{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:19:14Z","timestamp":1780327154403,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This article reviews alien hand, a neurological disorder that causes involuntary limb movements that appear to be purposeful. This review outlines the history that identified the three widely accepted forms of alien hand and their distinct clinical and neuroimaging findings. This material summarizes behavioral disturbances that can occur with alien hand but are seldom addressed in a single review article, including propensity for self-injury, pathological sexual behavior, alien hand activities during sleep, and communication disturbances of alien Quality. The article then presents other paroxysmal, involuntary disturbances that are not usually considered to be alien hand, despite their appearing to be purposeful. Finally, this article reviews all PubMed-listed articles from 2020 to mid-2025 that addressed either alien hand or limb, or anarchic hand, for trends in understanding and treating this illness.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Meritorious advances in recent years included proposed checklists for the component behaviors for diagnosing alien hand, structured interviews for querying the patients\u2019 experiences, and demonstrating white matter cerebral damage that extends far beyond the lesion boundaries that are identifiable on conventional structural brain MRI.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This review summarizes the diversity of the presentations of alien hand. Many behaviors that are encompassed by alien hand are not so far explained by clinical or experimental brain MRI findings.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-025-01449-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T03:33:08Z","timestamp":1758252788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Alien Hand: Current Research Trends"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Victor W.","family":"Mark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1449_CR1","first-page":"434","volume":"8","author":"JH Jackson","year":"1876","unstructured":"Jackson JH. Case of large cerebral tumour without optic neuritis and with left hemiplegia and imperception. Roy Lond Ophthalmol Hosp Rep. 1876;8:434\u201344.","journal-title":"Roy Lond Ophthalmol Hosp Rep"},{"key":"1449_CR2","first-page":"197","volume":"3","author":"J Dejerine","year":"1891","unstructured":"Dejerine J. Sur un cas de c\u00e9cit\u00e9 verbale avec agraphie suivi d\u2019autopsie. M\u00e9moires De La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 De Biol. 1891;3:197\u2013201. [in French].","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires De La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 De Biol"},{"key":"1449_CR3","unstructured":"Van Vleuten CF. Linksseitige motorische Apraxie. Ein beitrag zur physiologie des Balkens. Z Psychiatr. 1907;64:203\u201339. [in German]."},{"key":"1449_CR4","first-page":"169","volume":"11","author":"K Goldstein","year":"1908","unstructured":"Goldstein K. Zur Lehre von der motorischen Apraxie. J Psychol Neurol. 1908;11:169\u201387.","journal-title":"J Psychol Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000221488","volume":"8","author":"H Liepmann","year":"1900","unstructured":"Liepmann H. Das Krankheitsbild der Apraxie (motorischen Asymbolie). Auf Grund eines Falles von einseitiger Apraxie. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol. 1900;8:15\u201344. 102\u2009\u2013\u200932, 182\u2009\u2013\u200997 [in German].","journal-title":"Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR6","unstructured":"Steinthal H. Abriss der Sprachwissenschaft. Berlin: Ferd. D\u00fcmmler\u2019s Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1871 [in German]."},{"key":"1449_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1940.02280100042004","volume":"44","author":"WP Van Wagenen","year":"1940","unstructured":"Van Wagenen WP, Herren RY. Surgical division of commissural pathways in the corpus callosum. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1940;44:740\u201359.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1942.02290040009001","volume":"47","author":"KU Smith","year":"1942","unstructured":"Smith KU, Akelaitis AJ. Studies on the corpus callosum. I. Laterality in behavior and bilateral motor organization in man before and after section of the corpus callosum. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1942;47:519\u201343.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.101.5.594","volume":"101","author":"AJ Akelaitis","year":"1944","unstructured":"Akelaitis AJ. Studies on the corpus callosum. IV. Diagonistic dyspraxia in epileptics following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum. Am J Psychiatry. 1944;101:594\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR10","unstructured":"Brion S, Jedynak CP. Troubles du transfert interhemispherique (callosal disconnection). A propos de trois observations de tumeurs du corps calleux. Le signe de la main\u00a0\u00e8trang\u00e8re. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1972;126:257\u201366. [in French]."},{"key":"1449_CR11","first-page":"308","volume-title":"Clinical neuropsychology","author":"JE Bogen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bogen JE. The callosal syndrome. In: Heilman KM, Valenstein E, editors. Clinical neuropsychology. New York: Oxford; 1979. pp. 308\u201359."},{"key":"1449_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510110043004","volume":"38","author":"G Goldberg","year":"1981","unstructured":"Goldberg G, Mayer NG, Toglia JU. Medial frontal cortex infarction and the alien hand sign. Arch Neurol. 1981;38:683\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510110043004.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR13","first-page":"23","volume":"45","author":"JW Brown","year":"1985","unstructured":"Brown JW. Frontal lobe syndromes [review]. Handb Clin Neurol. 1985;45:23\u201341.","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.40.8.1203","volume":"40","author":"DE Riley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Riley DE, Lang AE, Lewis A, Resch L, Ashby P, Hornykiewicz O, et al. Cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration. Neurology. 1990;40:1203\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.40.8.1203.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1449_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(91)90081-i","volume":"29","author":"S Della Sala","year":"1991","unstructured":"Della Sala S, Marchetti C, Spinnler H. Right-sided anarchic (alien) hand: a longitudinal study. Neuropsychologia. 1991;29:1113\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(91)90081-i.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1449_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.7916\/D8VX0F48","volume":"4","author":"H Sarva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarva H, Deik A, Severt WL. Pathophysiology and treatment of alien hand syndrome [review]. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2014;4:241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7916\/D8VX0F48.","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov"},{"key":"1449_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.42.1.19","volume":"42","author":"TE Feinberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Feinberg TE, Schindler RJ, Flanagan NG, Haber LD. Two alien hand syndromes [review]. Neurology. 1992;42:19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.42.1.19.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1449_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/37.2.199","volume":"37","author":"SAK Wilson","year":"1914","unstructured":"Wilson SAK, Walshe FMR. The phenomenon of tonic innervation and its relation to motor apraxia. Brain. 1914;37:199\u2013246.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1449_CR19","first-page":"396","volume":"18","author":"S Uchiyama","year":"1983","unstructured":"Uchiyama S, Yoshino K, Ohka T, Uchiyama C. The alien hand sign associated with left anterior cerebral artery occlusion. Neurol Med. 1983;18:396\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurol Med"},{"key":"1449_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199010000-00002","volume":"69","author":"G Goldberg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Goldberg G, Bloom KK. The alien hand sign. Localization, lateralization and recovery. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;69:228\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002060-199010000-00002.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1449_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.3.859","volume":"119","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tanaka Y, Yoshida A, Kawahata N, Hashimoto R, Obayashi T. Diagonistic dyspraxia. Clinical characteristics, responsible lesion and possible unerlying mechanism. Brain. 1996;119:859\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/119.3.859.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1449_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199210000-00009","volume":"71","author":"D Gottlieb","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gottlieb D, Robb K, Day B. Mirror movements in the alien hand syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;71:297\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002060-199210000-00009.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"1449_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.7.788","volume":"56","author":"R Leiguarda","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leiguarda R, Starkstein S, Nogu\u00e9s M, Berthier M, Arbelaiz R. Paroxysmal alien hand syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56(7):788\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.56.7.788.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.36.8.1094","volume":"36","author":"DN Levine","year":"1986","unstructured":"Levine DN, Rinn WE. Opticosensory ataxia and alien hand syndrome after posterior cerebral artery territory infarction. Neurology. 1986;36:1094\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.36.8.1094.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1449_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.3.366","volume":"65","author":"H Ay","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ay H, Buonanno FS, Price BH, Le DA, Koroshetz WJ. Sensory alien hand syndrome: case report and review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65(3):366\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.65.3.366.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.1.83","volume":"68","author":"T Bundick","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bundick T, Spinella M. Subjective experience, involuntary movement, and posterior alien hand syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68:83\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.68.1.83.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR27","first-page":"149","volume":"12","author":"JL Chan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chan JL, Liu AB. Anatomical correlates of alien hand syndromes. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1999;12:149\u201355.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21241","volume":"22","author":"JH Lin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lin JH, Kwan SY, Wu D. Mixed alien hand syndrome coexisting with left-sided extinction secondary to a left corpus callosal lesion: a case report. Mov Disord. 2007;22:248\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21241.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1449_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2010.497154","volume":"16","author":"B Kloesel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kloesel B, Czarnecki K, Muir JJ, Keller AS. Sequelae of a left-sided parietal stroke: posterior alien hand syndrome. Neurocase. 2010;16:488\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13554794.2010.497154.","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"1449_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-142","volume":"11","author":"JL Yuan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yuan JL, Wang SK, Guo XJ, Hu WL. Acute infarct of the corpus callosum presenting as alien hand syndrome: evidence of diffusion weighted imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2377-11-142.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006172","volume":"91","author":"SBE Debray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Debray SBE, Demeestre J. Alien hand syndrome. Neurology. 2018;91:527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006172.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1449_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718706","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.718706","volume":"12","author":"K Qu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qu K, Gan L, Jiang W, Yu P, Dong M. Case report: good prognosis of mixed alien hand syndrome by verbal-cue rehabilitation exercise. Front Neurol. 2021;12:718706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.718706.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68564","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.68564","volume":"16","author":"T Matsuyama","year":"2024","unstructured":"Matsuyama T, Hayashi K, Sato M, Suzuki A, Nakaya Y, Miura T, et al. Verbal-cue rehabilitation exercises are effective for the mixed callosal-frontal variant of alien hand syndrome following stroke. Cureus. 2024;16:e68564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.68564.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1449_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.133838.2","volume":"12","author":"MF Zainudin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zainudin MF, Soo KF, Yin KN. Callosal disconnection syndrome manifesting as mixed frontal-callosal-posterior alien hand syndrome following extensive corpus callosum infarct. F1000 Res. 2024;12:529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.133838.2","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"key":"1449_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001401","volume":"99","author":"A Alvarez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alvarez A, Weaver M, Alvarez G. Rehabilitation of alien hand syndrome complicated by contralateral limb apraxia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;99:e122\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001401.