{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:44:16Z","timestamp":1779918256995,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-026-01492-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:14:28Z","timestamp":1774858468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effects of Adenosine A1\/A3 Receptors Agonist on Improving the Outcomes of TBI and Stroke: Focus on AST-004"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9609-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Di Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S","family":"Raihane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Bacchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Maez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eder","family":"C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alibay","family":"Jafarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshin A.","family":"Divani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1492_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142","volume":"20","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, Martins SO, Pandian J, Lindsay P, et al. World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025. Int J Stroke. 2025;20:132\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17474930241308142.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"1492_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e075049","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075049","volume":"13","author":"B Guan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guan B, Anderson DB, Chen L, Feng S, Zhou H. Global, regional and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e075049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075049.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1492_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2025.102749","volume":"248","author":"MA Barbour","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barbour MA, Whitehead B, Gumbo C, Karelina K, Weil ZM. Traumatic brain injury persistently increases the incidence of both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes: Potential mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol. 2025;248:102749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2025.102749.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1492_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211004277","volume":"16","author":"GM Turner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turner GM, McMullan C, Aiyegbusi OL, Bem D, Marshall T, Calvert M, et al. Stroke risk following traumatic brain injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2021;16:370\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17474930211004277.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"1492_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-024-01382-7","volume":"24","author":"E C\u00e1ceres","year":"2024","unstructured":"C\u00e1ceres E, Olivella JC, Di Napoli M, Raihane AS, Divani AA. Immune Response in Traumatic Brain Injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2024;24:593\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-024-01382-7.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"1492_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01282-2","volume":"23","author":"DL Alsbrook","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsbrook DL, Di Napoli M, Bhatia K, Biller J, Andalib S, Hinduja A, et al. Neuroinflammation in Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2023;23:407\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-023-01282-2.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"1492_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2011.00080","volume":"2","author":"A Faridar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Faridar A, Bershad EM, Emiru T, Iaizzo PA, Suarez JI, Divani AA. Therapeutic hypothermia in stroke and traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2011;2:80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2011.00080.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1492_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.559195","volume":"40","author":"AA Divani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Divani AA, Vazquez G, Barrett AM, Asadollahi M, Luft AR. Risk factors associated with injury attributable to falling among elderly population with history of stroke. Stroke. 2009;40:3286\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.559195.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1492_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987321989865","volume":"6","author":"E Berge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berge E, Whiteley W, Audebert H, De Marchis GM, Fonseca AC, Padiglioni C, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2021;6:I\u2013LXII. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2396987321989865.","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"1492_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211","volume":"50","author":"WJ Powers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019;50:e344\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1492_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041354","volume":"14","author":"A Jafarli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jafarli A, Di Napoli M, Kasper RS, Saver JL, McCullough LD, Salehi-Omran S, et al. Trends in Ischemic Stroke Hospitalization and Outcomes in the United States Pre- and Peri-COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Inpatient Sample Study. J Clin Med. 2025;14:1354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14041354.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1492_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000158","volume":"49","author":"WJ Powers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018;49:e46\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000158.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1492_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411587","volume":"372","author":"OA Berkhemer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berkhemer OA, Fransen PSS, Beumer D, van den Berg LA, Lingsma HF, Yoo AJ, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1411587.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1492_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414792","volume":"372","author":"BCV Campbell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell BCV, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ, Dewey HM, Churilov L, Yassi N, et al. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1009\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1414792.