{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:46:03Z","timestamp":1785836763855,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Oncol Rep"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-026-01812-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T07:58:13Z","timestamp":1785830293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunotherapy Resistance in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: from Tumor Biology to Biomarker-Guided Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Layal","family":"Al Mahmasani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Mourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noura","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3725-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Shamseddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1812_CR1","unstructured":"The American Cancer Society Medical and Editorial Content Team. Survival Rates for Pancreatic Cancer. 2026."},{"issue":"21","key":"1812_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.5553","volume":"34","author":"AA Khorana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khorana AA, et al. Potentially curable pancreatic cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(21):2541\u201356.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1812_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.1588","volume":"5","author":"EM O\u2019Reilly","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly EM, et al. Durvalumab With or Without Tremelimumab for Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(10):1431\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0927-5","volume":"18","author":"D Thomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas D, Radhakrishnan P. Tumor-stromal crosstalk in pancreatic cancer and tissue fibrosis. Mol Cancer. 2019;18(1):14.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"1812_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17101599","author":"F Glapi\u0144ski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Glapi\u0144ski F, et al. The role of the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: recent advancements and emerging therapeutic strategies. Cancers (Basel). 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17101599.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"1812_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17050785","author":"P Uniyal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Uniyal P, et al. KRAS mutations in cancer: understanding signaling pathways to immune regulation and the potential of immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel). 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17050785.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"1812_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a031435","author":"AM Waters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waters AM, Der CJ. KRAS: the critical driver and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a031435.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1812_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03362-3","volume":"31","author":"AM Varghese","year":"2025","unstructured":"Varghese AM, et al. Clinicogenomic landscape of pancreatic adenocarcinoma identifies KRAS mutant dosage as prognostic of overall survival. Nat Med. 2025;31(2):466\u201377.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-08101-1","volume":"16","author":"L Tian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tian L, et al. Oncogenic KRAS mutations drive immune suppression through immune-related regulatory network and metabolic reprogramming. Cell Death Dis. 2025;16(1):785.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21736-w","volume":"12","author":"I Ischenko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ischenko I, et al. KRAS drives immune evasion in a genetic model of pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1482.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-0489","volume":"15","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, et al. Combined KRAS Inhibition and Immune Therapy Generates Durable Complete Responses in an Autochthonous PDAC Model. Cancer Discov. 2025;15(1):162\u201378.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"10","key":"1812_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211937120","volume":"120","author":"SS Mello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mello SS, et al. Multifaceted role for p53 in pancreatic cancer suppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(10):e2211937120.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1812_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.665265","volume":"9","author":"F Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang F, et al. TP53 mutational status-based genomic signature for prognosis and predicting therapeutic response in pancreatic cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:665265.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1812_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.10.019","volume":"10","author":"Q Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo Q, et al. The role of TGF-\u03b2 in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Genes Dis. 2023;10(4):1513\u201324.","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"1812_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1649179","volume":"15","author":"F Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen F, et al. The pivotal role of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad pathway in fibrosis pathogenesis and treatment. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1649179.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1812_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46040177","volume":"46","author":"D Stefanoudakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stefanoudakis D, et al. Significance of TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4 and KRAS in Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024;46(4):2827\u201344.","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"1812_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13164040","author":"M Caforio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caforio M, et al. PI3K\/Akt pathway: the indestructible role of a vintage target as a support to the most recent immunotherapeutic approaches. Cancers (Basel). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13164040.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"15","key":"1812_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157326","volume":"26","author":"E Cecerska-Hery\u0107","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cecerska-Hery\u0107 E, et al. TGF-\u03b2 signaling in cancer: mechanisms of progression and therapeutic targets. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(15):7326.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1812_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1758835918816281","volume":"10","author":"K Young","year":"2018","unstructured":"Young K, et al. Immunotherapy and pancreatic cancer: unique challenges and potential opportunities. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2018;10:1758835918816281.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Med Oncol"},{"key":"1812_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1717062","volume":"16","author":"X Hui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hui X, et al. Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment to overcome immunotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1717062.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00681-z","volume":"8","author":"Y Ju","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ju Y, et al. Barriers and opportunities in pancreatic cancer immunotherapy. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2024;8(1):199.","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"1812_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.613815","volume":"11","author":"ZC Schmiechen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmiechen ZC, Stromnes IM. Mechanisms governing immunotherapy resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol. 2020;11:613815.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1812_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24891","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.24891","volume":"2","author":"TA Mace","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mace TA, Bloomston M, Lesinski GB. Pancreatic cancer-associated stellate cells: A viable target for reducing immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology. 2013;2(7):e24891.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"1812_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10090316","author":"M Weniger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weniger M, Honselmann KC, Liss AS. The extracellular matrix and pancreatic cancer: a complex relationship. Cancers (Basel). 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers10090316.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"8Supplement1","key":"1812_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2025-131","volume":"85","author":"IR Eissa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eissa IR, et al. Abstract 131: PDAC tumor growth suppression by targeting the CD49b collagen receptor through modulating the CD8\u2009+\u2009T cell infiltration. Cancer Res. 2025;85(8Supplement1):131\u2013131.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1812_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02134-6","volume":"26","author":"M Shakiba","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shakiba M, Tuveson DA. Macrophages and fibroblasts as regulators of the immune response in pancreatic cancer. Nat Immunol. 2025;26(5):678\u201391.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1812_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0322","volume":"5","author":"IM Stromnes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stromnes IM, et al. T-cell Localization, Activation, and Clonal Expansion in Human Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Immunol Res. 2017;5(11):978\u201391.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"1812_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12082274","author":"D Saka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saka D, et al. Mechanisms of T-cell exhaustion in pancreatic cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12082274.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"1812_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-031621-024600","volume":"18","author":"MH Sherman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sherman MH, Beatty GL. Tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance. Annu Rev Pathol. 2023;18:123\u201348.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1812_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.06.062","volume":"20","author":"JE Jang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jang JE, et al. Crosstalk between Regulatory T Cells and Tumor-Associated Dendritic Cells Negates Anti-tumor Immunity in Pancreatic Cancer. Cell Rep. 2017;20(3):558\u201371.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1812_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.993","volume":"6","author":"A Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang A, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote M2 polarization of macrophages in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med. 2017;6(2):463\u201370.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-019-0226-9","volume":"8","author":"SK Daniel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daniel SK, et al. Hypoxia as a barrier to immunotherapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Clin Transl Med. 2019;8(1):10.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"1812_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4054815","author":"S Matosevic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matosevic S. Viral and nonviral engineering of natural killer cells as emerging adoptive cancer immunotherapies. J Immunol Res. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4054815.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1812_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020515","volume":"26","author":"S Fanijavadi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fanijavadi S, Thomassen M, Jensen LH. Targeting Triple NK Cell Suppression Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review of Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(2):515.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1812_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030405","volume":"13","author":"ZX Malchiodi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malchiodi ZX, Weiner LM. Understanding and Targeting Natural Killer Cell-Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Interactions in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers. 2021;13(3):405.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"1812_CR36","unstructured":"Marcon F. The role of natural killer cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, in School of Immunity and Infection. University of Birmingham; 2021."},{"key":"1812_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v231","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz246.090","volume":"30","author":"N Halama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halama N, et al. Phase I\/II study with CXCL12 inhibitor NOX-A12 and pembrolizumab in patients with microsatellite-stable, metastatic colorectal or pancreatic cancer. Ann Oncol. 2019;30:v231.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37909-5","volume":"9","author":"E Katsuta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katsuta E, et al. Pancreatic adenocarcinomas with mature blood vessels have better overall survival. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1310.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1812_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14040995","author":"M Muller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muller M, et al. The immune landscape of human pancreatic ductal carcinoma: key players, clinical implications, and challenges. Cancers (Basel). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14040995.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03898-w","volume":"74","author":"S Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang S, et al. Targeting OAS3 for reversing M2d infiltration and restoring anti-tumor immunity in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2024;74(1):37.