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1449_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050632","volume":"11","author":"V Pacella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pacella V, Ricciardi GK, Bonadiman S, Verzini E, Faraoni F, Scandola M, et al. The role of white matter disconnection in the symptoms relating to the anarchic hand syndrome: a single case study. Brain Sci. 2021;11: 632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11050632.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1449_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/19418744211067033","volume":"12","author":"P Sarkar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarkar P, Ray BK, Mukherjee D, Pandit A, Ghosh R, Benito-Leon J, et al. Alien limb phenomenon after diffuse corpus callosum ischemic stroke. Neurohospitalist. 2022;12(2):295\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19418744211067033.","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"1449_CR38","first-page":"425","volume":"48","author":"A Calmus","year":"2005","unstructured":"Calmus A, Boyer F, Delmer F, Coulon JM, Tanguy MA, \u00c9tienne JC. Diagnostic positif d\u2019une dyspraxie diagonistique et d\u2019une main capricieuse: \u00e0 propos d\u2019un cas [abstract]. Ann R\u00e9adapt M\u00e9d Phys. 2005;48:425. [in French].","journal-title":"Ann R\u00e9adapt M\u00e9d Phys"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"1449_CR39","first-page":"302","volume":"41","author":"VW Mark","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mark VW, Mc Alaster R, Laser KL. Bilateral alien hand [abstract]. Neurology. 1991;41(Suppl1):302.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1449_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21337","volume":"22","author":"DB FitzGerald","year":"2007","unstructured":"FitzGerald DB, Drago V, Jeong Y, Chang YL, White KD, Heilman KM. Asymmetrical alien hands in corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord. 2007;22:581\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21337.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1449_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12559","volume":"55","author":"M Ruggeri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruggeri M, Biagioli C, Ricci M, Gerace C, Blundo C. Progressive aphasia, apraxia of speech and agraphia in corticobasal degeneration: a 12-case series clinical and neuropsychological descriptive study. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2020;55:867\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12559.","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"key":"1449_CR42","first-page":"49","volume":"6","author":"PG Gasquoine","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gasquoine PG. Bilateral alien hand signs following destruction of the medial frontal cortices. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1993;6:49\u201353.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR43","first-page":"233","volume":"11","author":"A Cantagallo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cantagallo A, Boldrini P. Bilateral anarchic hand in a single case report. J Neurol Rehabil. 1997;11:233\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurol Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"1449_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.2.218","volume":"51","author":"AW McNabb","year":"1988","unstructured":"McNabb AW, Carroll WM, Mastaglia FL. Alien hand and loss of bimanual coordination after dominant anterior cerebral artery territory infarction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51(2):218\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.51.2.218.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16891","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016891","volume":"98","author":"J Shao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shao J, Bai R, Duan G, Guan Y, Cui L, Deng H. Intermittent alien hand syndrome caused by Marchiafava-Bignami disease: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98:e16891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000016891.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1449_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/026432998381041","volume":"15","author":"MJ Riddoch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Riddoch MJ, Edwards MG, Humphreys GW, West R, Heafield T. Visual affordances direct action: neuropsychological evidence from manual interference. Cogn Neuropsychol. 1998;15:645\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/026432998381041.","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1449_CR47","first-page":"342","volume":"95","author":"JL Chan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chan JL, Chen RS, Ng KK. Leg manifestations in alien hand syndrome. J Formos Med Assoc. 1996;95:342\u20136.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"1449_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00307","volume":"10","author":"B Ridley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ridley B, Beltramone M, Wirsich J, Le Troter A, Tramoni E, Aubert S, et al. Alien hand, restless brain: salience network and interhemispheric connectivity disruption parallel emergence and extinction of diagonistic dyspraxia. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10: 307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00307.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1449_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.238","volume":"48","author":"G Haeri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haeri G, Saeedi Y, Haji Akhoundi F, Shoeibi A, Aghavali S, Emamikhah M, et al. Alien leg syndrome in two cases of corticobasal syndrome [letter]. Can J Neurol Sci. 2021;48:579\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cjn.2020.238.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.7916\/D86D5ZT8","volume":"7","author":"DA Olszewska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olszewska DA, McCarthy A, Murray B, Magennis B, Connolly S, Lynch T. A wolf in sheep\u2019s clothing: an alien leg in corticobasal syndrome. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2017;7:455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7916\/D86D5ZT8.","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov"},{"key":"1449_CR51","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Handbook of neuropsychology","author":"S Della Sala","year":"1994","unstructured":"Della Sala S, Marchetti C, Spinnler H. The anarchic hand: a fronto-mesial sign. In: Boller F, Grafman J, editors. Handbook of neuropsychology. Volume 9. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1994. pp. 233\u201355."