{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:20:56Z","timestamp":1791231656561,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5TL1DK132771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5TL1DK132771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK111952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK111952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Osteoporos Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) is a complex condition impacting patients with kidney failure and characterized by inter-related features such as hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. Current treatments include active vitamin D sterols, calcimimetics, and phosphate binders alone and in combination. However, identifying optimal treatment is challenged by interdependency among CKD-MBD features, requiring new approaches to understand dynamic systems. In this review, we discuss challenges and opportunities for a more integrated view of CKD-MBD care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few clinical studies in CKD-MBD care have incorporated a dynamic understanding of the disorder and its treatment. Dynamic treatment regime methods are an evolving area of artificial intelligence (AI) that offer a promising approach for modeling and understanding CKD-MBD care. Efforts to date have included dynamic systems and quantitative systems pharmacology-based models to simulate the impact of alternative treatment regimes. Additional studies utilizing dynamic treatment regime approaches may help improve knowledge gaps in CKD-MBD care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although preliminary research highlights the potential of dynamic treatment regime approaches in optimizing CKD-MBD management, further investigation and clinical validation are necessary to fully harness this approach for improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-025-00911-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T14:30:29Z","timestamp":1743085829000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Management in 4D: The Case for Dynamic Treatment Regime Methods to Optimize Care"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Tashman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia J.","family":"Scialla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"911_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04430415","volume":"10","author":"M Wolf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wolf M. Mineral (Mal)Adaptation to kidney disease-young investigator award address: American society of nephrology kidney week 2014. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(10):1875\u201385.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"911_CR2","first-page":"202","volume":"10","author":"RG Henderson","year":"1973","unstructured":"Henderson RG, Ledingham JG, Norman AW, Oliver DO, Preston C, Russell RG, et al. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in patients with chronic renal failure. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc. 1973;10:202\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc"},{"issue":"7854","key":"911_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)93149-3","volume":"1","author":"RG Henderson","year":"1974","unstructured":"Henderson RG, Russell RG, Ledingham JG, Smith R, Oliver DO, Walton RJ, et al. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption, muscle weakness, and bone disease in chronic renal failure. Lancet. 1974;1(7854):379\u201384.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"911_CR4","first-page":"67s","volume":"7","author":"HE Nielsen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Nielsen HE, Christensen MS, Melsen F, Romer FK, Hansen HE. Effect of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on parathyroid function in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1977;7(Suppl):67s\u201372s.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"911_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02082136","volume":"10","author":"J Pietrek","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pietrek J, Kokot F, Kuska J. Effects of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on serum calcium and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Int Urol Nephrol. 1978;10(2):153\u201360.","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"911_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000123","volume":"24","author":"JJ Scialla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scialla JJ. Epidemiologic insights on the role of fibroblast growth factor 23 in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2015;24(3):260\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"911_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.49","volume":"10","author":"JJ Scialla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scialla JJ, Wolf M. Roles of phosphate and fibroblast growth factor 23 in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10(5):268\u201378.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"20","key":"911_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422003","volume":"342","author":"WG Goodman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, Yoon C, Gales B, Sider D, et al. Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(20):1478\u201383.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"911_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1161\/hy1001.096358","volume":"38","author":"J Blacher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, London GM. Arterial Calcifications, Arterial Stiffness, and Cardiovascular Risk in End-Stage Renal Disease. Hypertension. 2001;38(4):938\u201342.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"911_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006060573","volume":"18","author":"GM London","year":"2007","unstructured":"London GM, Gu\u00e9rin AP, Verbeke FH, Pannier B, Boutouyrie P, Marchais SJ, et al. Mineral metabolism and arterial functions in end-stage renal disease: potential role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(2):613\u201320.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"911_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007050622","volume":"19","author":"GM London","year":"2008","unstructured":"London GM, Marchais SJ, Gu\u00e9rin AP, Boutouyrie P, M\u00e9tivier F, de Vernejoul MC. Association of bone activity, calcium load, aortic stiffness, and calcifications in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(9):1827\u201335.