{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T08:56:43Z","timestamp":1781081803689,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Oncol Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purposeof Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is characterized by the age-associated expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) bearing somatic mutations in genes such as DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, and JAK2, without overt cytopenias or hematologic malignancy. CHIP is increasingly understood as a systemic inflammatory condition that influences extra-hematopoietic organs. Recent findings highlight its role in gastrointestinal (GI) pathology through immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and fibrogenic remodeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the liver, CHIP, particularly TET2 and DNMT3A mutations, enhances IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in Kupffer cells, promoting hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and heightened risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), persistent cytokine exposure may select for pro-inflammatory clones, with TET2-mutant CHIP linked to severe disease phenotypes. In colorectal cancer, mutant macrophage and monocyte populations derived from CHIP alter tumor immune microenvironments, affecting tumor progression and therapeutic responsiveness, including checkpoint blockade efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these findings suggest that hematopoietic clones harboring specific mutations may act as upstream regulators of chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis within the GI tract. This review consolidates gene-specific mechanisms, interactions with the gut-liver immune axis, and implications for targeted interventions linking CHIP with gastrointestinal inflammation, fibrosis, and malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-026-01795-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:57:50Z","timestamp":1781078270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Current Understanding of CHIP\u2019s Immunobiological Footprint with A Focus on Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Kirti","family":"Arora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi","family":"Chowdhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Chowdhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesam","family":"Aleyadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1795_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-03-631747","volume":"126","author":"DP Steensma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steensma DP, Bejar R, Jaiswal S, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and its distinction from myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2015;126(1):9\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2015-03-631747.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"1795_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01613-1","volume":"36","author":"JD Khoury","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khoury JD, Solary E, Abla O, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: Myeloid and histiocytic\/dendritic neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022;36(7):1703\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41375-022-01613-1.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"1795_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2100309","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.21.00309","volume":"6","author":"A Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh A, Mencia-Trinchant N, Griffiths EA, et al. Mutant PPM1D- and TP53-Driven Hematopoiesis Populates the Hematopoietic Compartment in Response to Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy. JCO Precis Oncol. 2022;6:e2100309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/PO.21.00309.","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol"},{"issue":"26","key":"1795_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409405","volume":"371","author":"G Genovese","year":"2014","unstructured":"Genovese G, K\u00e4hler AK, Handsaker RE, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis and blood-cancer risk inferred from blood DNA sequence. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(26):2477\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1409405.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"1795_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408617","volume":"371","author":"S Jaiswal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jaiswal S, Fontanillas P, Flannick J, et al. Age-related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(26):2488\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1408617.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1795_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Whole genome sequencing (WGS), whole exome sequencing (WE... Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/labmed-2014-0025\/html","DOI":"10.1515\/labmed-2014-0025\/html"},{"issue":"3","key":"1795_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030748","volume":"12","author":"V Haselmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haselmann V, Hedtke M, Neumaier M. Liquid profiling for cancer patient stratification in precision medicine-current status and challenges for successful implementation in standard care. Diagnostics. 2022;12(3):748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12030748.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"1795_CR8","unstructured":"Selective advantage of mutant stem cells in human clonal hematopoiesis is associated with attenuated response to inflammation and aging - PubMed. Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38917807\/"},{"issue":"7831","key":"1795_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2819-2","volume":"586","author":"AG Bick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bick AG, Weinstock JS, Nandakumar SK, et al. Inherited causes of clonal haematopoiesis in 97,691 whole genomes. Nature. 2020;586(7831):763\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2819-2.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"1795_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e163968","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163968","volume":"133","author":"SK Pasupuleti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pasupuleti SK, Ramdas B, Burns SS, et al. Obesity-induced inflammation exacerbates clonal hematopoiesis. J Clin Invest. 2023;133(11):e163968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI163968.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"1795_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36906-1.","volume":"14","author":"N Zioni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zioni N, Bercovich AA, Chapal-Ilani N, et al. Inflammatory signals from fatty bone marrow support DNMT3A-driven clonal hematopoiesis. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-36906-1.