{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:58:07Z","timestamp":1793505487520,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]],"date-time":"2001-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":996624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]],"date-time":"2001-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":996624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Science Inc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-001-0029-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,2]],"date-time":"2007-06-02T21:34:08Z","timestamp":1180820048000},"page":"382-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":250,"title":["Cervicogenic headache: Anatomic basis and pathophysiologic mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Bogduk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"29_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1995.hed3508461.x","volume":"35","author":"M Leone","year":"1995","unstructured":"Leone M, D\u2019Amico D, Moschiano F, et al.: Possible identification of cervicogenic headache among patients with migraine: an analysis of 374 headaches. Headache 1995, 35:461\u2013464.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"29_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00116-X","volume":"78","author":"M Leone","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leone M, D\u2019Amico D, Grazzi L, et al.: Cervicogenic headache: a critical review of the current diagnostic criteria. Pain 1998, 78:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"29_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900890202","volume":"89","author":"J Escolar","year":"1948","unstructured":"Escolar J: The afferent connections of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cervical nerves in the cat: an analysis by Marchi and Rasdolsky methods. J Comp Neurol 1948, 89:79\u201392.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"29_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(61)90036-X","volume":"4","author":"FWL Kerr","year":"1961","unstructured":"Kerr FWL: Structural relation of the trigeminal spinal tract to upper cervical roots and the solitary nucleus in the cat. Exp Neurol 1961, 4:134\u2013148.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"29_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900970109","volume":"97","author":"T Humphrey","year":"1952","unstructured":"Humphrey T: The spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve in human embryos between 71\/2 and 81\/2 weeks of menstrual age and its relation to early fetal behaviour. J Comp Neurol 1952, 97:143\u2013209.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"29_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901060104","volume":"106","author":"A Torvik","year":"1956","unstructured":"Torvik A: Afferent connections to the sensory trigeminal nuclei, the nucleus of the solitary tract and adjacent structures. J Comp Neurol 1956, 106:51\u2013141.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"29_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1961.00450140053005","volume":"5","author":"FWL Kerr","year":"1961","unstructured":"Kerr FWL: Trigeminal nerve volleys. Arch Neurol 1961, 5:171\u2013178.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"29_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1997.1706625.x","volume":"17","author":"H Angus-Leppan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Angus-Leppan H, Lambert GA, Michalicek J: Convergence of occipital nerve and superior sagittal sinus input in the cervical spinal cord of the cat. Cephalalgia 1997, 17:625\u2013630.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"29_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1973.38.2.0189","volume":"38","author":"G Ouaknine","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ouaknine G, Nathan H: Anastomotic connections between the eleventh nerve and the posterior root of the first cervical nerve in humans. J Neurosurg 1973, 38:189\u2013197.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"29_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198207000-00001","volume":"7","author":"N Bogduk","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bogduk N: The clinical anatomy of the cervical dorsal rami. Spine 1982, 7:319\u2013330.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"29_CR11","unstructured":"Lazorthes G, Gaubert J: L\u2019innervation des articulations interapophysaire vertebrales.Comptes Rendues de l\u2019Association des Anatomistes 1956, 488\u2013494."},{"key":"29_CR12","first-page":"800","volume":"10","author":"DL Kimmel","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kimmel DL: Innervation of the spinal dura mater and dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa. Neurology 1960, 10:800\u2013809.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"29_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.1981.tb00003.x","volume":"1","author":"N Bogduk","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bogduk N, Lambert G, Duckworth JW: The anatomy and physiology of the vertebral nerve in relation to cervical migraine. Cephalalgia 1981, 1:11\u201324.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"29_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901120113","volume":"112","author":"DL Kimmel","year":"1959","unstructured":"Kimmel DL: The cervical sympathetic rami and the vertebral plexus in the human foetus. J Comp Neurol 1959, 112:141\u2013161.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"29_CR15","first-page":"167","volume":"17","author":"N Bogduk","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bogduk N: The anatomy of occipital neuralgia. Clin Exp Neurol 1980, 17:167\u2013184.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neurol"},{"key":"29_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1991.1103155.x","volume":"11","author":"CE Poletti","year":"1991","unstructured":"Poletti CE: C2 and C3 pain dermatomes in man. Cephalalgia 1991, 11:155\u2013159. A striking demonstration that traditional wisdom about the C2 dermatome is wrong.