},{"key":"1449_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.116046","volume":"79","author":"M Brainin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brainin M, Seiser A, Matz K. The mirror world of motor inhibition: the alien hand syndrome in chronic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:246\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2007.116046.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.30.1.72","volume":"30","author":"LR Caplan","year":"1980","unstructured":"Caplan LR. Top of the basilar syndrome. Neurology. 1980;30:72\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.30.1.72","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1449_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520400116030","volume":"46","author":"G Banks","year":"1989","unstructured":"Banks G, Short P, Martinez AJ, Latchaw R, Ratcliff G, Boller F. The alien hand syndrome. Clinical and postmortem findings. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:456\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520400116030.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.45.4.802","volume":"45","author":"DH Geschwind","year":"1995","unstructured":"Geschwind DH, Iacoboni M, Mega MS, Zaidel DW, Cloughesy T, Zaidel E. Alien hand syndrome: interhemispheric motor disconnection to a lesion in the midbody of the corpus callosum. Neurology. 1995;45:802\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.45.4.802","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1449_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicholas JJ, Wichner MH, Gorelick PB, Ramsey MM. Naturalization of the alien hand: case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79:113\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0003-9993(98)90218-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(98)90218-0"},{"key":"1449_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.4.447","volume":"73","author":"J Marey-Lopez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marey-Lopez J, Rubio-Nazabal E, Alonso-Magdalena L, Lopez-Facal S. Posterior alien hand syndrome after a right thalamic infarct. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:447\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.73.4.447.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280210142202","volume":"24","author":"BC Pack","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pack BC, Diamond KJS, Gale PT. Posterior-variant alien hand syndrome: clinical features and response to rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil. 2002;24:817\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638280210142202.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"1449_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/s1389-9457(02)00236-8","volume":"4","author":"JJ Ortega-Alb\u00e1s","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ortega-Alb\u00e1s JJ, de Entrambasaguas M, Montoya FJ, Serrano AL, Geffner D. Sleep disorder in alien hand syndrome. Sleep Med. 2003;4:247\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1389-9457(02)00236-8.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"1449_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.10.2010.3401","volume":"2010","author":"E Terazzi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Terazzi E, Mittino D, Monaco F. Posterior alien hand in a left-handed person. BMJ Case Rep. 2010; 2010:bcr1020103401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr.10.2010.3401.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"1449_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/20009666.2020.1756610","volume":"10","author":"K Le","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le K, Zhang C, Greisman L. Alien hand\u2014a rare presentation of stroke. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2020;10:149\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20009666.2020.1756610.","journal-title":"J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect"},{"key":"1449_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000503857","volume":"12","author":"M Russo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Russo M, Carrarini C, Dono F, Di Stefano V, De Angelis MV, Onofrj M, et al. Posterior variant of alien limb syndrome with sudden clinical onset as self-hitting associated with thalamic stroke. Case Rep Neurol. 2020;12:35\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000503857.","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa129","volume":"50","author":"M Murdoch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murdoch M, Hill J, Barber M. Strangled by Dr Strangelove? Anarchic hand following a posterior cerebral artery territory ischemic stroke. Age Ageing. 2021;50:263\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afaa129","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"1449_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.02.002","volume":"87","author":"MA Kikkert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kikkert MA, Ribbers GM, Koudstaal PJ. Alien hand syndrome in stroke: a report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:728\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.02.002.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1449_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.4.462","volume":"71","author":"T Nishikawa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nishikawa T, Okuda J, Mizuta I, Ohno K, Jamshidi J, Tokunaga H, et al. Conflict of intentions due to callosal disconnection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:462\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.71.4.462","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790903456217","volume":"16","author":"R Faber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Faber R, Azad A, Reinsvold R. A case of the corpus callosum and alien hand syndrome from a discrete paracallosal lesion. Neurocase. 2010;16:281\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13554790903456217.","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"1449_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/11.5.399b","volume":"11","author":"MA Hendry","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hendry MA, Holliday SL. Alien hand syndrome: diagnosis of disconnection through behavioral observations and bimanual testing [abstract]. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1996;11:399\u2013400.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1449_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22620","volume":"24","author":"T Soman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Soman T, Steeves TD, Lang AE. Alien hand syndrome and dystonia in a pediatric patient [letter]. Mov Disord. 2009;24:1557\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22620.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1449_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.1.100","volume":"59","author":"AM Dolado","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dolado AM, Castrillo C, Urra DG, de Seijas EV. Alien hand sign or alien hand syndrome? [Letter]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59:100\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.59.1.100.