{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:17:29Z","timestamp":1790392649107,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Aging","award":["R01AG080017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG080017"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Aging","award":["R01AG080017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG080017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MD013681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MD013681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MD013681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MD013681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Osteoporos Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have significantly advanced osteoporosis research by identifying genetic loci associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. However, disparities persist due to the underrepresentation of non-European populations, limiting the applicability of polygenic risk scores (PRS). This review examines recent advancements in osteoporosis genetics, highlights existing disparities, and explores strategies for more inclusive research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      European-focused GWAS have identified key loci for osteoporosis, including\n                      <jats:italic>WNT<\/jats:italic>\n                      signaling (\n                      <jats:italic>SOST<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>LRP5<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and\n                      <jats:italic>RUNX2<\/jats:italic>\n                      transcriptional regulation. However, fewer than 40% of these variants can be replicated in Asian and African populations. Emerging studies in non-European groups reveal population-specific loci, sex-specific associations, and gene-environment interactions. Advances in machine learning (ML)-assisted GWAS and multi-omics integration are improving genetic discovery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Expanding GWAS in diverse populations, integrating multi-omics data, refining ML-based risk models, and standardizing biobank data are essential for equitable osteoporosis research. Future efforts must prioritize clinical translation to enhance personalized osteoporosis prevention and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-025-00917-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T04:35:54Z","timestamp":1748061354000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Bridging Genomic Research Disparities in Osteoporosis GWAS: Insights for Diverse Populations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4679-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5096-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"917_CR1","unstructured":"Burden of Osteoporosis | International Osteoporosis Foundation [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.osteoporosis.foundation\/policy-makers\/burden-osteoporosis"},{"key":"917_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882241","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.882241","volume":"13","author":"Y Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen Y, Huang X, Wu J, Lin X, Zhou X, Zhu Z, et al. The global burden of osteoporosis, low bone mass, and its related fracture in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:882241.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"917_CR3","unstructured":"Watts E by RA, Conaghan PG, Denton C, Foster H, Isaacs J, M\u00fcller-Ladner and U, editors. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Fourth Edition, Fourth Edition. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2018."},{"key":"917_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen Y, Huang X, Wu J, Lin X, Zhou X, Zhu Z, et al. The Global Burden of Osteoporosis, Low Bone Mass, and Its Related Fracture in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132019. Front Endocrinol [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Oct 14];13. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/endocrinology\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.882241\/full","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.882241"},{"key":"917_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-021-00143-3","volume":"9","author":"X Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu X, Bai W, Zheng H. Twelve years of GWAS discoveries for osteoporosis and related traits: advances, challenges and applications. Bone Res. 2021;9:1\u201319.","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"917_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caetano da Silva C, Edouard T, Fradin M, Aubert-Mucca M, Ricquebourg M, Raman R, et al. WNT11, a new gene associated with early onset osteoporosis, is required for osteoblastogenesis. Hum Mol Genet. 2022;31:1622\u201334.","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab349"},{"key":"917_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13101892","volume":"13","author":"L Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han L, Wu J, Wang M, Zhang Z, Hua D, Lei S, et al. RNA modification-related genetic variants in genomic loci associated with bone mineral density and fracture. Genes (Basel). 2022;13:1892.","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"917_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00170","volume":"6","author":"KS Houschyar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Houschyar KS, Tapking C, Borrelli MR, Popp D, Duscher D, Maan ZN, et al. Wnt pathway in bone repair and regeneration \u2013 What Do We Know So Far. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;6:170.