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"8","key":"1812_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04440-0","volume":"149","author":"M Davern","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davern M, et al. Nutrient deprivation and hypoxia alter T cell immune checkpoint expression: potential impact for immunotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2023;149(8):5377\u201395.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1812_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00248","volume":"8","author":"K Renner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Renner K, et al. Metabolic Hallmarks of Tumor and Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol. 2017;8:248.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1812_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104220","volume":"29","author":"R Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu R, et al. Metabolic reprogramming in KRAS-mutant cancers: proven targetable vulnerabilities and potential therapeutic strategies. Drug Discov Today. 2024;29(12):104220.","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01453-1","volume":"16","author":"L Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang L, et al. Amino acid metabolism in immune cells: essential regulators of the effector functions, and promising opportunities to enhance cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol. 2023;16(1):59.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"1812_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1564603","volume":"16","author":"J Shi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shi J, et al. Crosstalk between the tumor immune microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer: new frontiers in immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1564603.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1812_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mog2.70045","volume":"4","author":"T Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang T, Gao P, Sun L. Targeting metabolic reprogramming in tumor: from mechanisms to precision immunotherapies. MedComm Oncol. 2025;4(4):e70045.","journal-title":"MedComm Oncol"},{"issue":"6Supplement","key":"1812_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2024-3873","volume":"84","author":"I Zamora","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zamora I, et al. Abstract 3873: Understanding spatial organization of cellular plasticity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 2024;84(6Supplement):3873\u20133873.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1812_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-018-00195-5","volume":"50","author":"MA Alvarez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alvarez MA, et al. TGF-\u03b2 inhibitors in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2019;50(2):207\u201313.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"1812_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3513","volume":"19","author":"AM Krebs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krebs AM, et al. The EMT-activator Zeb1 is a key factor for cell plasticity and promotes metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Nat Cell Biol. 2017;19(5):518\u201329.","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"1812_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14222512","author":"N Abbas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abbas N, et al. An atypical case of pancreatic cancer with mesenchymal differentiation in a patient with primary lung adenocarcinoma: insights into tumor biology and novel therapeutic pathways. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14222512.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"1812_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.04.144","volume":"34","author":"A Machmouchi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Machmouchi A, et al. P-88 Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: an emerging prognostic tool in resectable pancreatic cancer, a retrospective study. Ann Oncol. 2023;34:S44\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"1812_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071760","author":"AM Cornel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cornel AM, Mimpen IL, Nierkens S. MHC class I downregulation in cancer: underlying mechanisms and potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel). 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12071760.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23723556.2017.1405139","volume":"5","author":"LT Geller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Geller LT, Straussman R. Intratumoral bacteria may elicit chemoresistance by metabolizing anticancer agents. Mol Cell Oncol. 2018;5(1):e1405139.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Oncol"},{"key":"1812_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1675677","volume":"16","author":"H Duan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duan H, et al. Microbial metabolites and their influence on the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1675677.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6264","key":"1812_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4255","volume":"350","author":"A Sivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sivan A, et al. Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy. Science. 2015;350(6264):1084\u20139.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1812_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1519277","volume":"15","author":"M Sindaco","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sindaco M, et al. The human microbiota: a double-edged sword against the \u201cSword of Damocles\u201d in PDAC diagnosis and therapy. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1519277.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"1812_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143431","author":"R Bellotti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bellotti R, et al. Micro- and mycobiota dysbiosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development. Cancers (Basel). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13143431.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1812_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3099","volume":"24","author":"ZI Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu ZI, et al. Evaluating Mismatch Repair Deficiency in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Challenges and Recommendations. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(6):1326\u201336.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1812_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00894-y","volume":"6","author":"A Marabelle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marabelle A, et al. Pembrolizumab in microsatellite-instability-high and mismatch-repair-deficient advanced solid tumors: updated results of the KEYNOTE-158 trial. Nat Cancer. 2025;6(2):253\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"1812_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.04.012","volume":"188","author":"J Ta\u00efeb","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ta\u00efeb J, et al. Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in microsatellite unstable\/mismatch repair-deficient advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: an AGEO European cohort. Eur J Cancer. 