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1449_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.6.735","volume":"58","author":"MG Ventura","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ventura MG, Goldman S, Hildebrand J. Alien hand syndrome without a corpus callosum lesion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58(6):735\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.58.6.735.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.017","volume":"43","author":"T Giovannetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Giovannetti T, Buxbaum LJ, Biran I, Chatterjee A. Reduced endogenous control in alien hand syndrome: evidence from naturalistic action. Neuropsychologia. 2005;43:75\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.017.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1449_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Higgins K, Gandelman S, Menko J. Alien hand syndrome: an atypical presentation of acute left parietal stroke in a community emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2024;82:214.e1-.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.06.027.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.06.027"},{"key":"1449_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52552","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.52552","volume":"16","author":"G Rashwan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rashwan G, Elagha S, Aldaham T, Thomas L. Alien hand unveiled in a patient with right middle cerebral artery stroke. Cureus. 2024;16:e52552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.52552.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1449_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200007000-00012","volume":"79","author":"BJ Ong Hai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ong Hai BJ, Odderson IR. Involuntary masturbation as a manifestation of stroke-related alien hand syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;79:395\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002060-200007000-00012.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1449_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.09.007","volume":"110","author":"Y Bejot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bejot Y, Caillier M, Osseby GV, Didi R, Ben Salem D, Moreau T, et al. Involuntary masturbation and hemiballismus after bilateral anterior cerebral artery infarction. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110:190\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.09.007.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"1449_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010903345298","volume":"20","author":"A Cantagallo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cantagallo A, Spinazzola L, Rabuffetti M, Della Sala S. Verbal commands help the execution of endogenous movements in anarchic hand. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2010;20:406\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09602010903345298.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"1449_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.107671","volume":"16","author":"SD Amalnath","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amalnath SD, Subramanian R, Dutta TK. The alien hand sign. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2013;16:9\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-2327.107671.","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR78","first-page":"781","volume":"134","author":"J Barbizet","year":"1978","unstructured":"Barbizet J, Degos JD, Lejeune A, Leroy A. Syndrome de dysconnexion inter-h\u00e9miph\u00e8rique avec dyspraxie diagonstique au cours d\u2019une maladie de Marchiafava-Bignami. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1978;134:781\u20139.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"1449_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-002-0839-2","volume":"44","author":"S Rohde","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rohde S, Weidauer S, Lanfermann H, Zanella F. Posterior alien hand syndrome: case report. Neuroradiology. 2002;44:921\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-002-0839-2.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"1449_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e947514","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.947514","volume":"26","author":"LK Kouassi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kouassi LK, Essoin-De Souza ANT, Beuseize RAM, Abb\u00e9 SA. Late detection of corpus callosum infarction in a 55-year-old: insights from alien hand syndrome. Am J Case Rep. 2025;26:e947514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/AJCR.947514.","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"1449_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.02.013","volume":"86","author":"C Helmstaedter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Helmstaedter C, Solymosi L, Kurthen M, Momjian S, Schaller K. Dr. Strangelove demystified: disconnection of hand and language dominance explains alien-hand syndrome after corpus callosotomy. Seizure. 2021;86:147\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.02.013","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"1449_CR82","first-page":"633","volume":"134","author":"M Poncet","year":"1978","unstructured":"Poncet M, Ch\u00e9rif AA, Choux M, Boudouresques J, Lhermitte F. \u00c9tude neuropsychologique d\u2019un syndrome de d\u00e9connexion calleuse totale avec h\u00e9mianopsie lat\u00e9rale homonyme droite. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1978;134:633\u201353.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"1449_CR83","first-page":"96","volume":"12","author":"VW Mark","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mark VW. Verbal diagonistic behavior in a commissurotomized subject [abstract]. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1990;12:96.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1449_CR84","volume-title":"The bisected brain","author":"MS Gazzaniga","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gazzaniga MS. The bisected brain. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1970."},{"key":"1449_CR85","first-page":"569","volume":"155","author":"J Plas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Plas J, Brion F, Jeanneau A, Chevalier JF, Dussaux P, Brion S. Les contradictions d\u2019origine calleuse. Comportement psychiatrique contradictoire apr\u00e8s l\u00e9sion traumatique de la partie ant\u00e9rieure du corps calleux. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1999;155:569\u201374. [in French].","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"1449_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3932(00)00071-3","volume":"38","author":"H Lausberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lausberg H, Davis M, Rothenh\u00e4usler A. Hemispheric specialization in spontaneous gesticulation in a patient with callosal disconnection. Neuropsychologia. 2000;38:1654\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0028-3932(00)00071-3.