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"911_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000414","volume":"69","author":"S Moe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, Goodman W, Martin K, Olgaard K, et al. Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2006;69(11):1945\u201353.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"911_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.308","volume":"305","author":"SC Palmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, Pellegrini F, Craig JC, Elder GJ, et al. Serum levels of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305(11):1119\u201327.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"911_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv034","volume":"30","author":"MD Danese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Danese MD, Halperin M, Lowe KA, Bradbury BD, Do TP, Block GA. Refining the definition of clinically important mineral and bone disorder in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(8):1336\u201344.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"12","key":"911_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04260413","volume":"8","author":"GA Block","year":"2013","unstructured":"Block GA, Kilpatrick RD, Lowe KA, Wang W, Danese MD. CKD-mineral and bone disorder and risk of death and cardiovascular hospitalization in patients on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(12):2132\u201340.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"911_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0382-8","volume":"17","author":"GA Block","year":"2016","unstructured":"Block GA, Yusuf AA, Danese MD, Wirtz HS, Hu Y, Do TP, et al. Facility-level CKD-MBD composite score and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients on hemodialysis. BMC Nephrol. 2016;17(1):166.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"911_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy273","volume":"34","author":"L Neri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neri L, Kreuzberg U, Bellocchio F, Brancaccio D, Barbieri C, Canaud B, et al. Detecting high-risk chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder phenotypes among patients on dialysis: a historical cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34(4):682\u201391.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"3","key":"911_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011482","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011482","volume":"7","author":"P Filipozzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Filipozzi P, Ayav C, Ngueyon Sime W, Laurain E, Kessler M, Brunaud L, et al. Trajectories of CKD-MBD biochemical parameters over a 2-year period following diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism: a pharmacoepidemiological study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(3):e011482.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"911_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.02.439","volume":"76","author":"SC Palmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palmer SC, Mavridis D, Johnson DW, Tonelli M, Ruospo M, Strippoli GFM. Comparative effectiveness of calcimimetic agents for secondary hyperparathyroidism in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;76(3):321\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"911_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.03.036","volume":"66","author":"SC Palmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palmer SC, Teixeira-Pinto A, Saglimbene V, Craig JC, Macaskill P, Tonelli M, et al. Association of drug effects on serum parathyroid hormone, phosphorus, and calcium levels with mortality in CKD: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(6):962\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"911_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeung W-CG, Palmer SC, Strippoli GFM, Talbot B, Shah N, Hawley CM, et al. Vitamin D Therapy in Adults With CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2023;82(5):543\u201358.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.04.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"911_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.05.020","volume":"79","author":"A Karaboyas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karaboyas A, Muenz D, Fuller DS, Desai P, Lin T-C, Robinson BM, et al. Etelcalcetide Utilization, Dosing Titration, and Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disease (CKD-MBD) Marker Responses in US Hemodialysis Patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022;79(3):362\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"911_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04350420","volume":"15","author":"R Hall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hall R, Platt A, Wilson J, Ephraim PL, Hwang AS, Chen A, et al. Trends in mineral metabolism treatment strategies in patients receiving hemodialysis in the United States. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(11):1603\u201313.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"911_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)88299-5","volume":"21","author":"MM Goldenberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goldenberg MM. Paricalcitol, a new agent for the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients undergoing chronic renal dialysis. Clin Ther. 1999;21(3):432\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"911_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-139X.2002.00086.x","volume":"15","author":"GR Bailie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bailie GR, Johnson CA. Comparative review of the pharmacokinetics of vitamin D analogues. Semin Dial. 2002;15(5):352\u20137.","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"issue":"6","key":"911_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.9.6.947","volume":"9","author":"M Cozzolino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cozzolino M, Brancaccio D. Emerging role for the vitamin D receptor activator (VDRA), paricalcitol, in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9(6):947\u201354.