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"917_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2021.101118","volume":"15","author":"CG Turin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turin CG, Joeng KS, Kallish S, Raper A, Asher S, Campeau PM, et al. Heterozygous variant in WNT1 gene in two brothers with early onset osteoporosis. Bone Rep. 2021;15:101118.","journal-title":"Bone Rep"},{"key":"917_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4863","volume":"38","author":"J Delgado-Calle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delgado-Calle J, Roodman GD. Doubling Down on Wnt Signaling to Overcome Myeloma Bone Disease. J Bone Miner Res. 2023;38:812\u20133.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR11","first-page":"267","volume":"12","author":"S Aditya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aditya S, Rattan A. sclerostin inhibition: a novel target for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Midlife Health. 2021;12:267\u201375.","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"917_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2023-0325","volume":"19","author":"K Niveria","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niveria K, ZafarYab M, Biswas L, Mahtab A, Verma AK. Leveraging selective knockdown of sost gene by Polyethyleneimine\u2013siRNA\u2013Chitosan reduced gold nanoparticles to promote osteogenesis in MC3T3-E1 & MEF Cells. Nanomedicine. 2024;19:895\u2013914.","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"917_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5776","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105776","volume":"23","author":"T Komori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Komori T. Whole aspect of Runx2 functions in skeletal development. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:5776.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"917_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31388","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.31388","volume":"239","author":"V Upadhyay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Upadhyay V, Sharma S, Sethi A, Singh AK, Chowdhury S, Srivastava S, et al. Hakai, a novel Runx2 interacting protein, augments osteoblast differentiation by rescuing Runx2 from Smurf2-mediated proteasome degradation. J Cell Physiol. 2024;239:e31388.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"917_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2021.1941848","volume":"25","author":"Z Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Z, Liu J, Fu J, Li S, Chai Z, Sun Y. Associations between WNT signaling pathway-related gene polymorphisms and risks of osteoporosis development in Chinese postmenopausal women: a case\u2013control study. Climacteric. 2022;25:257\u201363.","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"917_CR16","first-page":"433","volume":"32","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Song M, Li S, Wang X, Zhao H, Hou Z. The relationship between LRP5 rs556442 and rs638051 polymorphisms and mutations and their influence on bone metabolism in postmenopausal Xinjiang women with type 2 diabetes. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2023;32:433\u20139.","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"917_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00838-6","volume":"13","author":"T Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu T, Forgetta V, Keller-Baruch J, Nethander M, Bennett D, Forest M, et al. Improved prediction of fracture risk leveraging a genome-wide polygenic risk score. Genome Med. 2021;13:16.","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"917_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2012.1","volume":"1","author":"ML Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johnson ML. LRP5 and bone mass regulation: Where are we now? Bonekey Rep. 2012;1:1.","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep"},{"key":"917_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.462","volume":"26","author":"D Goltzman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goltzman D. LRP5, serotonin, and bone: Complexity, contradictions, and conundrums*. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26:1997\u20132001.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR20","unstructured":"Al-Amoodi MJH, Jones W, Lee D, McKenzie S, Miller HC, Zeller Z, et al. The association of polymorphism rs3736228 within the LRP5 gene with Bone Mineral Density in a Cohort of Caucasian Young Adults. GW Research Days 2016 - 2020 [Internet]. 2018; Available from: https:\/\/hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu\/gw_research_days\/2018\/SMHS\/50"},{"key":"917_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290531","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/290531","volume":"2014","author":"G-Y Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu G-Y, Qiu Y, Mao H-J. Common polymorphism in the LRP5 gene may increase the risk of bone fracture and osteoporosis. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:290531.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"917_CR22","first-page":"247","volume":"7","author":"M Xuan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xuan M, Wang Y, Wang W, Yang J, Li Y, Zhang X. Association of LRP5 gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7:247\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"917_CR23","first-page":"534","volume":"19","author":"Y Funakoshi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Funakoshi Y, Omori H, Yada H, Katoh T. Relationship between changes of bone mineral density over seven years and A1330V polymorphism of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 gene or lifestyle factors in Japanese female workers. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19:534\u20139.