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1449_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6898-y","volume":"260","author":"J Graff-Radford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Graff-Radford J, Rubin MN, Jones JT, Aksamit AJ, Ahlskog JE, Knopman DS, et al. The alien limb phenomenon. J Neurol. 2013;260:1880\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-013-6898-y.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120739","volume":"452","author":"Y Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma Y, Liu Y, Yan X, Ouyang Y. Alien hand syndrome, a rare presentation of corpus callosum and cingulate infarction. J Neurol Sci. 2023;452: 120739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120739.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.03.011","volume":"39","author":"M Krause","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krause M, Shou J, Joy S, Torres-Russotto D. Alien limb syndrome induced by a dopamine agonist in a patient with parkinsonism and agenesis of the corpus callosum [letter]. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017;39:91\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.03.011.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"1449_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000143064.81746.e9","volume":"63","author":"F Boesebeck","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boesebeck F, Ebner A. Paroxysmal alien limb phenomena due to epileptic seizures and electrical cortical stimulation. Neurology. 2004;63:1725\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000143064.81746.e9.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1449_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0477-z","volume":"15","author":"AP Basu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basu AP, Taylor PN, Lowther E, Forsyth EO, Blamire AM, Forsyth RJ. Structural connectivity in a paediatric case of anarchic hand syndrome. BMC Neurol. 2015;15:234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-015-0477-z.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3181a0d670","volume":"16","author":"IU Haq","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haq IU, Malaty IA, Okun MS, Jacobson CE, Fernandez HH, Rodriguez RR. Clonazepam and botulinum toxin for the treatment of alien limb phenomenon. Neurologist. 2010;16:106\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3181a0d670.","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"1449_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.11.010","volume":"42","author":"T Takenouchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takenouchi T, Solomon GE. Alien hand syndrome in Parry-Romberg syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2010;42:280\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.11.010.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-03025-5","volume":"64","author":"AC Lawson McLean","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lawson McLean AC, Lobsien E, Leinisch E, Lobsien D. Alien hand syndrome in ruptured aneurysms: case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiology. 2022;64:2091\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-022-03025-5.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"1449_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.10.017","volume":"182","author":"V Pacella","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pacella V, Bertagnoli S, Danese R, Bulgarelli C, Gobbetto V, Ricciardi GK, et al. Anarchy in the brain: behavioural and neuroanatomical core of the anarchic hand syndrome. Cortex. 2025;182:181\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.10.017.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1449_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3166","volume":"8","author":"HC Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu HC, Apramian A, Liu A. A case of transient alien hand syndrome from a very small ischemic stroke. Clin Case Rep. 2020;8:2204\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccr3.3166.","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"1449_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2419-5_28","volume-title":"Epilepsy and the corpus callosum","author":"SM Ferguson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ferguson SM, Rayport M, Corrie WS. Neuropsychiatric observations on behavioral consequences of corpus callosum section for seizure control. In: Reeves AG, editor. Epilepsy and the corpus callosum. New York: Plenum; 1985. pp. 501\u201314."},{"key":"1449_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.01.007","volume":"338","author":"DA Nowak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nowak DA, B\u00f6sl K, L\u00fcdemann-Podubecka J, Gdynia HJ, Ponfick M. Recovery and outcome of frontal alien hand syndrome after anterior cerebral artery stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;338:203\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2014.01.007.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"V10240672","DOI":"10.61409\/V10240672","volume":"187","author":"R Stevens","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stevens R, Svenningsen ALV, Olesen C, Middelhede R. Rehabilitering af alienh\u00e5ndsyndrom. Ugeskr L\u00e6ger. 2025;187:V10240672. [in Danish]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61409\/V10240672","journal-title":"Ugeskr L\u00e6ger"},{"key":"1449_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/20030711-1000050","volume":"4","author":"I Bru","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bru I, Verhamme L, de Neve P, Maebe H. Rehabilitation of a patient with alien hand syndrome: a case report of a 61-year old man. J Rehabil Med. 2021;4: 1000050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/20030711-1000050.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1449_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09543-2","volume":"267","author":"DA Nowak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nowak DA, Engel A, Leutbecher M, Zeller C. Alien limb phenomenon following posterior cerebral artery stroke: a distinct clinical entity. J Neurol. 2020;267:95\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-019-09543-2.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190403","volume":"19","author":"MM Mesulam","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mesulam MM. Frontal cortex and behavior [editorial]. Ann Neurol. 1986;19:320\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410190403.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx139","volume":"140","author":"LJ Volz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Volz LJ, Gazzaniga MS. Interaction in isolation: 50 years of insights from split-brain research [review]. Brain. 2017;140:2051\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awx139.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1449_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000021","volume":"141","author":"B Alderson-Day","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alderson-Day B, Fernyhough C. Inner speech: development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology [review]. Psychol Bull. 2015;141:931\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000021.