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"11","key":"911_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1G523","volume":"40","author":"VC Dennis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dennis VC, Albertson GL. Doxercalciferol treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(11):1955\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"5","key":"911_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe038104","volume":"349","author":"TB Drueke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Drueke TB, McCarron DA. Paricalcitol as compared with calcitriol in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(5):496\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"911_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1053\/jarr.2002.34844","volume":"9","author":"G Kim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim G, Sprague SM. Use of vitamin D analogs in chronic renal failure. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 2002;9(3):175\u201383.","journal-title":"Adv Ren Replace Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"911_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V981427","volume":"9","author":"KJ Martin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martin KJ, Gonzalez EA, Gellens M, Hamm LL, Abboud H, Lindberg J. 19-Nor-1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (Paricalcitol) safely and effectively reduces the levels of intact parathyroid hormone in patients on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9(8):1427\u201332.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"911_CR31","first-page":"CD008175","volume":"4","author":"SC Palmer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Palmer SC, McGregor DO, Craig JC, Elder G, Macaskill P, Strippoli GF. Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2009;4:CD008175.","journal-title":"The Cochrane database of systematic reviews."},{"key":"911_CR32","unstructured":"Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns. DOPPS Practice Monitor-Hemodialysis; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.dopps.org\/DPM-HD\/. Accessed 16 Jan 2024."},{"issue":"15","key":"911_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031633","volume":"350","author":"GA Block","year":"2004","unstructured":"Block GA, Martin KJ, de Francisco AL, Turner SA, Avram MM, Suranyi MG, et al. Cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(15):1516\u201325.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"911_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19468","volume":"317","author":"GA Block","year":"2017","unstructured":"Block GA, Bushinsky DA, Cheng S, Cunningham J, Dehmel B, Drueke TB, et al. Effect of etelcalcetide vs cinacalcet on serum parathyroid hormone in patients receiving hemodialysis with secondary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317(2):156\u201364.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"911_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.13434","volume":"24","author":"T Akizawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akizawa T, Ikejiri K, Kondo Y, Endo Y, Fukagawa M. Evocalcet: A new oral calcimimetic for dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ther Apher Dial. 2020;24(3):248\u201357.","journal-title":"Ther Apher Dial"},{"issue":"1","key":"911_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.025","volume":"77","author":"JJ Scialla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scialla JJ, Kendrick J, Uribarri J, Kovesdy CP, Gutierrez OM, Jimenez EY, et al. State-of-the-art management of hyperphosphatemia in patients with CKD: An NKF-KDOQI controversies perspective. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(1):132\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"911_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020101398","volume":"32","author":"PE Pergola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pergola PE, Rosenbaum DP, Yang Y, Chertow GM. A randomized trial of tenapanor and phosphate binders as a dual-mechanism treatment for hyperphosphatemia in patients on maintenance dialysis (AMPLIFY). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(6):1465\u201373.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"911_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000417","volume":"27","author":"JJ Scialla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scialla JJ. Evidence basis for integrated management of mineral metabolism in patients with end-stage renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2018;27(4):258\u201367.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"911_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07050714","volume":"10","author":"JB Wetmore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wetmore JB, Gurevich K, Sprague S, Da Roza G, Buerkert J, Reiner M, et al. A randomized trial of cinacalcet versus vitamin D analogs as monotherapy in secondary hyperparathyroidism (PARADIGM). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(6):1031\u201340.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"911_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01040308","volume":"3","author":"S Fishbane","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fishbane S, Shapiro WB, Corry DB, Vicks SL, Roppolo M, Rappaport K, et al. Cinacalcet HCl and concurrent low-dose vitamin D improves treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients compared with vitamin D alone: the ACHIEVE study results. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(6):1718\u201325.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"911_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1090","volume":"58","author":"B Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu B, Melhem M, Subramanian R, Chen P, Jaramilla Sloey B, Fouqueray B, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of etelcalcetide, a novel calcimimetic for treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58(6):717\u201326.