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"917_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5582\/irdr.2019.01064","volume":"8","author":"Y Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Ren X, Han J. Molecular mechanisms and clinical manifestations of rare genetic disorders associated with type I collagen. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2019;8:98\u2013107.","journal-title":"Intractable Rare Dis Res"},{"key":"917_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2017_1612","volume":"65","author":"A Augusciak-Duma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Augusciak-Duma A, Witecka J, Sieron AL, Janeczko M, Pietrzyk JJ, Ochman K, et al. Mutations in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes associated with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) types I or III. Acta Biochim Pol. 2018;65:79\u201386.","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"key":"917_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2020.108339","volume":"786","author":"S Moradifard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moradifard S, Hoseinbeyki M, Emam MM, Parchiniparchin F, Ebrahimi-Rad M. Association of the Sp1 binding site and -1997 promoter variations in COL1A1 with osteoporosis risk: The application of meta-analysis and bioinformatics approaches offers a new perspective for future research. Mutation Res - Rev Mutation Res. 2020;786:108339.","journal-title":"Mutation Res - Rev Mutation Res"},{"key":"917_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030090","volume":"3","author":"SH Ralston","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ralston SH, Uitterlinden AG, Brandi ML, Balcells S, Langdahl BL, Lips P, et al. Large-scale evidence for the effect of the COLIA1 Sp1 polymorphism on osteoporosis outcomes: the GENOMOS study. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e90.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"917_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aitkulova A, Akilzhanova A, Abilova Z, Zhumatova Z, Akilzhanova G, Zholdybayeva E. Collagen Type I alpha1 (COL1A1) Gene Polymorphism and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Kazakh Women. Central Asian Journal of Global Health [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Mar 17];3. Available from: https:\/\/cajgh.pitt.edu\/ojs\/cajgh\/article\/view\/144","DOI":"10.5195\/cajgh.2014.144"},{"key":"917_CR29","first-page":"22","volume":"14","author":"AA Banjabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banjabi AA, Al-Ghafari AB, Kumosani TA, Kannan K, Fallatah SM. Genetic influence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on osteoporosis risk. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2020;14:22\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)"},{"key":"917_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030837","volume":"13","author":"P Marozik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marozik P, Rudenka A, Kobets K, Rudenka E. Vitamin D Status, Bone Mineral Density, and VDR Gene Polymorphism in a Cohort of Belarusian Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients. 2021;13:837.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"917_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06654-x","volume":"34","author":"X Xiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao X, Wu Q. The clinical utility of the BMD-related comprehensive genome-wide polygenic score in identifying individuals with a high risk of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2023;34:681\u201392.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"917_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0286689","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286689","volume":"18","author":"X Xiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao X, Wu Q. Validation of a genome-wide polygenic score in improving fracture risk assessment beyond the FRAX tool in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative study. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0286689.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"917_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10021","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231710021","volume":"23","author":"B Yalaev","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yalaev B, Tyurin A, Prokopenko I, Karunas A, Khusnutdinova E, Khusainova R. Using a polygenic score to predict the risk of developing primary osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:10021.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"917_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00742-5","volume":"12","author":"CM Lewis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis CM, Vassos E. Polygenic risk scores: from research tools to clinical instruments. Genome Med. 2020;12:44.","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"917_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1403","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad254","volume":"108","author":"TP Ho-Le","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ho-Le TP, Tran TS, Nguyen HG, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Genetic prediction of lifetime risk of fracture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108:e1403\u201312.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"917_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2998","volume":"32","author":"TP Ho-Le","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ho-Le TP, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen HT, Nguyen TV. Prediction of bone mineral density and fragility fracture by genetic profiling. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32:285\u201393.