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1795_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001520","volume":"25","author":"E Sciatti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sciatti E, D\u2019Elia E, Gori M, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential: implications for the cardiologists. J Cardiovasc Med Hagerstown Md. 2024;25(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001520.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med Hagerstown Md"},{"issue":"7958","key":"1795_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05857-4","volume":"616","author":"WJ Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong WJ, Emdin C, Bick AG, et al. Clonal haematopoiesis and risk of chronic liver disease. Nature. 2023;616(7958):747\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-05857-4.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1795_CR14","unstructured":"Clonal hematopoiesis driven by mutated DNMT3A promotes inflammatory bone loss - PubMed. Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38838669\/"},{"key":"1795_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.96951","volume":"13","author":"H Sim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sim H, Park HJ, Park GH, et al. Increased inflammatory signature in myeloid cells of non-small cell lung cancer patients with high clonal hematopoiesis burden. Elife. 2024;13:RP96951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.96951.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"3","key":"1795_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02854-6","volume":"30","author":"C Vlasschaert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vlasschaert C, Robinson-Cohen C, Chen J, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential is associated with acute kidney injury. Nat Med. 2024;30(3):810\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-02854-6.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1795_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224933","volume":"83","author":"F Gutierrez-Rodrigues","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Rodrigues F, Wells KV, Jones AI, et al. Clonal haematopoiesis across the age spectrum of vasculitis patients with Takayasu\u2019s arteritis, ANCA-associated vasculitis and giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(4):508\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2023-224933.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1795_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2019.100587","volume":"37","author":"JP Bewersdorf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bewersdorf JP, Ardasheva A, Podoltsev NA, et al. From clonal hematopoiesis to myeloid leukemia and what happens in between: will improved understanding lead to new therapeutic and preventive opportunities? Blood Rev. 2019;37:100587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.blre.2019.100587.","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1795_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2024.01.006","volume":"61","author":"A Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh A, Balasubramanian S. The crossroads of cancer therapies and clonal hematopoiesis. Semin Hematol. 2024;61(1):16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2024.01.006.","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"1795_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herbrich S, Chaib M, Anandhan S, et al. TET2-mutant clonal hematopoiesis enhances macrophage antigen presentation and improves immune checkpoint therapy in solid tumors. Cancer Cell. Published online October 16, 2025:S1535\u20136108(25)00403\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.09.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.09.011"},{"key":"1795_CR21","unstructured":"DNMT3A and TET2 mutant Clonal Hematopoiesis May Drive a Proinflammatory State and Predict Enhanced Respon\u2026. Accessed December 15, 2025. http:\/\/ouci.dntb.gov.ua\/en\/works\/4O55qbm9\/"},{"issue":"20","key":"1795_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011049","volume":"25","author":"A Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh A, Trinchant NM, Mishra R, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and associations with clonal hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(20):11049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252011049.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1795_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00857","volume":"41","author":"R Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian R, Wiley B, Liu J, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis and risk of incident lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(7):1423\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.22.00857.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1795_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","volume":"67","author":"C Estes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Estes C, Razavi H, Loomba R, Younossi Z, Sanyal AJ. Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease. Hepatology Baltimore Md. 2018;67(1):123\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.29466.","journal-title":"Hepatology Baltimore Md"},{"issue":"11","key":"1795_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13185","volume":"36","author":"L Valenti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valenti L, Bugianesi E, Pajvani U, Targher G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: cause or consequence of type 2 diabetes? Liver Int. 2016;36(11):1563\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.13185.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"1795_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.020","volume":"72","author":"E Tr\u00e9po","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tr\u00e9po E, Valenti L. Update on NAFLD genetics: from new variants to the clinic. J Hepatol. 2020;72(6):1196\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.020.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1795_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.031","volume":"77","author":"GA Baselli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baselli GA, Jamialahmadi O, Pelusi S, et al. Rare ATG7 genetic variants predispose patients to severe fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2022;77(3):596\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.031.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1795_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00372-7","volume":"18","author":"T Kisseleva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kisseleva T, Brenner D. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its regression. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(3):151\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-020-00372-7.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7881","key":"1795_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03974-6","volume":"598","author":"SWK Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng SWK, Rouhani FJ, Brunner SF, et al. Convergent somatic mutations in metabolism genes in chronic liver disease. Nature. 2021;598(7881):473\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03974-6.