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"911_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10941016","volume":"12","author":"R Wald","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wald R, Rabbat CG, Girard L, Garg AX, Tennankore K, Tyrwhitt J, et al. Two phosphAte taRGets in End-stage renal disease Trial (TARGET): A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(6):965\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"911_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes CKD-MBD Working Group. KDIGO 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2017;7(1):1\u201359.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.04.001"},{"issue":"6","key":"911_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.07.019","volume":"70","author":"T Isakova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Isakova T, Nickolas TL, Denburg M, Yarlagadda S, Weiner DE, Gutierrez OM, et al. KDOQI US Commentary on the 2017 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70(6):737\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"911_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu011","volume":"29","author":"M Cozzolino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cozzolino M, Ketteler M, Martin KJ, Sharma A, Goldsmith D, Khan S. Paricalcitol- or cinacalcet-centred therapy affects markers of bone mineral disease in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism receiving haemodialysis: results of the IMPACT-SHPT study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(4):899\u2013905.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"911_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03591006","volume":"3","author":"P Messa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Messa P, Macario F, Yaqoob M, Bouman K, Braun J, von Albertini B, et al. The OPTIMA study: assessing a new cinacalcet (Sensipar\/Mimpara) treatment algorithm for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(1):36\u201345.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"911_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp762","volume":"25","author":"J Floege","year":"2010","unstructured":"Floege J, Raggi P, Block GA, Torres PU, Csiky B, Naso A, et al. Study design and subject baseline characteristics in the ADVANCE Study: effects of cinacalcet on vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(6):1916\u201323.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"26","key":"911_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205624","volume":"367","author":"GM Chertow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chertow GM, Block GA, Correa-Rotter R, Dr\u00fceke TB, Floege J, Goodman WG, et al. Effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(26):2482\u201394.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"911_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002466","volume":"72","author":"WN Suki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suki WN, Zabaneh R, Cangiano JL, Reed J, Fischer D, Garrett L, et al. Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2007;72(9):1130\u20137.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"911_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J-DAVID Investigators, Shoji T, Inaba M, Fukagawa M, Ando R, Emoto M, et al. Effect of oral alfacalcidol on clinical outcomes in patients without secondary hyperparathyroidism receiving maintenance hemodialysis: The J-DAVID Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;320(22):2325\u201334.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.17749"},{"issue":"1","key":"911_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.05.016","volume":"83","author":"A Platt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Platt A, Wilson J, Hall R, Ephraim PL, Morton S, Shafi T, et al. Comparative effectiveness of alternative treatment approaches to secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis: an observational trial emulation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2024;83(1):58\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"911_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-022513-115553","volume":"1","author":"B Chakraborty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chakraborty B, Murphy SA. Dynamic treatment regimes. Annu Rev Stat Appl. 2014;1:447\u201364.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Stat Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"911_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37142-0","volume":"9","author":"N Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu N, Liu Y, Logan B, Xu Z, Tang J, Wang Y. Learning the Dynamic treatment regimes from medical registry data through deep Q-network. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1495.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"911_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12843","volume":"11","author":"AE Gaweda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gaweda AE, Lederer ED, Brier ME. Artificial intelligence-guided precision treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2022;11(10):1305\u201315.","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"911_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2005.06.020","volume":"18","author":"AE Gaweda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gaweda AE, Muezzinoglu MK, Aronoff GR, Jacobs AA, Zurada JM, Brier ME. Individualization of pharmacological anemia management using reinforcement learning. Neural Netw. 2005;18(5\u20136):826\u201334.","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"911_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5177","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260685","volume":"2006","author":"AE Gaweda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gaweda AE, Muezzinoglu MK, Jacobs AA, Aronoff GR, Brier ME. Model predictive control with reinforcement learning for drug delivery in renal anemia management. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2006;2006:5177\u201380.","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"911_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malof JM, Gaweda AE, editors. Optimizing drug therapy with Reinforcement Learning: The case of Anemia Management. The 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks; 2011 31 July-5 Aug. 2011.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2011.6033485"},{"key":"911_CR58","unstructured":"Raghu A, Komorowski M, Ahmed I, Celi L, Szolovits P, Ghassemi M. Deep Reinforcement Learning for Sepsis Treatment. 