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200785","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200785","volume":"13","author":"SK Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SK. Identification of 613 new loci associated with heel bone mineral density and a polygenic risk score for bone mineral density, osteoporosis and fracture. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0200785.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"917_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2016.23.4.233","volume":"23","author":"B-J Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim B-J, Ahn SH, Kim H-M, Ikegawa S, Yang T-L, Guo Y, et al. Replication of Caucasian Loci Associated with Osteoporosis-related Traits in East Asians. J Bone Metab. 2016;23:233\u201342.","journal-title":"J Bone Metab"},{"key":"917_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4220","volume":"36","author":"MS Yau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yau MS, Kuipers AL, Price R, Nicolas A, Tajuddin SM, Handelman SK, et al. A meta-analysis of the transferability of bone mineral density genetic loci associations from European to African ancestry populations. J Bone Miner Res. 2021;36:469\u201379.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-03974-2","volume":"21","author":"Q Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu Q, Jung J. Genome-wide polygenic risk score for major osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women using associated single nucleotide polymorphisms. J Transl Med. 2023;21:127.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"917_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac597","volume":"108","author":"H Zeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeng H, Ge J, Xu W, Ma H, Chen L, Xia M, et al. Twelve Loci associated with bone density in middle-aged and Elderly Chinese: The Shanghai Changfeng Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108:295\u2013305.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"917_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab305","volume":"31","author":"J Greenbaum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greenbaum J, Su K-J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Liu A, Zhao L-J, et al. A multiethnic whole genome sequencing study to identify novel loci for bone mineral density. Hum Mol Genet. 2021;31:1067\u201381.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"917_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4920","volume":"38","author":"T Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu T, Forgetta V, Zhou S, Richards JB, Greenwood CM. Identifying rare genetic determinants for improved polygenic risk prediction of bone mineral density and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res. 2023;38:1771\u201381.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148107","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1148107","volume":"14","author":"D Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu D, Chen Y, Gao X, Xie W, Wang Y, Shen J, et al. The genetically predicted causal relationship of inflammatory bowel disease with bone mineral density and osteoporosis: evidence from two-sample Mendelian randomization. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1148107.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"917_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4904","volume":"38","author":"Y Qu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qu Y, Xiao C, Wu X, Zhu J, Qin C, He L, et al. Genetic correlation, shared loci, and causal association between sex hormone-binding globulin and bone mineral density: insights from a large-scale genomewide cross-trait analysis. J Bone Miner Res. 2023;38:1635\u201344.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010087","volume":"14","author":"DB Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee DB, Song HJ, Paek Y-J, Park KH, Seo Y-G, Noh H-M. Relationship between regular green tea intake and osteoporosis in korean postmenopausal women: a nationwide study. Nutrients. 2021;14:87.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"917_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.57582\/IJBF.220203.097","volume":"2","author":"T Iantomasi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iantomasi T, Palmini G, Romagnoli C, Donati S, Miglietta F, Aurilia C, et al. Dietary polyphenols and osteoporosis: molecular mechanisms involved. Int J Bone Fragility. 2022;2:97\u2013101.","journal-title":"Int J Bone Fragility"},{"key":"917_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-3977-4","volume":"28","author":"D Foer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foer D, Zhu M, Cardone RL, Simpson C, Sullivan R, Nemiroff S, et al. Impact of gain-of-function mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) on glucose and lipid homeostasis. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:2011\u20137.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"917_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2013.02.010","volume":"92","author":"K Keupp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keupp K, Beleggia F, Kayserili H, Barnes AM, Steiner M, Semler O, et al. Mutations in WNT1 Cause Different Forms of Bone Fragility. Am J Human Genetics. 2013;92:565\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Human Genetics"},{"key":"917_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.01.001","volume":"108","author":"W Ye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ye W, Wang Y, Mei B, Hou S, Liu X, Wu G, et al. Computational and functional characterization of four SNPs in the SOST locus associated with osteoporosis. Bone. 2018;108:132\u201344.