2023;188:90\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"1812_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-004485","author":"S Chakrabarti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chakrabarti S, et al. Detection of microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) by liquid biopsy predicts robust and durable response to immunotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2021-004485.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"1812_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300092","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.23.00092","volume":"7","author":"JCF Quintanilha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quintanilha JCF, et al. Tumor Mutational Burden in Real-World Patients With Pancreatic Cancer: Genomic Alterations and Predictive Value for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Effectiveness. JCO Precis Oncol. 2023;7:e2300092.","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol"},{"issue":"4suppl","key":"1812_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.4_suppl.753","volume":"41","author":"L Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu L, et al. The utility of PD-L1 as a prognostic marker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(4suppl):753\u2013753.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1812_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2018.03.007","volume":"17","author":"HL Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao HL, et al. The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression in pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2018;17(2):95\u2013100.","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"issue":"23","key":"1812_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.03238","volume":"39","author":"R Casolino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Casolino R, et al. Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Prevalence Meta-Analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(23):2617\u201331.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1812_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.0611","volume":"8","author":"G Terrero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Terrero G, et al. Ipilimumab\/Nivolumab Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic or Biliary Cancer With Homologous Recombination Deficiency Pathogenic Germline Variants. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8(6):1\u20133.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1812_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00369-2","volume":"23","author":"KA Reiss","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reiss KA, et al. Niraparib plus nivolumab or niraparib plus ipilimumab in patients with platinum-sensitive advanced pancreatic cancer: a randomised, phase 1b\/2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23(8):1009\u201320.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"1812_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmogo.2024.100042","author":"EB Faber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Faber EB, et al. Exploring the differences in the tumor microenvironment and immuno-oncologic targets in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) according to KRAS mutational status. ESMO Gastrointest Oncol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esmogo.2024.100042.","journal-title":"ESMO Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"1812_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/apc-24-2","author":"ES Christenson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Christenson ES, et al. The impact of KRAS mutations on the clinical outcome and immune response following immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Ann Pancreat Cancer. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/apc-24-2.","journal-title":"Ann Pancreat Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"1812_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006209","volume":"281","author":"D Shah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shah D, et al. Prospective Evaluation of Circulating Tumor DNA Using Next-generation Sequencing as a Biomarker During Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Localized Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg. 2025;281(6):997\u20131005.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"1812_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03876-4","volume":"31","author":"ZA Wainberg","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wainberg ZA, et al. Lymph node-targeted, mKRAS-specific amphiphile vaccine in pancreatic and colorectal cancer: phase 1 AMPLIFY-201 trial final results. Nat Med. 2025;31(11):3648\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-10811-8","volume":"23","author":"SJ Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park SJ, et al. Clinical significance of serum-derived exosomal PD-L1 expression in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer. 2023;23(1):389.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"13","key":"1812_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133305","volume":"20","author":"A Lux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lux A, et al. c-Met and PD-L1 on Circulating Exosomes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(13):3305.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1812_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.05.005","volume":"58","author":"Z Mei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mei Z, et al. Prognostic role of pretreatment blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in advanced cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 66 cohort studies. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;58:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1812_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2017.12.009","volume":"20","author":"NG Mowbray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mowbray NG, et al. A meta-analysis of the utility of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting survival after pancreatic cancer resection. HPB (Oxford). 2018;20(5):379\u201384.","journal-title":"HPB (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1812_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2020.08.001","volume":"23","author":"T Kumai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumai T, et al. Effect of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy on immunological parameters and prognosis in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Cytotherapy. 2021;23(2):137\u201345.","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"1812_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103489","volume":"9","author":"TD Christensen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Christensen TD, et al. Circulating immune-related proteins associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. ESMO Open. 2024;9(6):103489.","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320726","volume":"70","author":"C Luchini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luchini C, et al. Comprehensive characterisation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with microsatellite instability: histology, molecular pathology and clinical implications. Gut. 2021;70(1):148\u201356.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6349","key":"1812_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6733","volume":"357","author":"DT Le","year":"2017","unstructured":"Le DT, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade. Science. 