. Incidence of giant cell arteritis after bisphosphonate exposure: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2021;24(1):63\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1756-185X.14018.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1386_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac599","volume":"62","author":"SS Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao SS, Lyu H, Zeng C, Lei G, Wei J, Mackie SL. Angiotensin receptor blockade is associated with increased risk of giant cell arteritis. Research Support Non-U.S. Gov\u2019t. Rheumatology. 2023;62(6):2203\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac599.","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.46497\/ArchRheumatol.2022.9049","volume":"37","author":"CS Cendon Duran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cendon Duran CS, da Paz AS, Santiago MB. Vasculitis induced by biological agents used in rheumatology practice: A systematic review. Arch Rheumatol. 2022;37(2):300\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46497\/ArchRheumatol.2022.9049.","journal-title":"Arch Rheumatol"},{"key":"1386_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4177-0","volume":"37","author":"A Daxini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daxini A, Cronin K, Sreih AG. Vasculitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors\u2014a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37:2579\u201384.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1386_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-246443","volume":"14","author":"N Couette","year":"2021","unstructured":"Couette N, Paul J. Giant cell arteritis associated with PD-1 inhibition Case Reports. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(11):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-246443.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"1386_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-021-00359-z","volume":"8","author":"S Anjohrin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anjohrin S, Sheahan A, Suruki R, Stark JL, Sloan VS. Occurrence of Possible Rheumatologic Immune-Related Adverse Events (rh-irAEs) Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) Therapy. Article. Rheumatol Ther. 2021;8(4):1651\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40744-021-00359-z.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2022.2108847","volume":"47","author":"DI Miano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miano DI, Cosgrove R, Sherman J, Balaraman S, Sherman M. Pembrolizumab-Induced Giant Cell Arteritis in the Setting of Urothelial Carcinoma. Article. Neuroophthalmology. 2023;47(2):93\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01658107.2022.2108847.","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"key":"1386_CR87","volume-title":"A meta-analysis of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis across time and space","author":"K Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li K, Semenov D, Turk M, Pope J. A meta-analysis of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis across time and space. Arthritis Res Ther: Springer; 2021."},{"issue":"8","key":"1386_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081759","volume":"10","author":"A Rodriguez-Pla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Pla A, Rossello-Urgell J. Trend and geographic disparities in the mortality rates of primary systemic vasculitis in the united states from 1999 to 2019: A population-based study.Article. J Clin Med. 2021;10(8):1759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10081759.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24133","volume":"73","author":"JB Andersen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andersen JB, Myklebust G, Haugeberg G, Pripp AH, Diamantopoulos AP. Incidence Trends and Mortality of Giant Cell Arteritis in Southern Norway. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(3):409\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.24133.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab269","volume":"61","author":"P Stamatis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stamatis P, Turkiewicz A, Englund M, Turesson C, Mohammad AJ. Epidemiology of biopsy-confirmed giant cell arteritis in southern Sweden-an update on incidence and first prevalence estimate Research Support Non-U.S. Gov\u2019t. Rheumatology. 2021;61(1):146\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab269.","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"issue":"10","key":"1386_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224191","volume":"82","author":"CB Mukhtyar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mukhtyar CB, Beadsmoore C, Coath FL, et al. Incidence of primary large vessel vasculitis in Norfolk, UK from 2011 to 2020. Research Support Non-U.S. Gov\u2019t. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(10):1341\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2023-224191.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"1386_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-022-05167-4","volume":"42","author":"S Gonzalez Chiappe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonzalez Chiappe S, Lechtman S, Maldini CS, et al. Incidence of giant cell arteritis in six districts of Paris, France (2015\u20132017). Rheumatol Int. 2022;42(10):1721\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-022-05167-4.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"1386_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.09.006","volume":"51","author":"TD Garvey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garvey TD, Koster MJ, Crowson CS, Warrington KJ. Incidence, survival, and diagnostic trends in GCA across seven decades in a North American population-based cohort Research Support NIH Extramural. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(6):1193\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.09.006.