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"29_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198801000-00002","volume":"13","author":"N Bogduk","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bogduk N, Windsor M, Inglis A: The innervation of the cervical intervertebral discs. Spine 1988, 13:2\u20138.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"29_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4069.1367","volume":"2","author":"J Cyriax","year":"1938","unstructured":"Cyriax J: Rheumatic headache. BMJ 1938, 2:1367\u20131368.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"29_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-194405000-00009","volume":"99","author":"DG Campbell","year":"1944","unstructured":"Campbell DG, Parsons CM: Referred head pain and its concomitants. J Nerv Ment Dis 1944, 99:544\u2013551.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"29_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195436050-00007","volume":"36A","author":"B Feinstein","year":"1954","unstructured":"Feinstein B, Langton JBK, Jameson RM, Schiller F: Experiments on referred pain from deep somatic tissues. J Bone Joint Surg 1954, 36A:981\u2013997.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"29_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199405001-00005","volume":"19","author":"P Dreyfuss","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dreyfuss P, Michaelsen M, Fletcher D: Atlanto-occipital and lateral atlanto-axial joint pain patterns. Spine 1994, 19:1125\u20131131. A seminal study of pain patterns from joints that are difficult to access, and frequently ignored in the investigation of headache.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"29_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199006000-00004","volume":"15","author":"A Dwyer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dwyer A, Aprill C, Bogduk N: Cervical zygapophysial joint pain patterns I: a study in normal volunteers. Spine 1990, 15:453\u2013457. A seminal study of pain from the cervical zygapophyseal joint, establishing that these joints are potent sources of neck pain and of headache.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"29_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03173-9","volume":"68","author":"S Fukui","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fukui S, Ohseto K, Shiotani M, et al.: Referred pain distribution of the cervical zygapophyseal joints and cervical dorsal rami. Pain 1996, 68:79\u201383.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"29_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199602010-00009","volume":"21","author":"KP Schellhas","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schellhas KP, Smith MD, Gundry CR, Pollei SR: Cervical discogenic pain: prospective correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and discography in asymptomatic subjects and pain sufferers. Spine 1996, 21:300\u2013312.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"29_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200006010-00010","volume":"25","author":"SA Grubb","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grubb SA, Kelly CK: Cervical discography: clinical implications from 12 years of experience. Spine 2000, 25:1382\u20131389.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"29_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.61.5.0961","volume":"61","author":"G Ehni","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ehni G, Benner B: Occipital neuralgia and the C1-2 arthrosis syndrome. J Neurosurg 1984, 61:961\u2013965.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"supp 2","key":"29_CR27","first-page":"45","volume":"14","author":"E Busch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Busch E, Wilson PR: Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial injections in the treatment of headache and neck pain. Reg Anesth 1989, 14(supp 2):45.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"29_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1986.0604189.x","volume":"6","author":"O Sjaastad","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sjaastad O, Fredriksen TA, Stolt-Nielsen A: Cervicogenic headache, C2 rhizopathy, and occipital neuralgia: a connection?\n                           Cephalalgia 1986, 6:189\u2013195.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"29_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90237-6","volume":"49","author":"G Bovim","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bovim G, Berg R, Dale LG: Cervicogenic headache: anaesthetic blockades of cervical nerves (C2-C5) and facet joint (C2\/C3). Pain 1992, 49:315\u2013320.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"29_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.10.1187","volume":"57","author":"S Lord","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lord S, Barnsley L, Wallis B, Bogduk N: Third occipital headache: a prevalence study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57:1187\u20131190. The singular, controlled study of a cervical source of headache, which established the C2-3 zygapophyseal joint as the most common source of headache after whiplash.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"29_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1300\/J094v04n04_08","volume":"4","author":"SM Lord","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lord SM, Bogduk N: The cervical synovial joints as sources of post-traumatic headache. J Musculoskeletal Pain 1996, 4:81\u201394.","journal-title":"J Musculoskeletal Pain"}],"container-title":["Current Pain and Headache Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-001-0029-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11916-001-0029-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-001-0029-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-001-0029-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T07:49:15Z","timestamp":1652600955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11916-001-0029-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}},"alternative-id":["29"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-001-0029-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3433","1534-3081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3433","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}}}