2017;357(6349):409\u201313.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1812_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1569884","volume":"15","author":"A Al-Khinji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al-Khinji A, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta analysis of clinical outcomes. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1569884.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32591-8","volume":"13","author":"DJ Renouf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Renouf DJ, et al. The CCTG PA.7 phase II trial of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel with or without durvalumab and tremelimumab as initial therapy in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):5020.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.02105","volume":"38","author":"A Marabelle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marabelle A, et al. Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in Patients With Noncolorectal High Microsatellite Instability\/Mismatch Repair-Deficient Cancer: Results From the Phase II KEYNOTE-158 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"23","key":"1812_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2017699","volume":"383","author":"T Andr\u00e9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9 T, et al. Pembrolizumab in microsatellite-instability\u2013high advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2207\u201318.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10476","key":"1812_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02848-4","volume":"405","author":"T Andr\u00e9","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9 T, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus nivolumab in microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer (CheckMate 8HW): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2025;405(10476):383\u201395.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"17","key":"1812_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4685","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-0327","volume":"27","author":"L Marcus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marcus L, et al. FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Tumor Mutational Burden-High Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(17):4685\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy495","volume":"30","author":"TA Chan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan TA, et al. Development of tumor mutation burden as an immunotherapy biomarker: utility for the oncology clinic. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(1):44\u201356.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"1812_CR87","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly EM et al. Daraxonrasib or chemotherapy in previously treated metastatic pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 0(0)."},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68324-4","volume":"17","author":"AL Huff","year":"2026","unstructured":"Huff AL, et al. Mutant KRAS vaccine with dual checkpoint blockade in resected pancreatic cancer: a phase I trial. Nat Commun. 2026;17(1):1538.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"1812_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.07.002","volume":"41","author":"KK Mahadevan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahadevan KK, et al. KRAS(G12D) inhibition reprograms the microenvironment of early and advanced pancreatic cancer to promote FAS-mediated killing by CD8(+) T cells. Cancer Cell. 2023;41(9):1606\u2013e16208.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"17","key":"1812_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2023.07.025","volume":"58","author":"KK Mahadevan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahadevan KK, et al. Elimination of oncogenic KRAS in genetic mouse models eradicates pancreatic cancer by inducing FAS-dependent apoptosis by CD8(+) T cells. Dev Cell. 2023;58(17):1562\u2013e15778.","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"1812_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005573","author":"JG Maule","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maule JG, et al. Comparison of PD-L1 tumor cell expression with 22C3, 28\u2009\u2212\u20098, and SP142 IHC assays across multiple tumor types. J Immunother Cancer. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2022-005573.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"1812_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2746","volume":"13","author":"T Nomi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nomi T, et al. Clinical significance and therapeutic potential of the programmed death-1 ligand\/programmed death-1 pathway in human pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(7):2151\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"1812_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1603855","volume":"16","author":"T Kansha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kansha T, et al. Exosomal PD-L1 detection in cancer predictive biomarker for response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1603855.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1812_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kansha T et al. Exosomal PD-L1 detection in cancer predictive biomarker for response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Front Immunol, 2025. Volume 16\u20132025.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1603855"},{"issue":"58","key":"1812_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99003","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20871","volume":"8","author":"ZS Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu ZS, et al. Prognostic role of the pre-treatment platelet-lymphocyte ratio in pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;8(58):99003\u201312.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1812_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu M et al. Multi-omics analyses inform mechanisms of immunotherapy response in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol, 2025. Volume 16\u20132025.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1673098"},{"issue":"11","key":"1812_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-025-04190-1","volume":"74","author":"A Xagara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xagara A, et al. Profiling of circulating T-cells with prognostic and predictive value in early and advanced stage PDAC. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2025;74(11):333.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"1812_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114052","volume":"147","author":"M Piao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Piao M, et al. Peripheral blood PD-1\u2009+\u2009T lymphocytes as biomarkers in liquid biopsies for solid tumors: clinical significance and prognostic applications. Int Immunopharmacol. 2025;147:114052.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000189","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000189","volume":"8","author":"F Choueiry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choueiry F, et al. CD200 promotes immunosuppression in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(1):e000189.