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1492_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-023-01214-9","volume":"16","author":"M Farooqui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Farooqui M, Divani AA, Galecio-Castillo M, Hassan AE, Jumaa MA, Ribo M, et al. Safety Outcomes of Antiplatelet Therapy During Endovascular Treatment of Tandem Lesions in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients. Transl Stroke Res. 2025;16:328\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-023-01214-9.","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"1492_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.11.013","volume":"129","author":"S Grupke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grupke S, Hall J, Dobbs M, Bix GJ, Fraser JF. Understanding history, and not repeating it. Neuroprotection for acute ischemic stroke: From review to preview. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2015;129:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.11.013.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"1492_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3303","volume":"31","author":"BP Lucke-Wold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Bailes JE, Huber JD, Rosen CL. Linking traumatic brain injury to chronic traumatic encephalopathy: identification of potential mechanisms leading to neurofibrillary tangle development. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31:1129\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2013.3303.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1492_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9399-z","volume":"9","author":"KM Helmick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Helmick KM, Spells CA, Malik SZ, Davies CA, Marion DW, Hinds SR. Traumatic brain injury in the US military: epidemiology and key clinical and research programs. Brain Imaging Behav. 2015;9:358\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-015-9399-z.","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"1492_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010928","DOI":"10.3389\/fstro.2022.1010928","volume":"1","author":"ES Fisher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fisher ES, Chen Y, Sifuentes MM, Stubblefield JJ, Lozano D, Holstein DM, et al. Adenosine A1R\/A3R agonist AST-004 reduces brain infarction in mouse and rat models of acute ischemic stroke. Front Stroke. 2022;1:1010928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fstro.2022.1010928.","journal-title":"Front Stroke"},{"key":"1492_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.02.002","volume":"12","author":"D Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun D, Gao W, Hu H, Zhou S. Why 90% of clinical drug development fails and how to improve it? Acta Pharm Sin B. 2022;12:3049\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.02.002.","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"1492_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03737-3","volume":"47","author":"H Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan H, Kaur P, Singh TG, Grewal AK, Sood S. Adenosine as a Key Mediator of Neuronal Survival in Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Neurochem Res. 2022;47:3543\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-022-03737-3.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"1492_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-5793(98)00556-0","volume":"429","author":"C Brodie","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brodie C, Blumberg PM, Jacobson KA. Activation of the A2A adenosine receptor inhibits nitric oxide production in glial cells. FEBS Lett. 1998;429:139\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-5793(98)00556-0.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"1492_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14018","volume":"141","author":"EK Jackson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson EK, Kotermanski SE, Menshikova EV, Dubey RK, Jackson TC, Kochanek PM. Adenosine production by brain cells. J Neurochem. 2017;141:676\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.14018.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1492_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.12.012","volume":"138","author":"JE Coelho","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coelho JE, Rebola N, Fragata I, Ribeiro JA, de Mendon\u00e7a A, Cunha RA. Hypoxia-induced desensitization and internalization of adenosine A1 receptors in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience. 2006;138:1195\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.12.012.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1492_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1098-2299(199611\/12)39:3","volume":"39","author":"KA Jacobson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jacobson KA, Suzuki F. Recent Developments in Selective Agonists and Antagonists Acting at Purine and Pyrimidine Receptors. Drug Dev Res. 1996;39:289\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1098-2299(199611\/12)39:3\/4%253C289::aid-ddr8%253E3.0.co;2-n. . E3.0.co;2-n.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"1492_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398","volume":"120","author":"AK Boehme","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MSV. Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention. Circ Res. 2017;120:472\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"1492_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2020.06.002","volume":"48","author":"SJ Murphy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murphy SJ, Werring DJ. Stroke: causes and clinical features. Med (Abingdon). 2020;48:561\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mpmed.2020.06.002.","journal-title":"Med (Abingdon)"},{"key":"1492_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-023-00987-3","volume":"45","author":"IS Sch\u00e4dlich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4dlich IS, Winzer R, Stabernack J, Tolosa E, Magnus T, Rissiek B. The role of the ATP-adenosine axis in ischemic stroke. Semin Immunopathol. 2023;45:347\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-023-00987-3.","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"1492_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2174\/157015909789152209","volume":"7","author":"RL Williams-Karnesky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Williams-Karnesky RL, Stenzel-Poore MP. Adenosine and stroke: maximizing the therapeutic potential of adenosine as a prophylactic and acute neuroprotectant. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009;7:217\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157015909789152209.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"1492_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625662","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.625662","volume":"11","author":"E Coppi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coppi E, Dettori I, Cherchi F, Bulli I, Venturini M, Pedata F, et al. New Insight into the Role of Adenosine in Demyelination, Stroke and Neuropathic Pain. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:625662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2020.625662.