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"917_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223618","volume":"82","author":"N Alonso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alonso N, Albagha OME, Azfer A, Larraz-Prieto B, Berg K, Riches PL, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies genetic variants which predict the response of bone mineral density to teriparatide therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82:985\u201391.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"917_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-021-00817-4","volume":"109","author":"Y-Q Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y-Q, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Xiao T, Deng H-W. Identification of Novel Pleiotropic SNPs Associated with Osteoporosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2021;109:17.","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"917_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.122.BJR-2022-0206.R1","volume":"12","author":"Y Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia Y, Qi X, Ma M, Cheng S, Cheng B, Liang C, et al. Integrating genome-wide association study with regulatory SNP annotations identified novel candidate genes for osteoporosis. Bone Joint Res. 2023;12:147\u201354.","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res"},{"key":"917_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2022.02.010","volume":"109","author":"C Auwerx","year":"2022","unstructured":"Auwerx C, Lepamets M, Sadler MC, Patxot M, Stojanov M, Baud D, et al. The individual and global impact of copy-number variants on complex human traits. Am J Human Genetics. 2022;109:647\u201368.","journal-title":"Am J Human Genetics"},{"key":"917_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100167","volume":"2","author":"T Fitzgerald","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fitzgerald T, Birney E. CNest: A novel copy number association discovery method uncovers 862 new associations from 200,629 whole-exome sequence datasets in the UK Biobank. Cell Genomics. 2022;2:100167.","journal-title":"Cell Genomics"},{"key":"917_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10174","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10174","volume":"3","author":"JT Tauer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tauer JT, Robinson M, Rauch F. Osteogenesis Imperfecta: New Perspectives From Clinical and Translational Research. JBMR Plus. 2019;3:e10174.","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"917_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4499-4","volume":"29","author":"S Butscheidt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Butscheidt S, Delsmann A, Rolvien T, Barvencik F, Al-Bughaili M, Mundlos S, et al. Mutational analysis uncovers monogenic bone disorders in women with pregnancy-associated osteoporosis: three novel mutations in LRP5, COL1A1, and COL1A2. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29:1643\u201351.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"917_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10129","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10129","volume":"7","author":"U Styrkarsdottir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Styrkarsdottir U, Thorleifsson G, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Center JR, Lee SH, et al. Sequence variants in the PTCH1 gene associate with spine bone mineral density and osteoporotic fractures. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10129.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"917_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00892-1","volume":"53","author":"AR Barton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barton AR, Sherman MA, Mukamel RE, Loh P-R. Whole-exome imputation within UK Biobank powers rare coding variant association and fine-mapping analyses. Nat Genet. 2021;53:1260\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"917_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01444-5","volume":"55","author":"S Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou S, Sosina OA, Bovijn J, Laurent L, Sharma V, Akbari P, et al. Converging evidence from exome sequencing and common variants implicates target genes for osteoporosis. Nat Genet. 2023;55:1277\u201387.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"917_CR61","first-page":"59","volume":"1","author":"J Miao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miao J, Wu Y, Sun Z, Miao X, Lu T, Zhao J, et al. Valid inference for machine learning-assisted genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet. 2024;1:59.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"917_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2023.100436","volume":"3","author":"C-Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen C-Y, Chen T-T, Feng Y-CA, Yu M, Lin S-C, Longchamps RJ, et al. Analysis across Taiwan Biobank, Biobank Japan, and UK Biobank identifies hundreds of novel loci for 36 quantitative traits. Cell Genomics. 2023;3:100436.","journal-title":"Cell Genomics"},{"key":"917_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00931-x","volume":"53","author":"S Sakaue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakaue S, Kanai M, Tanigawa Y, Karjalainen J, Kurki M, Koshiba S, et al. A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes. Nat Genet. 2021;53:1415\u201324.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"917_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11010034","volume":"11","author":"N Younes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Younes N, Syed N, Yadav SK, Haris M, Abdallah AM, Abu-Madi M. A Whole-Genome Sequencing Association Study of Low Bone Mineral Density Identifies New Susceptibility Loci in the Phase I Qatar Biobank Cohort. J Personalized Med. 2021;11:34.","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"key":"917_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae133","volume":"39","author":"K-J Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su K-J, Qiu C, Greenbaum J, Zhang X, Liu A, Liu Y, et al. Genomic structural variations link multiple genes to bone mineral density in a multi-ethnic cohort study: Louisiana osteoporosis study. J Bone Miner Res. 2024;39:1474\u201385.