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1449_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551539","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1551539","volume":"19","author":"GL Lin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin GL, Yu XQ, Cai HY, Zhou RY, Li XT, Zhang X, et al. Case report: reversible alien hand syndrome caused by cerebral infarction. Front Hum Neurosci. 2025;19:1551539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1551539.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1449_CR106","first-page":"82","volume":"41","author":"M Critchley","year":"1974","unstructured":"Critchley M. Misoplegia, or hatred of hemiplegia. Mt Sinai J Med. 1974;41:82\u20137.","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"1449_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000475689","volume":"41","author":"MG Delgado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Delgado MG, Bogousslavsky J. Misoplegia [review]. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2018;41:23\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000475689.","journal-title":"Front Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"1449_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510x(94)90278-x","volume":"126","author":"O Blin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Blin O, Rascol O, Azulay JP, Serratrice G, Nieoullon A. A single report of hemiplegic arm stretching related to yawning: further investigation using apomorphine administration. J Neurol Sci. 1994;126:225\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-510x(94)90278-x.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8974-9","volume":"266","author":"M Kojovi\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kojovi\u0107 M, Bhatia KP. Bringing order to higher order motor disorders [review]. J Neurol. 2019;266:797\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-8974-9.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-003-0149-4","volume":"24","author":"F Aboitiz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aboitiz F, Carrasco X, Schr\u00f6ter C, Zaidel D, Zaidel E, Lavados M. The alien hand syndrome: classification of forms reported and discussion of a new condition. Neurol Sci. 2003;24:252\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-003-0149-4.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1076\/neur.8.5.480.16178","volume":"8","author":"M Lavados","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lavados M, Carrasco X, Pe\u00f1a M, Zaidel E, Zaidel D, Aboitiz F. A new sign of callosal disconnection syndrome: agonistic dyspraxia. A case study. Neurocase. 2002;8:480\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/neur.8.5.480.16178.","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"1449_CR112","first-page":"166","volume":"124","author":"P Castaigne","year":"1971","unstructured":"Castaigne P, Laplane D, Degos JD, Augustin P. Comportement tonique d\u2019\u00e9vitement d\u2019origine sous-corticale. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1971;124:166\u20138. [in French].","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"1449_CR113","first-page":"775","volume":"135","author":"D Laplane","year":"1979","unstructured":"Laplane D, Meininger V, Bancaud J, Talairach J, Broglin D. Contribution a l\u2019\u00e9tude anatomo-clinique des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes d\u2019\u00e9vitement. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1979;135:775\u201387.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"1449_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-195801000-00003","volume":"126","author":"D Denny-Brown","year":"1958","unstructured":"Denny-Brown D. The nature of apraxia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1958;126:9\u201332.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"1449_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.5.483","volume":"40","author":"B Lechevalier","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lechevalier B, Andersson JC, Morin P. Hemispheric Disconnection syndrome with a \u2018crossed avoiding\u2019 reaction in a case of Marchiafava-Bignami disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1977;40:483\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.40.5.483.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1449_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acx034","volume":"32","author":"D Dankinas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dankinas D, Melynyte S, Siurkute A, Dapsys K. Pathological imitative behavior and response preparation in schizophrenia. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2017;32:533\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acx034.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1449_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297128","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/297128","volume":"2014","author":"L Iaccarino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iaccarino L, Chieffi S, Iavarone A. Utilization behavior: what is known and what has to be known? [Review]. Behav Neurol. 2014;2014:297128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/297128","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190405","volume":"19","author":"F Lhermitte","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lhermitte F. Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part II: patient behavior in complex and social situations: the environmental dependency syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1986;19:335\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410190405.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.41.3.450","volume":"41","author":"PJ Eslinger","year":"1991","unstructured":"Eslinger PJ, Warner GC, Grattan LM, Easton JD. Frontal lobe utilization behavior associated with paramedian thalamic infarction. Neurology. 1991;41:450\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.41.3.450.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1449_CR120","first-page":"271","volume":"81","author":"MW Hoffmann","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hoffmann MW, Bill PLA. The environmental dependency syndrome, imitation behaviour and utilisation behaviour as presenting symptoms of bilateral frontal lobe infarction due to Moyamoya disease. S Afr Med J. 1992;81:271\u20133.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"1449_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-228003","volume":"50","author":"VW Mark","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mark VW. Functional neurological disorder: extending the diagnosis to other disorders, and proposing an alternate disease term\u2014Attentionally-modifiable disorder. NeuroRehabilitation. 2022;50:179\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/NRE-228003.","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"1449_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schott JM, Rossor MN. The grasp and other primitive reflexes [review]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74: 558\u2009\u2013\u200960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.74.5.558","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.5.558"},{"key":"1449_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.05.003","volume":"153","author":"N Beschin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beschin N, Catani M, Della Sala S, Compulsive hyperphasia. Cortex. 