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1795_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.156000","volume":"160","author":"CG Pontikoglou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pontikoglou CG, Filippatos TD, Matheakakis A, Papadaki HA. Steatotic liver disease in the context of hematological malignancies and anti-neoplastic chemotherapy. Metabolism. 2024;160:156000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.156000.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"1795_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000898","volume":"80","author":"YT Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee YT, Tseng HR, Yang JD. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: new kids on the block. Hepatology Baltimore Md. 2024;80(4):763\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000898.","journal-title":"Hepatology Baltimore Md"},{"issue":"4","key":"1795_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000839","volume":"80","author":"A Marchetti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marchetti A, Pelusi S, Marella A, et al. Impact of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential on hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals with steatotic liver disease. Hepatology Baltimore Md. 2024;80(4):816\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000839.","journal-title":"Hepatology Baltimore Md"},{"issue":"12","key":"1795_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001406","volume":"100","author":"AR Murali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murali AR, Chandra S, Stewart Z, et al. Graft versus host disease after liver transplantation in adults: a case series, review of literature, and an approach to management. Transplantation. 2016;100(12):2661\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TP.0000000000001406.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"11","key":"1795_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-3840","volume":"30","author":"AJ Silver","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silver AJ, Vlasschaert C, Mack T, et al. Solid organ transplant recipients exhibit more TET2-mutant clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential not driven by increased transplantation risk. Clin Cancer Res. 2024;30(11):2475\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-3840.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1795_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16635","volume":"21","author":"LF Newell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Newell LF, Dunlap J, Gatter K, et al. Graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation is associated with bone marrow failure, hemophagocytosis, and DNMT3A mutations. Am J Transplant. 2021;21(12):3894\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajt.16635.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"1795_CR36","unstructured":"Donor Clonal Hematopoiesis and Recipient Outcomes After Transplantation - PubMed. Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34793200\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"1795_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.79.2184","volume":"37","author":"M Frick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frick M, Chan W, Arends CM, et al. Role of donor clonal hematopoiesis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(5):375\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2018.79.2184.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1795_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hs9.0000844864.24634.74","volume":"6","author":"A Abomhya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abomhya A, Razzaq A, Lukose S. P494: myeloid leukemia in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a retrospective cohort study. HemaSphere. 2022;6:393\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.hs9.0000844864.24634.74.","journal-title":"HemaSphere"},{"key":"1795_CR39","unstructured":"Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and risk of incident Crohn\u2019s disease-a prospective cohort study - PubMed. Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40651007\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"1795_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.20080","volume":"297","author":"H Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu H, Wei J, Yu Y, Wang N, Tan X. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and the risk of autoimmune diseases. J Intern Med. 2025;297(6):642\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.20080.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"1795_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2019.11.008","volume":"80","author":"CRC Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang CRC, Nix D, Gregory M, et al. Inflammatory cytokines promote clonal hematopoiesis with specific mutations in ulcerative colitis patients. Exp Hematol. 2019;80:36-41.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exphem.2019.11.008.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1795_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae312","volume":"31","author":"M Esai Selvan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Esai Selvan M, Nathan DI, Guisado D, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential in Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2025;31(8):2123\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izae312.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1795_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2400863","volume":"11","author":"M Hebbar","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hebbar M, Kozlowski D, Wattel E, et al. Association between myelodysplastic syndromes and inflammatory bowel diseases. Report of seven new cases and review of the literature. Leukemia. 1997;11(12):2188\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.leu.2400863.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"9","key":"1795_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.239","volume":"111","author":"LH Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang LH, Yang YJ, Cheng WC, Wang WM, Lin SH, Shieh CC. Higher risk for hematological malignancies in inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(9):1313\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2016.239.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1795_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.873896","volume":"12","author":"C Cumbo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cumbo C, Tarantini F, Zagaria A, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis at the crossroads of inflammatory bowel diseases and hematological malignancies: a biological link? Front Oncol. 2022;12:873896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.873896.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1795_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199905000-00005","volume":"5","author":"GC Harewood","year":"1999","unstructured":"Harewood GC, Loftus EV, Tefferi A, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ. Concurrent inflammatory bowel disease and myelodysplastic syndromes. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1999;5(2):98\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00054725-199905000-00005.