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0251423","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251423","volume":"16","author":"ND Palmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palmer ND, Lu L, Register TC, Lenchik L, Carr JJ, Hicks PJ, et al. Genome-wide association study of vitamin D concentrations and bone mineral density in the African American-Diabetes Heart Study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0251423.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"917_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ziae028","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziae028","volume":"8","author":"YC Liaw","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liaw YC, Matsuda K, Liaw YP. Identification of an novel genetic variant associated with osteoporosis: insights from the Taiwan Biobank Study. JBMR Plus. 2024;8:ziae028.","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"917_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756957","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.756957","volume":"12","author":"S Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng S, Wang H, Yan Y, Su X, Ao J, Chen W. Regulatory SNP of RREB1 is associated with bone mineral density in chinese postmenopausal osteoporosis patients. Front Genet. 2021;12:756957.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"917_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.01.020","volume":"41","author":"J-H Bae","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bae J-H, Park D. Effect of dietary calcium on the gender-specific association between polymorphisms in the PTPRD locus and osteoporosis. Clin Nutr. 2022;41:680\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"917_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-06852-1","volume":"34","author":"D He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He D, Liu H, Wei W, Zhao Y, Cai Q, Shi S, et al. A longitudinal genome-wide association study of bone mineral density mean and variability in the UK Biobank. Osteoporos Int. 2023;34:1907\u201316.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"917_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04580-2","volume":"12","author":"EK Choe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choe EK, Shivakumar M, Verma A, Verma SS, Choi SH, Kim JS, et al. Leveraging deep phenotyping from health check-up cohort with 10,000 Korean individuals for phenome-wide association study of 136 traits. Sci Rep. 2022;12:1930.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"917_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae078","volume":"39","author":"Y-J Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin Y-J, Liang W-M, Chiou J-S, Chou C-H, Liu T-Y, Yang J-S, et al. Genetic predisposition to bone mineral density and their health conditions in East Asians. J Bone Miner Res. 2024;39:929\u201341.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2508","volume":"30","author":"JA Mitchell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mitchell JA, Chesi A, Elci O, McCormack SE, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, et al. Genetics of Bone Mass in Childhood and Adolescence: Effects of Sex and Maturation Interactions. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30:1676\u201383.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3097","volume":"32","author":"A Chesi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chesi A, Mitchell JA, Kalkwarf HJ, Bradfield JP, Lappe JM, Cousminer DL, et al. A Genomewide Association Study Identifies Two Sex-Specific Loci, at SPTB and IZUMO3, Influencing Pediatric Bone Mineral Density at Multiple Skeletal Sites. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32:1274\u201381.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392063","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1392063","volume":"15","author":"DI Aparicio-Bautista","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aparicio-Bautista DI, Jim\u00e9nez-Ortega RF, Becerra-Cervera A, Aquino-G\u00e1lvez A, de Le\u00f3n-Su\u00e1rez VP, Casas-\u00c1vila L, et al. Interaction between MARK3 (rs11623869), PLCB4 (rs6086746) and GEMIN2 (rs2277458) variants with bone mineral density and serum 25-hidroxivitamin D levels in Mexican Mestizo women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1392063.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"917_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae047","volume":"39","author":"LE Fouhy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fouhy LE, Lai CQ, Parnell LD, Tucker KL, Ordov\u00e1s JM, Noel SE. Genome-wide association study of osteoporosis identifies genetic risk and interactions with Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet and sugar-sweetened beverages in a Hispanic cohort of older adults. J Bone Miner Res. 2024;39:697\u2013706.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"917_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04168-0","volume":"5","author":"C-J Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee C-J, Chen T-H, Lim AMW, Chang C-C, Sie J-J, Chen P-L, et al. Phenome-wide analysis of Taiwan Biobank reveals novel glycemia-related loci and genetic risks for diabetes. Communications Biology. 2022;5:1175.","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"917_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3796-z","volume":"28","author":"RK Jain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jain RK, Vokes TJ. African Americans have lower TBS than whites among densitometry patients at a Chicago academic center. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:917\u201323.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"917_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2928-6","volume":"26","author":"JF Aloia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aloia JF, Mikhail M, Usera G, Dhaliwal R, Islam S. Trabecular bone score (TBS) in postmenopausal African American women. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26:1155\u201361.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"917_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv170","volume":"32","author":"C Medina-G\u00f3mez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Medina-G\u00f3mez C, Chesi A, Heppe DHM, Zemel BS, Yin J-L, Kalkwarf HJ, et al. BMD Loci Contribute to Ethnic and Developmental Differences in Skeletal Fragility across Populations: Assessment of Evolutionary Selection Pressures. Mol Biol Evol. 2015;32:2961\u201372.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"917_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1723-x","volume":"23","author":"S Ishii","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ishii S, Cauley JA, Greendale GA, Danielson ME, Nili NS, Karlamangla A. Ethnic differences in composite indices of femoral neck strength. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:1381\u201390.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"917_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Barghouthi BM, Rosenow WT, Du KP, Heo J, Maynard R, Mesner L, et al. Transcriptome-wide association study and eQTL colocalization identify potentially causal genes responsible for human bone mineral density GWAS associations. Elife. 2022;11.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.77285"},{"key":"917_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03225-2","volume":"79","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, Ma J, Zeng Y, Si H, Wu Y, Zhang S, et al. Transcriptome-wide association study identifies novel genes associated with bone mineral density and lean body mass in children. Endocrine. 2023;79:400\u20139.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"917_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-023-02412-6","volume":"102","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Huang X, Zhang Q, Cheng C, Qin Z, Lu L, et al. The osteoporosis susceptibility SNP rs188303909 at 2q14.2 regulates EN1 expression by modulating DNA methylation and E2F6 binding. J Mol Med. 2024;102:273\u201384.","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"917_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730686","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.730686","volume":"12","author":"D-J Tsai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsai D-J, Fang W-H, Wu L-W, Tai M-C, Kao C-C, Huang S-M, et al. The polymorphism at PLCB4 Promoter (rs6086746) changes the binding affinity of RUNX2 and affects osteoporosis susceptibility: an analysis of bioinformatics-based case-control study and functional validation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:730686.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"917_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100192","volume":"2","author":"W Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou W, Kanai M, Wu K-HH, Rasheed H, Tsuo K, Hirbo JB, et al. Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative: Powering genetic discovery across human disease. Cell Genom. 2022;2:100192.","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"key":"917_CR87","unstructured":"All of Us Research Program | National Institutes of Health (NIH) [Internet]. All of Us Research Program | NIH. 2020 [cited 2024 Dec 20]. Available from: https:\/\/allofus.nih.gov\/future-health-begins-all-us"},{"key":"917_CR88","unstructured":"Qatar Genome Program [Internet]. [cited 2024 Dec 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ga4gh.org\/driver_project\/qatar-genome-program\/"},{"key":"917_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13020279","volume":"13","author":"E Kague","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kague E, Karasik D. Functional validation of osteoporosis genetic findings using small fish models. Genes (Basel). 2022;13:279.","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"917_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00470","volume":"23","author":"C Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li C, Zang X, Liu H, Yin S, Cheng X, Zhang W, et al. Olink proteomics for the identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Proteome Res. 2024;23:4567\u201378.","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"917_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332216","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1332216","volume":"14","author":"Y Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu Y, Yuan C, Han P, Guo J, Wang Y, Chen C, et al. Discovery of potential biomarkers for osteoporosis using LC\/GC\u2212MS metabolomic methods. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;14:1332216.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"917_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12026-7","volume":"10","author":"K Kuchenbaecker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuchenbaecker K, Telkar N, Reiker T, Walters RG, Lin K, Eriksson A, et al. The transferability of lipid loci across African. Asian European Cohorts Nat Commun. 