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1492_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5208","volume":"35","author":"AA Divani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Divani AA, Phan J-A, Salazar P, SantaCruz KS, Bachour O, Mahmoudi J, et al. Changes in [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Activities in a Shockwave-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Model Using Lithotripsy. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35:187\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2017.5208.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1492_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432","volume":"80","author":"N Carney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carney N, Totten AM, O\u2019Reilly C, Ullman JS, Hawryluk GWJ, Bell MJ, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80:6\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1492_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04594-1","volume":"163","author":"GF Bruggeman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bruggeman GF, Haitsma IK, Dirven CMF, Volovici V. Traumatic axonal injury (TAI): definitions, pathophysiology and imaging-a narrative review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021;163:31\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-020-04594-1.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"1492_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9169","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0612-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"A Ert\u00fcrk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ert\u00fcrk A, Hellal F, Enes J, Bradke F. Disorganized microtubules underlie the formation of retraction bulbs and the failure of axonal regeneration. J Neurosci. 2007;27:9169\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0612-07.2007.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1492_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6204","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176204","volume":"21","author":"N Irrera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Irrera N, Russo M, Pallio G, Bitto A, Mannino F, Minutoli L, et al. The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:6204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21176204.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1492_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039","volume":"131","author":"AA Ladak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ladak AA, Enam SA, Ibrahim MT. A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurg. 2019;131:126\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"1492_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-023-01407-y","volume":"20","author":"M Baudry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baudry M, Luo YL, Bi X. Calpain-2 Inhibitors as Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2023;20:1592\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-023-01407-y.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1492_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.3558","volume":"72","author":"KN Corps","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corps KN, Roth TL, McGavern DB. Inflammation and neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72:355\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.3558.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"1492_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.10.023","volume":"7","author":"BA Stoica","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stoica BA, Faden AI. Cell death mechanisms and modulation in traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7:3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.10.023.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1492_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052686","volume":"22","author":"C Mele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mele C, Pingue V, Caputo M, Zavattaro M, Pagano L, Prodam F, et al. Neuroinflammation and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Dysfunction: Focus of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:2686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22052686.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1492_CR41","first-page":"34","volume":"9","author":"C Safinia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Safinia C, Bershad EM, Clark HB, SantaCruz K, Alakbarova N, Suarez JI, et al. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes Involved with High-impact Sports. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2016;9:34\u201348.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Neurol"},{"key":"1492_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093344","volume":"21","author":"A Cash","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cash A, Theus MH. Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:3344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21093344.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1492_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24331","volume":"98","author":"S Sulhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sulhan S, Lyon KA, Shapiro LA, Huang JH. Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. J Neurosci Res. 2020;98:19\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.24331.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"1492_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.08.004","volume":"145","author":"RM Jha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jha RM, Kochanek PM, Simard JM. Pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral edema in traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology. 2019;145:230\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.08.004.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"1492_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00287.2022","volume":"134","author":"Y Zadka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zadka Y, Doron O, Rosenthal G, Barnea O. Mechanisms of reduced cerebral blood flow in cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2023;134:444\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00287.2022.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"1492_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126418","volume":"22","author":"S Michinaga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michinaga S, Koyama Y. Pathophysiological Responses and Roles of Astrocytes in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:6418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22126418.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1492_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-02091","volume":"20","author":"MB Cieri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cieri MB, Ramos AJ. Astrocytes, reactive astrogliosis, and glial scar formation in traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res. 2025;20:973\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-02091.