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.220084","volume":"50","author":"JM Martinez Perez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martinez Perez JM, Mollerach FB, Scaglioni V, et al. Incidence and Prevalence of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis in a Healthcare Management Organization in Buenos Aires Argentina. J Rheumatol. 2023;50(1):93\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.220084.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"1386_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173256","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1173256","volume":"10","author":"J Ninan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ninan J, Ruediger C, Dyer KA, et al. Incidence of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA) in South Australia 2014\u20132020. Front Med. 2023;10:1173256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1173256.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"1386_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296393","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1296393","volume":"10","author":"HK Skaug","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skaug HK, Fevang BT, Assmus J, Diamantopoulos AP, Myklebust G, Brekke LK. Giant cell arteritis: incidence and phenotypic distribution in Western Norway 2013\u20132020. Front Med. 2023;10:1296393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1296393.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24393","volume":"73","author":"F Muratore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muratore F, Boiardi L, Cavazza A, et al. Association Between Specimen Length and Number of Sections and Diagnostic Yield of Temporal Artery Biopsy for Giant Cell Arteritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(3):402\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.24393.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)."},{"key":"1386_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057917","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1057917","volume":"9","author":"SA Lyne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyne SA, Ruediger C, Lester S, et al. Giant cell arteritis: A population-based retrospective cohort study exploring incidence and clinical presentation in Canterbury Aotearoa New Zealand.Article. Front Med. 2022;9:1057917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1057917.","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR99","first-page":"6","volume":"14","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghosh A, Debnath A, Jana S, Haldar T, Jha S, Haldar P. Prevalence and Presentation of Autoimmune Conditions of Central Nervous System in Bankura, A District Town in West Bengal India - Recent Scenario.Article. IJTPR. 2024;14(1):6\u201310.","journal-title":"IJTPR"},{"key":"1386_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albrecht K, Binder S, Minden K, et al. Systematic review to estimate the prevalence of inflammatory rheumatic diseases in Germany. Systematic Review. Z Rheumatol.\u00a02024;83(Suppl 1):20\u201330. Systematisches Review zur Schatzung der Pravalenz entzundlich-rheumatischer Erkrankungen in Deutschland - Englische Version. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00393-022-01302-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-022-01302-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-06032-8","volume":"41","author":"AWS de Souza","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Souza AWS, Zarur EB, Pimentel-Quiroz VR, Sanchez-Torres A, Ugarte-Gil MF, Sato EI. Different epidemiologic profiles of systemic vasculitis between Brazil and Peru-preliminary results in two referral centers from both countries. Clin Rheumatol. 2022;41(3):635\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-021-06032-8.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"1386_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05540-5","volume":"19","author":"F Alnaimat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alnaimat F, Alduradi H, Al-Qasem S, Ghazzal H, Alsarhan M. Giant cell arteritis: insights from a monocentric retrospective cohort study. Rheumatol Int. 2024;19:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-024-05540-5.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"1386_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12293","volume":"44","author":"EL Dunstan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dunstan EL, Rischmueller M, Dodd T, et al. Epidemiology of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis in South Australia. Intern Med J. 2014;44(1):32\u20139.","journal-title":"Intern Med J."},{"issue":"8","key":"1386_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.046912","volume":"65","author":"LC Smeeth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smeeth LC, Hall A. Incidence of diagnosed polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in the United Kingdom, 1990\u20132001. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(8):1093\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl 117","key":"1386_CR105","first-page":"90","volume":"37","author":"K Gokoffski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gokoffski K, Khaderi S. Seasonal incidence of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis: a 20-year retrospective study of the University of California Davis Medical System. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37(Suppl 117):90\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1 Suppl 44","key":"1386_CR106","first-page":"S15","volume":"25","author":"M Bas-Lando","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bas-Lando M, Breuer G, Berkun Y, Mates M, Sonnenblick M, Nesher G. The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem over a 25-year period: annual and seasonal fluctuations. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;25(1 Suppl 44):S15-7.