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Post-GWAS methods such as Transcriptome-Wide Association Study (TWAS), Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS), and Mendelian Randomization (MR) provide complementary strategies to prioritize genes and causal risk factors. This review summarizes findings from these studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TWASs have identified many potential causal genes for BMD, but only a few, such as PPP6R3, have been confirmed through functional validation. Several MR studies have provided increasing evidence of causal relationships between inflammatory bowel disease, NAFLD, COPD, and lower BMD, along with a higher risk of osteoporosis. PheWAS and MR also identify bone marrow fat as a risk factor for decreased BMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is essential to bridge the critical gap between statistical discovery and biological validation. Moreover, the lack of bone-specific transcriptomic data remains a significant limitation, underscoring the need to generate such datasets. At the same time, all MR evidence should be corroborated with other sources to strengthen causal conclusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-026-00962-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T23:58:46Z","timestamp":1775779126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PHEWAS, TWAS, Mendelian Randomization in Osteoporosis Research: the good, the bad, and the ugly"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Siwen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Trajanoska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"962_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-013-0136-1","volume":"8","author":"E Hernlund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hernlund E, et al. 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