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1795_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07714-2","volume":"68","author":"NA Cohen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cohen NA, Kliper E, Zamstein N, et al. Trends in biochemical parameters, healthcare resource and medication use in the 5 years preceding IBD diagnosis: a health maintenance organization cohort study. Dig Dis Sci. 2023;68(2):414\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-022-07714-2.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"1795_CR48","unstructured":"Concurrent inflammatory bowel disease and myelodysplastic syndrome: report of nine new cases and a review of the literature - PubMed. Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18080760\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"1795_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199811000-00001","volume":"77","author":"X Bosch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bosch X, Bernadich O, Vera M. The association between Crohn disease and the myelodysplastic syndromes. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1998;77(6):371\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005792-199811000-00001.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1795_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01121-z","volume":"54","author":"SP Kar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kar SP, Quiros PM, Gu M, et al. Genome-wide analyses of 200,453 individuals yield new insights into the causes and consequences of clonal hematopoiesis. Nat Genet. 2022;54(8):1155\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-022-01121-z.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1795_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.54221","volume":"6","author":"BH Diplas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Diplas BH, Ptashkin R, Chou JF, et al. Clinical importance of clonal hematopoiesis in metastatic gastrointestinal tract cancers. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(2):e2254221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.54221.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"1795_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230011","volume":"220","author":"Y Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng Y, Yuan Q, Newsome RC, et al. Hematopoietic-specific heterozygous loss of Dnmt3a exacerbates colitis-associated colon cancer. J Exp Med. 2023;220(11):e20230011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20230011.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1795_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-24-1342","volume":"34","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, Xi Z, Zhou J, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential as a predictor of colorectal cancer risk: insights from the UK Biobank cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2025;34(3):405\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-24-1342.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"22","key":"1795_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35455","volume":"130","author":"P Desai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Desai P, Zhou Y, Grenet J, et al. Association of clonal hematopoiesis and mosaic chromosomal alterations with solid malignancy incidence and mortality. Cancer. 2024;130(22):3879\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.35455.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"16_suppl","key":"1795_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23318","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.e23318","volume":"43","author":"K Arora","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arora K, Ni Y, Arora A, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis in patients with non-hematologic cancers: prevalence and detectability in primary tumor tissue. J Clin Oncol. 2025;43(16_suppl):e23318\u2013e23318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.e23318.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1795_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40256-9","volume":"13","author":"R Anandakrishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anandakrishnan R, Zyvoloski IJ, Zyvoloski LR, Opoku NK, Dai A, Antony V. Potential immunosuppressive clonal hematopoietic mutations in tumor infiltrating immune cells in breast invasive carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):13131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-40256-9.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"16","key":"1795_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2413361","volume":"392","author":"O Pich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pich O, Bernard E, Zagorulya M, et al. Tumor-infiltrating clonal hematopoiesis. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(16):1594\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2413361.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1795_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz157","volume":"112","author":"EA Comen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Comen EA, Bowman RL, Selenica P, et al. Evaluating clonal hematopoiesis in tumor-infiltrating leukocytes in breast cancer and secondary hematologic malignancies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020;112(1):107\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djz157.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"9","key":"1795_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00843-3","volume":"23","author":"R Belizaire","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belizaire R, Wong WJ, Robinette ML, Ebert BL. Clonal haematopoiesis and dysregulation of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023;23(9):595\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-023-00843-3.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1795_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016835","volume":"141","author":"F Caiado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caiado F, Kovtonyuk LV, Gonullu NG, Fullin J, Boettcher S, Manz MG. Aging drives Tet2+\/- clonal hematopoiesis via IL-1 signaling. Blood. 2023;141(8):886\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2022016835.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1795_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2020.01.011","volume":"83","author":"EK Cook","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cook EK, Luo M, Rauh MJ. Clonal hematopoiesis and inflammation: partners in leukemogenesis and comorbidity. Exp Hematol. 2020;83:85\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exphem.2020.01.011.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"key":"1795_CR62","unstructured":"Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade is Enhanced in the Presence of Hematopoietic TET2 Inactivation. - DKFZ. Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/inrepo02.dkfz.de\/record\/305751"},{"issue":"2","key":"1795_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.07.020","volume":"47","author":"W Pan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan W, Zhu S, Qu K, et al. The DNA methylcytosine dioxygenase Tet2 sustains immunosuppressive function of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells to promote melanoma progression. Immunity. 