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"1386_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.58.6.335","volume":"58","author":"P Duhaut","year":"1999","unstructured":"Duhaut P, Pin\u00e8de L, Bornet H, et al. Biopsy proven and biopsy negative temporal arteritis: differences in clinical spectrum at the onset of the disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999;58(6):335\u201341.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1386_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12069","volume":"41","author":"KM Kisza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kisza KM, Dai Y, Bilyk J, Eagle RJ, Sergott R, Savino P. Giant cell arteritis incidence: analysis by season and year in mid-Atlantic United States. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;41(6):577\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2017-000531","volume":"3","author":"EC De Smit","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Smit EC, Sanfilippo P, Merriman T, Brown M, Hill C, Hewitt A. Geo-epidemiology of temporal artery biopsy-positive giant cell arteritis in Australia and New Zealand: is there a seasonal influence. RMD Open. 2017;3(2): e000531.","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"1386_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.05.023","volume":"50","author":"ES Hysa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hysa ES, Camellino D, Rumi F, et al. A seasonal pattern in the onset of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(5):1131\u20139.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-01947-1","volume":"37","author":"MS Hansen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hansen MS, Terslev L, Jensen MR, et al. Comparison of temporal artery ultrasound versus biopsy in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Eye. 2023;37(2):344\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-022-01947-1.","journal-title":"Eye."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06268-x","volume":"262","author":"EJ Wladis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wladis EJ, Ata A, Li C, et al. The impact of month and season on the incidence of giant cell arteritis: an Intelligent Research in Sight (IRIS) Registry analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2024;262(2):609\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-023-06268-x.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1386_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14675","volume":"99","author":"EB Konig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Konig EB, Stormly Hansen M, Foldager J, et al. Seasonal variation in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis in Eastern Denmark from 1990\u20132018. Acta Opthalmol. 2021;99(5):527\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.14675.","journal-title":"Acta Opthalmol."},{"issue":"3","key":"1386_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rkad071","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkad071","volume":"7","author":"K Gisslander","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gisslander K, De Boer R, Ingvar C, et al. Can active sun exposure decrease the risk of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in women? Article. Rheumap. 2023;7(3):rkad071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rap\/rkad071.","journal-title":"Rheumap."},{"key":"1386_CR115","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World population ageing 2020 highlights: living arrangements of older persons (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/451); 2020.\u00a0www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000467","volume":"63","author":"T Andersen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andersen T, Tamhankar MA, Song JW. Diagnostic Modalities in Giant Cell Arteritis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2023;63(2):25\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000467.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.01.007","volume":"51","author":"P Therkildsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Therkildsen P, de Thurah A, Hansen IT, Norgaard M, Nielsen BD, Hauge EM. Giant cell arteritis: A nationwide, population-based cohort study on incidence, diagnostic imaging, and glucocorticoid treatment. Research Support Non-U.S. Gov\u2019t. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(2):360\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.01.007.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"2","key":"1386_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35121","volume":"15","author":"C Hino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hino C, Edigin E, Aihie O, et al. Analysis of Emergency Department Visits by Patients With Giant Cell Arteritis: A National Population-Based Study. Cureus. 2023;15(2): e35121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.35121.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1386_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2022-222156","volume":"15","author":"E Estupinan-Moreno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Estupinan-Moreno E, Ortiz-Fernandez L, Li T, et al. Methylome and transcriptome profiling of giant cell arteritis monocytes reveals novel pathways involved in disease pathogenesis and molecular response to glucocorticoids. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;15:15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2022-222156.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."}],"container-title":["Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-024-01386-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11910-024-01386-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-024-01386-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T00:21:37Z","timestamp":1734135697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11910-024-01386-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-024-01386-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1528-4042","1534-6293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1528-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"11"}}