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"1492_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa321","volume":"144","author":"AAB Jamjoom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jamjoom AAB, Rhodes J, Andrews PJD, Grant SGN. The synapse in traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2021;144:18\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa321.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1492_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02602-y","volume":"19","author":"X Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu X, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Yao X, Ni W, Zhou K. Emerging role of STING signalling in CNS injury: inflammation, autophagy, necroptosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19:242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-022-02602-y.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1492_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2021.04.023","volume":"172","author":"Z Geng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geng Z, Guo Z, Guo R, Ye R, Zhu W, Yan B. Ferroptosis and traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull. 2021;172:212\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2021.04.023.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"1492_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2022.101828","volume":"77","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang W, Qiao W, Zuo L. A1 and A2b adenosine receptors regulate GPX4 against ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes in myocardial infarction rat model and in vitro. Tissue Cell. 2022;77:101828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tice.2022.101828.","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"1492_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.775","volume":"41","author":"J Linden","year":"2001","unstructured":"Linden J. Molecular approach to adenosine receptors: receptor-mediated mechanisms of tissue protection. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:775\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.775.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"1492_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2174\/157015909789152137","volume":"7","author":"TA Lusardi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lusardi TA. Adenosine neuromodulation and traumatic brain injury. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009;7:228\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157015909789152137.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"1492_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1179\/016164105X21878","volume":"27","author":"FE Parkinson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parkinson FE, Xiong W, Zamzow CR. Astrocytes and neurons: different roles in regulating adenosine levels. Neurol Res. 2005;27:153\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/016164105X21878.","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"200003","key":"1492_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1098-1128","volume":"20","author":"PG Baraldi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA, et al. A(3) adenosine receptor ligands: history and perspectives. Med Res Rev. 2000;20(200003):103\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1098-1128. )20:2%253C103::aid-med1%253E3.0.co;2-x.","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"1492_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.08.002","volume":"596","author":"O Bj\u00f6rklund","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rklund O, Shang M, Tonazzini I, Dar\u00e9 E, Fredholm BB. Adenosine A1 and A3 receptors protect astrocytes from hypoxic damage. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;596:6\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.08.002.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1492_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01113-7","volume":"18","author":"E Bozdemir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bozdemir E, Vigil FA, Chun SH, Espinoza L, Bugay V, Khoury SM, et al. Neuroprotective Roles of the Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonist AST-004 in Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2021;18:2707\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-021-01113-7.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1492_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15022024","volume":"15","author":"S Sheth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sheth S, Brito R, Mukherjea D, Rybak LP, Ramkumar V. Adenosine receptors: expression, function and regulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15:2024\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms15022024.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1492_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-0186(00)00034-6","volume":"38","author":"RA Cunha","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cunha RA. Adenosine as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic regulator in the nervous system: different roles, different sources and different receptors. Neurochem Int. 2001;38:107\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0197-0186(00)00034-6.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"1492_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800618","volume":"202","author":"C van der Putten","year":"2019","unstructured":"van der Putten C, Veth J, Sukurova L, Zuiderwijk-Sick EA, Simonetti E, Koenen HJPM, et al. TLR-Induced IL-12 and CCL2 Production by Myeloid Cells Is Dependent on Adenosine A3 Receptor-Mediated Signaling. J Immunol. 2019;202:2421\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1800618.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1492_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.11.2650-2653.1996","volume":"34","author":"RL Kline","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kline RL, McNairn D, Holodniy M, Mole L, Margolis D, Blattner W, et al. Evaluation of Chiron HIV-1\/HIV-2 recombinant immunoblot assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:2650\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.34.11.2650-2653.1996.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1492_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014401","volume":"5","author":"W Zheng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zheng W, Watts LT, Holstein DM, Prajapati SI, Keller C, Grass EH, et al. Purinergic receptor stimulation reduces cytotoxic edema and brain infarcts in mouse induced by photothrombosis by energizing glial mitochondria. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e14401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0014401.