2019;10:4330.","journal-title":"Asian European Cohorts Nat Commun"},{"key":"917_CR93","unstructured":"Generative adversarial networks for modelling clinical biomarker profiles with race\/ethnicity - Nair - 2023 - British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology - Wiley Online Library [Internet]. [cited 2024 Dec 8]. Available from: https:\/\/bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bcp.15623"},{"key":"917_CR94","unstructured":"Creating artificial human genomes using generative neural networks | PLOS Genetics [Internet]. [cited 2024 Dec 8]. Available from: https:\/\/journals-plos-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu\/plosgenetics\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009303"},{"key":"917_CR95","unstructured":"Automatic inference of demographic parameters using generative adversarial networks - Wang - 2021 - Molecular Ecology Resources - Wiley Online Library [Internet]. [cited 2024 Dec 8]. Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu\/doi\/10.1111\/1755-0998.13386"},{"key":"917_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010759","volume":"19","author":"P Benaglio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benaglio P, Newsome J, Han JY, Chiou J, Aylward A, Corban S, et al. Mapping genetic effects on cell type-specific chromatin accessibility and annotating complex immune trait variants using single nucleus ATAC-seq in peripheral blood. PLoS Genet. 2023;19:e1010759.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"917_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062903","volume":"22","author":"N Auslander","year":"2021","unstructured":"Auslander N, Gussow AB, Koonin EV. Incorporating Machine Learning into Established Bioinformatics Frameworks. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:2903.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"917_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i326","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa465","volume":"36","author":"Y Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu Y. Inference of population admixture network from local gene genealogies: a coalescent-based maximum likelihood approach. Bioinformatics. 2020;36:i326\u201334.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"917_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e567","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30242-9","volume":"2","author":"TA Manolio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manolio TA, Goodhand P, Ginsburg G. The International Hundred Thousand Plus Cohort Consortium: integrating large-scale cohorts to address global scientific challenges. Lancet Digit Health. 2020;2:e567\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"917_CR100","unstructured":"Blake A. Exploring the Musculoskeletal Knowledge Portal [Internet]. ORS. [cited 2025 Mar 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ors.org\/explore-msk-kp\/"},{"key":"917_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906965","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.906965","volume":"13","author":"P Tian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tian P, Chan TH, Wang Y-F, Yang W, Yin G, Zhang YD. Multiethnic polygenic risk prediction in diverse populations through transfer learning. Front Genet. 2022;13:906965.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"917_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040776","volume":"14","author":"\u00c1 del Real","year":"2022","unstructured":"del Real \u00c1, Valero C, Olmos JM, Hern\u00e1ndez JL, Riancho JA. Pharmacogenetics of Osteoporosis: A Pathway Analysis of the Genetic Influence on the Effects of Antiresorptive Drugs. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:776.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"917_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu Y-H, Xu X, Jeong S. Genetic Determinants and Pharmacogenetics of Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fracture. Osteoporosis [Internet]. Humana, Cham; 2020 [cited 2025 Mar 16]. p. 485\u2013506. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-69287-6_25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69287-6_25"},{"key":"917_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-012-0110-7","volume":"10","author":"F Marini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marini F, Brandi ML. Pharmacogenetics of Osteoporosis: What is the Evidence? Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2012;10:221\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"917_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02760-8","volume":"73","author":"Y Yao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yao Y, Chu X, Ma M, Ye J, Wen Y, Li P, et al. Evaluate the effects of serum urate level on bone mineral density: a genome-wide gene-environment interaction analysis in UK Biobank cohort. Endocrine. 2021;73:702\u201311.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"917_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15623","volume":"89","author":"R Nair","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nair R, Mohan DD, Frank S, Setlur S, Govindaraju V, Ramanathan M. Generative adversarial networks for modelling clinical biomarker profiles with race\/ethnicity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;89:1588\u2013600.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Current Osteoporosis Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11914-025-00917-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11914-025-00917-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11914-025-00917-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:10:18Z","timestamp":1768471818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11914-025-00917-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11914-025-00917-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-1873","1544-2241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1544-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"24"}}