2017;47(2):284-297.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.07.020.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"9","key":"1795_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2024.06.008","volume":"30","author":"SR Goldsmith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goldsmith SR, Shouse G, Wong FL, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis is associated with severe cytokine release syndrome in patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) therapy. Transplant Cell Ther. 2024;30(9):927.e1-927.e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtct.2024.06.008.","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"1795_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021014108","volume":"139","author":"CM Arends","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arends CM, Dimitriou S, Stahler A, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis is associated with improved survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer from the FIRE-3 trial. Blood. 2022;139(10):1593\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2021014108.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"1795_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-24-0522","volume":"5","author":"T Krishnan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Krishnan T, Solar Vasconcelos JP, Titmuss E, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and its association with treatment outcomes and adverse events in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Res Commun. 2025;5(1):66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-24-0522.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Commun"},{"issue":"27","key":"1795_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026834","volume":"383","author":"DB Beck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beck DB, Ferrada MA, Sikora KA, et al. Somatic mutations in UBA1 and severe adult-onset autoinflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2628\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2026834.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1795_CR68","unstructured":"VEXAS syndrome - PubMed. Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38819628\/"},{"issue":"10","key":"1795_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e719","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(25)00197-3","volume":"7","author":"A Kaul","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaul A, Al-Hakim A, Lachmann H, Kulasekararaj A, Savic S. VEXAS syndrome and immune-mediated rheumatic diseases: overlaps in clinical features and mechanisms. Lancet Rheumatol. 2025;7(10):e719\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(25)00197-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"1795_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106362","volume":"183","author":"R Roskoski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roskoski R. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in the treatment of neoplastic and inflammatory disorders. Pharmacol Res. 2022;183:106362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106362.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1795_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2010.12.014","volume":"19","author":"W Xu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xu W, Yang H, Liu Y, et al. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of \u03b1-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Cancer Cell. 2011;19(1):17\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccr.2010.12.014.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"1795_CR72","unstructured":"Castellan F, Mustion G, Wong M, Johansson K, Goldberg S, et al.. IDH1\/2 somatic hotspot mutations as independent drivers of autoinflammation [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2025;77(Suppl 9). https:\/\/acrabstracts.org\/abstract\/idh1-2-somatic-hotspot-mutations-as-independent-drivers-of-autoinflammation\/. Accessed February 14, 2026."},{"issue":"11","key":"1795_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0927-5","volume":"34","author":"CB Jing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jing CB, Fu C, Prutsch N, Wang M, He S, Look AT. Synthetic lethal targeting of TET2-mutant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with TOP1-targeted drugs and PARP1 inhibitors. Leukemia. 2020;34(11):2992\u20133006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41375-020-0927-5.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"1795_CR74","unstructured":"Mitochondrial metabolism sustains DNMT3A-R882-mutant clonal haematopoiesis. Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/www.repository.cam.ac.uk\/items\/7a55b37b-9421-4acd-b644-1153a71ea0a8"},{"issue":"7","key":"1795_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-11-684225","volume":"128","author":"RE Rau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rau RE, Rodriguez BA, Luo M, et al. DOT1L as a therapeutic target for the treatment of DNMT3A-mutant acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2016;128(7):971\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2015-11-684225.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1795_CR76","unstructured":"Loss of Dnmt3a impairs hematopoietic homeostasis and myeloid cell skewing via the PI3Kinase pathway - PubMed. Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36976647\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"1795_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.0802","volume":"8","author":"OS Ashruf","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ashruf OS, Hundal J, Mushtaq A, Kaelber DC, Anwer F, Singh A. Hematologic cancers among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed GLP-1 receptor agonists. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(3):e250802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.0802.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1795_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1188926","volume":"14","author":"C Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu C, Chen H, Hu B, Shi J, Chen Y, Huang K. New insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins in cancer. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1188926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1188926.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Current Oncology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11912-026-01795-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11912-026-01795-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11912-026-01795-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:57:58Z","timestamp":1781078278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11912-026-01795-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11912-026-01795-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-6269"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-6269","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"66"}}