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1492_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.214","volume":"33","author":"W Zheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zheng W, Talley Watts L, Holstein DM, Wewer J, Lechleiter JD. P2Y1R-initiated, IP3R-dependent stimulation of astrocyte mitochondrial metabolism reduces and partially reverses ischemic neuronal damage in mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33:600\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.214.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1492_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.036396","volume":"53","author":"TE Liston","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liston TE, Hama A, Boltze J, Poe RB, Natsume T, Hayashi I, et al. Adenosine A1R\/A3R (Adenosine A1 and A3 Receptor) Agonist AST-004 Reduces Brain Infarction in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Stroke. Stroke. 2022;53:238\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.036396.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1492_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759759","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.759759","volume":"12","author":"G Adusumilli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adusumilli G, Pederson JM, Hardy N, Kallmes KM, Hutchison K, Kobeissi H, et al. Mechanical Thrombectomy With and Without Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Using Nested Knowledge. Front Neurol. 2021;12:759759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.759759.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1492_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2310392","volume":"390","author":"GW Albers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Albers GW, Jumaa M, Purdon B, Zaidi SF, Streib C, Shuaib A, et al. Tenecteplase for Stroke at 4.5 to 24 Hours with Perfusion-Imaging Selection. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:701\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2310392.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1492_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.5.661","volume":"63","author":"KZ Bambauer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bambauer KZ, Johnston SC, Bambauer DE, Zivin JA. Reasons why few patients with acute stroke receive tissue plasminogen activator. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:661\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.63.5.661.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1492_CR68","unstructured":"Patel P, Bollu PC. Tissue Plasminogen Activator Therapy. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Nov 9]. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482376\/. Accessed 9 Nov 2025."},{"key":"1492_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012801","volume":"97","author":"AP Jadhav","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jadhav AP, Desai SM, Jovin TG. Indications for Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Current Guidelines and Beyond. Neurology. 2021;97:S126\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012801.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1492_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.07.006","volume":"179","author":"I-Y Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi I-Y, Lee J-C, Ju C, Hwang S, Cho G-S, Lee HW, et al. A3 adenosine receptor agonist reduces brain ischemic injury and inhibits inflammatory cell migration in rats. Am J Pathol. 2011;179:2042\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.07.006.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1492_CR71","first-page":"154","volume":"54","author":"MJ Evans","year":"1986","unstructured":"Evans MJ, Shami SG, Martinez LA. Enhanced proliferation of pulmonary alveolar macrophages after carbon instillation in mice depleted of blood monocytes by strontium-89. Lab Invest. 1986;54:154\u20139.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"1492_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.013","volume":"246","author":"VE Johnson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson VE, Stewart W, Smith DH. Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2013;246:35\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.013.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1492_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13000","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113000","volume":"23","author":"A Fesharaki-Zadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fesharaki-Zadeh A. Oxidative Stress in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:13000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232113000.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1492_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140057","volume":"5","author":"AF Logsdon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Logsdon AF, Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Huber JD, Rosen CL, Simpkins JW. Role of Microvascular Disruption in Brain Damage from Traumatic Brain Injury. Compr Physiol. 2015;5:1147\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c140057.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"1492_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102472","volume":"10","author":"AT Alouani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alouani AT, Elfouly T. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Detection: Past, Present, and Future. Biomedicines. 2022;10:2472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10102472.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"1492_CR76","first-page":"3","volume":"3","author":"EH Williamson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Williamson EH. Staged intracapsular and orthognathic surgical procedures in the treatment of internal derangement. Facial Orthop Temporomandibular Arthrol. 1986;3:3\u20136.","journal-title":"Facial Orthop Temporomandibular Arthrol"},{"key":"1492_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30258-0","volume":"395","author":"MD Hill","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hill MD, Goyal M, Menon BK, Nogueira RG, McTaggart RA, Demchuk AM, et al. Efficacy and safety of nerinetide for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (ESCAPE-NA1): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;395:878\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30258-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1492_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000069936","volume":"16","author":"GJ Hankey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hankey GJ. Long-term outcome after ischaemic stroke\/transient ischaemic attack. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16(Suppl 1):14\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000069936.