31st Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems; Long Beach, California, USA 2017."},{"key":"911_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101836","volume":"104","author":"M Tejedor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tejedor M, Woldaregay AZ, Godtliebsen F. Reinforcement learning application in diabetes blood glucose control: A systematic review. Artif Intell Med. 2020;104:101836.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"911_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac088","volume":"29","author":"J Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng J, Shao J, Lin S, Zhang H, Su X, Lian X, et al. Optimizing the dynamic treatment regime of in-hospital warfarin anticoagulation in patients after surgical valve replacement using reinforcement learning. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2022;29(10):1722\u201332.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"911_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0213-5","volume":"24","author":"M Komorowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Komorowski M, Celi LA, Badawi O, Gordon AC, Faisal AA. The artificial intelligence clinician learns optimal treatment strategies for sepsis in intensive care. Nat Med. 2018;24(11):1716\u201320.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"911_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101964","volume":"109","author":"A Coronato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coronato A, Naeem M, De Pietro G, Paragliola G. Reinforcement learning for intelligent healthcare applications: A survey. Artif Intell Med. 2020;109: 101964.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"911_CR63","unstructured":"Banks H, Jang T, Kwon H-D. Feedback control of HIV antiviral therapy with long measurement time. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 2011;66."},{"issue":"2","key":"911_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/17513758.2012.655328","volume":"6","author":"HT Banks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Banks HT, Hu S, Jang T, Kwon HD. Modelling and optimal control of immune response of renal transplant recipients. J Biol Dyn. 2012;6(2):539\u201367.","journal-title":"J Biol Dyn"},{"key":"911_CR65","unstructured":"Levine S, Kumar A, Tucker G, Fu J. Offline Reinforcement Learning: Tutorial, Review, and Perspectives on Open Problems. arXiv. 2020. arXiv:2005.01643v3."},{"issue":"7","key":"911_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14045","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14045","volume":"7","author":"G Schappacher-Tilp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schappacher-Tilp G, Cherif A, Fuertinger DH, Bushinsky D, Kotanko P. A mathematical model of parathyroid gland biology. Physiol Rep. 2019;7(7):e14045.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"911_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704970","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.704970","volume":"8","author":"M Pirklbauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pirklbauer M, Bushinsky DA, Kotanko P, Schappacher-Tilp G. Personalized prediction of short- and long-term PTH changes in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:704970.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"911_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F203","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00159.2020","volume":"320","author":"AE Gaweda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaweda AE, McBride DE, Lederer ED, Brier ME. Development of a quantitative systems pharmacology model of chronic kidney disease: metabolic bone disorder. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol. 2021;320(2):F203\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"911_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F351","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00050.2024","volume":"327","author":"A Gaweda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gaweda A, Brier M, Lederer E. Leveraging quantitative systems pharmacology and artificial intelligence to advance treatment of chronic kidney disease mineral bone disorder. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2024;327(3):F351\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"key":"911_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807994","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.807994","volume":"9","author":"AE Gaweda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gaweda AE, Lederer ED, Brier ME. Use of artificial intelligence to identify new mechanisms and approaches to therapy of bone disorders associated with chronic kidney disease. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:807994.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"911_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae143","volume":"17","author":"ED Lederer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lederer ED, Sobh MM, Brier ME, Gaweda AE. Application of artificial intelligence to chronic kidney disease mineral bone disorder. Clin Kidney J. 2024;17(6):143.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"}],"container-title":["Current Osteoporosis Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11914-025-00911-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11914-025-00911-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11914-025-00911-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:33:13Z","timestamp":1768473193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11914-025-00911-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11914-025-00911-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-1873","1544-2241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1544-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"JJS serves as the Deputy Editor for the American Journal of Kidney Diseases and on the Scientific Advisory Board for the National Kidney Foundation. The other authors have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"JJS serves as the Deputy Editor for the\n                      American Journal of Kidney Diseases\n                      and on the Scientific Advisory Board for the National Kidney Foundation. The other authors have nothing to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosures"}}],"article-number":"16"}}