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"13","key":"1812_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0418","volume":"26","author":"W Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park W, et al. Genomic Methods Identify Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Pancreas Adenocarcinoma and Optimize Treatment Selection. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26(13):3239\u201347.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1812_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13092249","volume":"13","author":"S van Wilpe","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Wilpe S, et al. Homologous recombination repair deficiency and implications for tumor immunogenicity. Cancers. 2021;13(9):2249.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.060","volume":"152","author":"JL Humphris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Humphris JL, et al. Hypermutation In Pancreatic Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(1):68\u2013e742.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1812_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlb.2025.100441","volume":"10","author":"MM Steiniche","year":"2025","unstructured":"Steiniche MM, et al. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) as a predictor of progression-free and overall survival in non-resectable pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Liquid Biopsy. 2025;10:100441.","journal-title":"J Liquid Biopsy"},{"key":"1812_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32110589","author":"S Ojha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ojha S, et al. CtDNA in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a critical appraisal. Curr Oncol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol32110589.","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1812_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0467","volume":"23","author":"R Perets","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perets R, et al. Mutant KRAS circulating tumor DNA is an accurate tool for pancreatic cancer monitoring. Oncologist. 2018;23(5):566\u201372.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"1812_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16223725","author":"U Gezer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gezer U, et al. LINE-1 cfDNA methylation as an emerging biomarker in solid cancers. Cancers (Basel). 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16223725.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00528-y","volume":"11","author":"MV Garc\u00eda-Ortiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Ortiz MV, et al. Diagnosing and monitoring pancreatic cancer through cell-free DNA methylation: progress and prospects. Biomark Res. 2023;11(1):88.","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"key":"1812_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189536","author":"X Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang X, et al. Precision cytokine modulation to overcome tumor microenvironment-driven resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189536.","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer"},{"key":"1812_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1568976","volume":"16","author":"R Cui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cui R, et al. Prognostic and immunotherapeutic potential of disulfidptosis-associated signature in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1568976.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1812_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0094","volume":"9","author":"E Elyada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elyada E, et al. Cross-Species Single-Cell Analysis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Reveals Antigen-Presenting Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Cancer Discov. 2019;9(8):1102\u201323.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"11","key":"1812_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-00121-4","volume":"1","author":"NG Steele","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steele NG, et al. Multimodal Mapping of the Tumor and Peripheral Blood Immune Landscape in Human Pancreatic Cancer. Nat Cancer. 2020;1(11):1097\u2013112.","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"1812_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20162024","volume":"214","author":"D \u00d6hlund","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00d6hlund D, et al. Distinct populations of inflammatory fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in pancreatic cancer. J Exp Med. 2017;214(3):579\u201396.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"1812_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.607209","volume":"8","author":"S Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang S, Liu Q, Liao Q. Tumor-associated macrophages in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: origin, polarization, function, and reprogramming. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:607209.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"1812_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11111659","author":"V Martini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martini V, et al. Circulating tumor cells in pancreatic cancer: current perspectives. Cancers (Basel). 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers11111659.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-24-0311","volume":"24","author":"EF Giurini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giurini EF, et al. Looking Beyond Checkpoint Inhibitor Monotherapy: Uncovering New Frontiers for Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther. 2025;24(1):18\u201332.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"1812_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao W-Y, Zhao J-W. Pancreatic cancer immunotherapy biomarkers: from traditional markers to multimodal integration and dynamic monitoring. Front Immunol, 2026. Volume 17\u20132026.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1686658"},{"issue":"9","key":"1812_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0561-9","volume":"25","author":"AR Parikh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parikh AR, et al. Liquid versus tissue biopsy for detecting acquired resistance and tumor heterogeneity in gastrointestinal cancers. Nat Med. 2019;25(9):1415\u201321.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1812_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/gastroent16040039","volume":"16","author":"A Bendari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bendari A, et al. Liquid Biopsy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Clinical Utility, Trials, and Future Directions. Gastroenterol Insights. 2025;16(4):39.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Insights"}],"container-title":["Current Oncology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11912-026-01812-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11912-026-01812-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11912-026-01812-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:03:18Z","timestamp":1785834198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11912-026-01812-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11912-026-01812-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-6269"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-6269","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"78"}}