2022;153:143\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.05.003.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1449_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.38.8.1225","volume":"38","author":"J Bogousslavsky","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. Response-to-next-patient-stimulation: a right hemisphere syndrome. Neurology. 1988;38:1225\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.38.8.1225.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1449_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-9452(08)70238-7","volume":"33","author":"P Vuilleumier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vuilleumier P, Staub F, Assal G. Sniffing behaviour, or recognizing a lily by smell, but not recognizing a sock on sight. Cortex. 1997;33:571\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0010-9452(08)70238-7.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1449_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12389","volume":"19","author":"G Vallar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vallar G. Body schema and body image as internal representations of the body, and their disorders. An historical review. J Neuropsychol. 2025;19(Suppl 1):8\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnp.12389.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1449_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03648-6","volume":"24","author":"S Konik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Konik S, Beaud V, Fellrath J, Martinelli I, Guanziroli E, Molteni F, et al. Evaluation of upper limb perception after stroke with the new affected limb perception questionnaire (ALPQ): a study protocol. BMC Neurol. 2024;24:196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-024-03648-6.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203450","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1203450","volume":"14","author":"K Sugawara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sugawara K, Takeuchi T, Harada K, Taki M, Fujimura I, Kogami Y, et al. Self-restraint in a patient with alien hand syndrome following cerebral infarction involving the anterior cerebral artery territory. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1203450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1203450.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2025.115529","volume":"485","author":"J Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park J, Tae WS, Lee S, Pyun SB. White matter tract involvement in anarchic hand syndrome following stroke: diffusion tensor imaging study. Behav Brain Res. 2025;485: 115529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2025.115529.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"1449_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25901","volume":"88","author":"AM Tetreault","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tetreault AM, Phan T, Petersen KJ, Claassen DO, Neth BJ, Graff-Radford J, et al. Network localization of alien limb in patients with corticobasal syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2020;88:1118\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25901.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10792","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814117115","volume":"115","author":"RR Darby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Darby RR, Joutsa J, Burke MJ, Fox MD. Lesion network localization of free will. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:10792\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1814117115.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1449_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2022.100441","volume":"30","author":"B Chung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chung B, Kim M, Kim S, Kang H. A case of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia presenting with alien hand syndrome [letter]. eNeurolSci. 2022;30:100441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ensci.2022.100441.","journal-title":"eNeurolSci"},{"key":"1449_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2020.12.003","volume":"16","author":"WR Wan Yusoff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wan Yusoff WR, Hanafi MH, Ibrahim AH, Kassim NK, Suhaimi A. Unilateral neglect or alien hand syndrome? A diagnostic challenge. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2021;16:288\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtumed.2020.12.003.","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09672-8","volume":"267","author":"DJ Lewis-Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis-Smith DJ, Wolpe N, Ghosh BCP, Rowe JB. Alien limb in the corticobasal syndrome: phenomenological characteristics and relationship to apraxia. J Neurol. 2020;267:1147\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-019-09672-8.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1449_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zalyalova ZA, Munasipova SE. Lobno-visochnaya dementsiya s kortikobazal\u2019nym sindromom. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2022;122:107\u201314 [in Russian]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17116\/jnevro2022122021107","DOI":"10.17116\/jnevro2022122021107"},{"key":"1449_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santander T, Bekir S, Paul T, Simonson JM, Wiemer VM, Skinner HE et al. Full inter-hemispheric integration sustained by a fraction of posterior callosal fibers. bioRxiv. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.02.14.638327","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.14.638327"},{"key":"1449_CR137","first-page":"214","volume":"88","author":"CM Fisher","year":"1963","unstructured":"Fisher CM. Symmetrical mirror movements and left ideomotor apraxia. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1963;88:214\u20136.","journal-title":"Trans Am Neurol Assoc"}],"container-title":["Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-025-01449-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11910-025-01449-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-025-01449-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T03:33:15Z","timestamp":1758252795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11910-025-01449-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-025-01449-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1528-4042","1534-6293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1528-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"All reported studies\/experiments with humans performed by the author have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki declaration and its amendments, institutional\/national research committee standards, and international\/national\/institutional guidelines).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights"}}],"article-number":"63"}}