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"1492_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041280218","volume":"128","author":"S Jaques","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jaques S, Tobes MC. Morphologic and biochemical variability of tissue and cultured cells from human pheochromocytoma. J Cell Physiol. 1986;128:261\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.1041280218.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1492_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.048917","volume":"56","author":"M Hern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez M, Valls-Carb\u00f3 A, Hern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez M, Molina C, Vivancos Mora J, Castellanos M, et al. Changes in Infarct Volume and Cerebral Edema After Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients With Stroke Randomized to ApTOLL or Placebo: A Secondary Analysis of APRIL Trial. Stroke. 2025;56:2422\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.048917.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1492_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-020-09732-z","volume":"16","author":"TE Liston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liston TE, Hinz S, M\u00fcller CE, Holstein DM, Wendling J, Melton RJ, et al. Nucleotide P2Y1 receptor agonists are in vitro and in vivo prodrugs of A1\/A3 adenosine receptor agonists: implications for roles of P2Y1 and A1\/A3 receptors in physiology and pathology. Purinergic Signalling. 2020;16:543\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11302-020-09732-z.","journal-title":"Purinergic Signalling"},{"key":"1492_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.047207","volume":"55","author":"LM Manna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manna LM, Hernandez J, Hunt DE, Lakner G, Matson MA, Poe RB, et al. First-in-Human Phase I Clinical Trial of the Adenosine A1R\/A3R Agonist AST-004 in Healthy Subjects. Stroke. 2024;55:2795\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.047207.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1492_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-02-355974","volume":"125","author":"JH Griffin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Griffin JH, Zlokovic BV, Mosnier LO. Activated protein C: biased for translation. Blood. 2015;125:2898\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2015-02-355974.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1492_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(16)30368-1","volume":"141","author":"JH Griffin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Griffin JH, Fern\u00e1ndez JA, Lyden PD, Zlokovic BV. Activated protein C promotes neuroprotection: mechanisms and translation to the clinic. Thromb Res. 2016;141(Suppl 2):S62\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0049-3848(16)30368-1.","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"1492_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1160\/TH14-02-0167","volume":"112","author":"AR Rezaie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rezaie AR. Protease-activated receptor signalling by coagulation proteases in endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost. 2014;112:876\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1160\/TH14-02-0167.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"1492_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10448","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04216-2","volume":"61","author":"H Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi H, Song L, Wu Y, Shen R, Zhang C, Liao X, et al. Edaravone Alleviates Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibition of Ferroptosis via FSP1 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol. 2024;61:10448\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-024-04216-2.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1492_CR87","first-page":"25","volume":"43","author":"MP Cruz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cruz MP. Edaravone (Radicava): A Novel Neuroprotective Agent for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. P T. 2018;43:25\u20138.","journal-title":"P T"},{"key":"1492_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.06.012","volume":"57","author":"DG Stein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stein DG. Progesterone exerts neuroprotective effects after brain injury. Brain Res Rev. 2008;57:386\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.06.012.","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"1492_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1065344","volume":"29","author":"DG Stein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stein DG. Embracing failure: What the Phase III progesterone studies can teach about TBI clinical trials. Brain Inj. 2015;29:1259\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02699052.2015.1065344.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"1492_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704801","volume":"136","author":"A Hambrock","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hambrock A, L\u00f6ffler-Walz C, Quast U. Glibenclamide binding to sulphonylurea receptor subtypes: dependence on adenine nucleotides. Br J Pharmacol. 2002;136:995\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704801.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1492_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7421","volume":"38","author":"RM Jha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jha RM, Mondello S, Bramlett HM, Dixon CE, Shear DA, Dietrich WD, et al. Glibenclamide Treatment in Traumatic Brain Injury: Operation Brain Trauma Therapy. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38:628\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2020.7421.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1492_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00249","volume":"9","author":"X-Y Xiong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiong X-Y, Liu L, Yang Q-W. Refocusing Neuroprotection in Cerebral Reperfusion Era: New Challenges and Strategies. Front Neurol. 2018;9:249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00249.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1492_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00049.2017","volume":"98","author":"PA Borea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: The State of the Art. Physiol Rev. 2018;98:1591\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00049.2017.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-026-01492-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11910-026-01492-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11910-026-01492-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:14:33Z","timestamp":1774858473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11910-026-01492-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-026-01492-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-6293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-6293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"23"}}